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Consider a symplectic map which possesses a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold of any even dimension with transverse homoclinic channels. We develop a topological shadowing argument to prove the existence of Arnold diffusion along the invariant manifold, shadowing some iterations of the inner dynamics carried by the invariant manifold and the outer dynamics induced by the stable and unstable foliations. In doing so, we generalise an idea of Gidea and de la Llave in [26], based on the method of correctly aligned windows and a so-called transversality-torsion argument. Our proof permits that the dynamics on the invariant manifold satisfy only a non-uniform twist condition, and, most importantly for applications, that the splitting of separatrices be small in certain directions and thus the associated drift in actions very slow; diffusion occurs in the directions of the manifold having non-small splitting. Furthermore we provide estimates for the diffusion time., 37 pages, 5 figures

Up to 50% of autistic people experience co-occurring anxiety, which significantly impacts their quality of life. Consequently, developing new interventions (and/ or adapting existing ones) that improve anxiety has been indicated as a priority for clinical research and practice by the autistic community. Despite this, there are very few effective, evidence-based therapies available to autistic people that target anxiety; and those that are available (e.g., autism adapted Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; CBT) can be challenging to access. Thus, the current study will provide an early-stage proof of concept for the feasibility and acceptability of a novel app-based therapeutic approach that has been developed with, and adapted for, autistic people to support them in managing anxiety using UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended adapted CBT approaches. This paper describes the design and methodology of an ethically approved (22/LO/0291) ongoing non-randomised pilot trial that aims to enrol approximately 100 participants aged >=16-years with an existing autism diagnosis and mild-to-severe self-reported anxiety symptoms (trial registration NCT05302167). Participants will be invited to engage with a self-guided app-based intervention—‘Molehill Mountain’. Primary (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and secondary outcomes (medication/ service use and Goal Attainment Scaling) will be assessed at baseline (Week 2 +/- 2), endpoint (Week 15 +/- 2) and three follow-ups (Weeks 24, 32 and 41 +/- 4). Participants will also be invited to complete an app acceptability survey/ interview at the study endpoint. Analyses will address: 1) app acceptability/ useability and feasibility (via survey/ interview and app usage data); and 2) target population, performance of outcome measures and ideal timing/ duration of intervention (via primary/ secondary outcome measures and survey/ interview)–with both objectives further informed by a dedicated stakeholder advisory group. The evidence from this study will inform the future optimisation and implementation of Molehill Mountain in a randomised-controlled trial, to provide a novel tool that can be accessed easily by autistic adults and may improve mental health outcomes., This study received funding from the MRC Confidence in Concept award 2019 (1118148) - awarded to BO, ES. DM, ES, BO report grants during the conduct of (but unrelated to) this study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 777394 for the project AIMS-2-TRIALS. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA and SFARI, Autistica, Autism Speaks. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, MRC, nor IHI-JU2. The funders had no role in the conceptualisation of this study, nor the development of this publication.

In response to growing evidence that cultural values and behaviours are key drivers of men’s use of domestic violence against women, states across the globe are increasingly implementing prevention policies aimed at mobilising cultural change within the community. Through an examination of one Australian state’s recent and significant domestic violence policy reform, we demonstrate that, although state-led efforts to change community culture hold merit, they can also be undermined by exclusive constructions of the community. As a result, efforts to change community culture exclude the very group whose values and behaviours are most problematic: men who perpetrate domestic violence. We argue that broadening conceptualisations of community is of critical importance for policies seeking to change community culture. Such conceptualisations must necessarily include men who perpetrate domestic violence, as theirs are the values and behaviours that most urgently require change.

Charitable responses to people experiencing poverty are often viewed as valuable community-led initiatives that address the support gaps created by a withdrawing welfare state. This perspective provides important insights into the culturally valorised nature of charity. The role of the mainstream media in cultivating and valorising charity, in contrast, remains relatively underexplored. Drawing on a framing analysis of Australian mainstream news reports published between 2014 and 2020, we analyse how the media frames charity as a response to people experiencing poverty. We demonstrate that the media frames people experiencing poverty as having a devalued identity, for which the remedy is the restoration of dignity through charity. Little attention is paid to the material inequalities that underpin people’s experiences of poverty; nor the role of the media as a body that reifies the interests of the powerful, who benefit from poverty and charitable responses to it.

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, a risk factor for diabetic foot, and a major cause of disability world wide. Several authors have variedly reported on the efficacies of the different simple and sophisticated methods used in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study is to compare the diagnostic yields of different simple methods of screening for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methodology: This is a multi-center cross-sectional study involving 1040 participants recruited consecutively, following consent. Relevant biodata and medical history were obtained, while physical examinations including anthropometry, and blood glucose levels were done for each participant. History of paresthesia, 10g monofilament test, vibration test using 128Hz tuning fork, and ankle reflex assessment were the methods used to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Student ‘t’ test and chi square were used to compare continuous and categorical variables respectively. Significant p-value was put at less than or equal to 0.05. Results: The percentage of participants with positive screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy based on the different methods include: positive neuropathic symptoms (64%), negative neuropathic symptoms (50.7%), 10g monofilament testing (31.9%), vibration sensation by tuning fork (21.8%), and ankle reflex impairment (13.1%). A total of 80.1% of the participants were screened positive for diabetic peripheral neuropathy when all the methods were used. Conclusion: Positive and negative neuropathic symptoms have higher diagnostic yields for diabetic peripheral neuropathy screening than 10g monofilament testing, vibration sensation using tuning fork, and ankle reflex examination. However, it is encouraged to use all available methods to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, as this increases the diagnostic yield, and ensure early adoption of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Oceanographic changes adjacent to Antarctica have global climatic and ecological impacts. However, this is the most challenging place in the world to obtain marine data due to its remoteness and inhospitable nature, especially in winter. Here, we present more than 2000 Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) profiles and associated water sample data collected with (almost uniquely) full year-round coverage from the British Antarctic Survey Rothera Research Station at the west Antarctic Peninsula. Sampling is conducted from a small boat or a sled, depending on the sea ice conditions. When conditions allow, sampling is twice weekly in summer and weekly in winter, with profiling to nominally 500 m and with discrete water samples taken at 15 m water depth. Daily observations are made of the sea ice conditions in the area. This paper presents the first 20 years of data collection, 1997-2017. This time series represents a unique and valuable resource for investigations of the high-latitude ocean’s role in climate change, ocean/ice interactions, and marine biogeochemistry and carbon drawdown.

Background The skin is a major route of infection in the neonatal period, especially in low birthweight (LBW) infants. Appropriate and safe neonatal skin care practices are required to reduce this risk. The perceptions and beliefs of mothers and other caregivers towards various neonatal skin care practices in our setting have been documented. Data from Asia suggests that the application of emollient to the skin of LBW infants can promote growth, reduce serious neonatal infections, and potentially reduce mortality. This is the first study to explore the acceptability of emollients and massage as part of neonatal skin care in a low-resource setting in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that is representative of the majority of government health facilities in Uganda and many in SSA. Objective To explore perceptions, beliefs, and current practices regarding neonatal skin care and emollient use in eastern Uganda. Methods We conducted a qualitative study consisting of three focus group discussions (30 participants), eight in-depth interviews with mothers/caregivers of preterm and term neonates and 12 key informant interviews with midwives, doctors and community health workers involved in neonatal care, to explore the perceptions and practices surrounding neonatal skin care and emollient use. Data collected were transcribed and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results Mothers perceived that skin care began in utero. Skincare practices depended on the place of delivery; for deliveries in a health facility the skincare practices were mainly based on the health worker’s advice. Vernix caseosa was often washed off due to its perceived undesirability and was attributed to sexual intercourse in the last trimester. Despite their deleterious attributes found in previous studies, petrolatum-based oils, petrolatum-based jellies and talcum baby powders were the most commonly reported items used in neonatal skin care. In our population, there was high acceptability of emollient therapy use; however, neonatal massage was treated with scepticism as mothers feared damaging the vulnerable neonate. Mothers suggested massage and emollient application be undertaken by health workers, if it becomes an intervention. Conclusions In eastern Uganda, the perceptions and beliefs of mothers/caregivers toward neonatal skincare influenced their practices of which some could potentially be beneficial, and others harmful. Emollient use would be easily accepted if adequate sensitisation is conducted and using the gatekeepers such as health workers.

The seasonal and interannual variability of feeding in 15 species of benthic marine suspension feeder was studied over 8 yr at Ryder Bay, Antarctica. Feeding was strongly seasonal in bryozoans, gorgonians, polychaetes, and dendrochirote holothurians. The winter non-feeding period was longest in the holothurians and shortest in bryozoans. Bryozoans started feeding in late winter at very low chlorophyll concentrations, often when surface fast-ice was still present. In hydroids and actinians, feeding tentacles were deployed continuously throughout the year, though hydroid feeding intensity declined slightly in late winter. Water column phytoplankton biomass was strongly seasonal with marked interannual variability in the timing and intensity of the bloom, driven principally by ice dynamics. Correlation across years between the start of feeding and the development of the bloom was poor, and in seasons when a dense spring bloom of benthic filamentous microalgae developed, the start of feeding in many benthic species was delayed. This study indicates that feeding in benthic marine suspension feeders in Antarctica is influenced by factors additional to the seasonal availability of food in the water column.

For (X,L) a polarized toric variety and G a torus of automorphisms of (X,L), denote by Y the GIT quotient X/G. We define a family of fully faithful functors from the category of torus equivariant reflexive sheaves on Y to the category of torus equivariant reflexive sheaves on X. We show, under a genericity assumption on G, that slope stability is preserved by these functors if and only if the pair ((X, L), G) satisfies a combinatorial criterion. As an application, when (X,L) is a polarized toric orbifold of dimension n, we relate stable equivariant reflexive sheaves on (X, L) to stable equivariant reflexive sheaves on certain (n-1)-dimensional weighted projective spaces., Comment: 28 pages, final version. More details on the construction of the functors, an extra example added in Section 5.2 (rank 2 stable reflexive but not locally free sheaf on (P^1)^3). To appear in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section A: Mathematics

Environmental stability remains a major challenge for the commercialisation of organic solar cells and degradation pathways remain poorly understood. Designing materials for improved device stability requires an understanding of the relationship between the properties of the donor or acceptor molecule and different degradation mechanisms. Here we study the correlations between various molecular parameters of the fullerene derivative bis-PCBM and the degradation rate of polymer:bis-PCBM organic solar cells, based on the same carbazole-alt-benzothiadiazole polymer, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We compare eight high purity bis-PCBM isomers with different electronic, chemical and packing properties along with PCBM and the mixture of bis isomers. In the case of aerobic photodegradation, we find that device degradation rate is positively correlated to the LUMO energy of the bis-PCBM isomer and to the degree of crystallinity of the isomer, while the correlation of degradation with driving force for epoxide formation is unclear. These results support the idea that in these samples, aerobic photodegradation proceeds via superoxide formation by the photogenerated polaron on the fullerene, followed by further chemical reaction. In the absence of air, photodegradation rate is correlated with molecular structure, supporting the mechanism of microstructural degradation via fullerene dimerization. The approach and findings presented here show how control of specific molecular parameters through chemical design can serve as a strategy to enhance stability of organic solar cells.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a recently re-emerged flavivirus transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito,Aedes aegyptibeing the main vector. ZIKV infection is associated with a range of adverse effects; infection during pregnancy can lead to foetal abnormalities, including microcephaly. Lacking a licensed vaccine, or specific therapeutics, control of ZIKV transmission focuses on vector control. However, in most transmission settings, current methods are insufficient to successfully control ZIKV, or other similarly-transmitted arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. This has stimulated interest in genetics-based methods, either to reduce the number of mosquitoes (“population suppression”), or to make mosquitoes less able to transmit (“population modification”). Here, we describe a method to selectively eliminate infected mosquitoes, using a virus sensor inserted into the mosquito genome and coupled to a quorum-counting lethal effector. In mosquitoes, ZIKV normally establishes persistent, lifelong infection; survival of these infected mosquitoes is crucial to transmission potential. Correspondingly, removal of infected mosquitoes can reduce vectorial capacity of a mosquito population, i.e. ability to transmit. Since relatively few mosquitoes become infected, typically

We construct $C^{\infty}$ time-periodic fluctuating surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^3$ such that the corresponding nonautonomous geodesic flow has orbits along which the energy, and thus the speed, goes to infinity.

A longstanding belief has been that the semimajor axes, in the Newtonian planetary problem, are stable. In the course of the XIX century, Laplace, Lagrange and others gave stronger and stronger arguments in this direction, thus culminating in what has commonly been referred to as the first Laplace-Lagrange stability theorem. In the problem with 3 planets, we prove the existence of orbits along which the semimajor axis of the outer planet undergoes large random variations thus disproving the theorem of Laplace-Lagrange. The time of instability varies as a negative power of the masses of the planets. The orbits we have found fall outside the scope of the theory of Nekhoroshev-Niederman because they are not confined by the conservation of angular momentum and because the Hamiltonian is not (uniformly) convex with respect to the Keplerian actions., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2210.11311

Purpose This study aims to explore marketing strategies that UK fish farming businesses can use to gain a competitive advantage. The marketing strategies examined include product branding and core competencies, sales promotion, market positioning and segmentation. Design/methodology/approach A survey through an online questionnaire was mailed to five randomly selected trade associations of UK fish farming businesses and distributed to their registered members, of which 200 responded. Both male and female genders with different age groups and levels of experience in the UK fish farming business participated. In addition, ten articles were sampled for a systematic review. Findings Results show that UK fish farming businesses could increase sales by using ecolabels in product branding to attract premium prices, build consumer confidence and using high-quality packages for fish products will keep fish fresh for a longer period. Research limitations/implications The scope of this research is limited to the UK. The findings cannot be generalised and used for other jurisdictions because of variable economic and market conditions. Originality/value A significant recommendation from this case study is that fish farming businesses need to be creative and innovative in ways such as leveraging branding, sales promotions and core competencies to win the trust and confidence of consumers. Most importantly, each fish farming business should know the specific marketing strategy that works for them; this case study shows that not all branding and sales promotion techniques enhance competitiveness. The scope of this research is limited to the UK. The findings cannot be generalised and used for other jurisdictions because of variable economic and market conditions.

Across numerous countries with advanced welfare states, governments have relied on a hybrid of publicly funded and delivered welfare services and voluntary charity to meet the needs of people in poverty. Driven by austerity and economic downturns, many scholars agree that governments are increasingly relying on charity as a response to poverty. Taking Australia as a case study, this article demonstrates how the decayed welfare state is not just about outsourcing welfare provision to charities, but also a part of a broader project to cultivate a society in which social problems are responded to through spontaneous, community-led initiatives, powered by the ethical commitment of everyday citizens. We show how this project produces poverty through welfare state retrenchment, whilst simultaneously cultivating charity through material and symbolic support from the state. This results in the construction of charity as an end in itself, with little consideration given to its effectiveness in alleviating poverty.

Preliminary studies using the FENIX™ (Torax Medical, Minneapolis, MN, USA) magnetic sphincter augmentation device suggest that it is safe to use for the treatment of adult faecal incontinence, but efficacy data are limited.To compare FENIX with sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of adult faecal incontinence in terms of safety, efficacy, quality of life and cost-effectiveness.Multicentre, parallel-group, unblinded, randomised trial comparing FENIX with sacral nerve stimulation in participants suffering moderate to severe faecal incontinence.Participants were randomised on an equal basis to either sacral nerve stimulation or FENIX. Follow-up occurred 2 weeks postoperatively and at 6, 12 and 18 months post randomisation.The primary outcome was success, defined as device in use and ≥ 50% improvement in Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score at 18 months post randomisation. Secondary outcomes included complication rates, quality of life and cost-effectiveness. Between 30 October 2014 and 23 March 2017, 99 participants were randomised across 18 NHS sites (50 participants to FENIX vs. 49 participants to sacral nerve stimulation). The median time from randomisation to FENIX implantation was 57.0 days (range 4.0-416.0 days), and the median time from randomisation to permanent sacral nerve stimulation was 371.0 days (range 86.0-918.0 days). A total of 45 out of 50 participants underwent FENIX implantation and 29 out of 49 participants continued to permanent sacral nerve stimulation. The following results are reported, excluding participants for whom the corresponding outcome was not evaluable. Overall, there was success for 10 out of 80 (12.5%) participants, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups [FENIX 6/41 (14.6%) participants vs. sacral nerve stimulation 4/39 (10.3%) participants]. At least one postoperative complication was experienced by 33 out of 45 (73.3%) participants in the FENIX group and 9 out of 40 (22.5%) participants in the sacral nerve stimulation group. A total of 15 out of 50 (30%) participants in the FENIX group ultimately had to have their device explanted. Slightly higher costs and quality-adjusted life-years (incremental = £305.50 and 0.005, respectively) were observed in the FENIX group than in the sacral nerve stimulation group. This was reversed over the lifetime horizon (incremental = -£1306 and -0.23 for costs and quality-adjusted life-years, respectively), when sacral nerve stimulation was the optimal option (net monetary benefit = -£3283), with only a 45% chance of FENIX being cost-effective.The SaFaRI study was terminated in 2017, having recruited 99 participants of the target sample size of 350 participants. The study is, therefore, substantially underpowered to detect differences between the treatment groups, with significant uncertainty in the cost-effectiveness analysis.The SaFaRI study revealed inefficiencies in the treatment pathways for faecal incontinence, particularly for sacral nerve stimulation. The success of both FENIX and sacral nerve stimulation was much lower than previously reported, with high postoperative morbidity in the FENIX group.Further research is needed to clarify the treatment pathways for sacral nerve stimulation and to determine its true clinical and cost-effectiveness.Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16077538.This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inFaecal incontinence is a distressing condition for patients, and surgery is recommended if symptoms are having an effect on quality of life. One of the treatments recommended for faecal incontinence by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence is sacral nerve stimulation, which aims to improve continence by stimulating the nerves to the back passage. A newer treatment involves surgery to implant a string of magnetic beads around the anal canal using the FENIX™ device (Torax Medical, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The aim of this study was to assess the benefits and risks of the FENIX device compared with sacral nerve stimulation. The SaFaRI study aimed to recruit 350 participants with faecal incontinence, but was stopped early because of the manufacturer withdrawing the FENIX device for strategic reasons. In total, we recruited 99 participants. Fifty participants were allocated to receive the FENIX device and 49 participants were allocated to receive sacral nerve stimulation. The observed success rates with both devices were low: at 18 months following their entry into the study, 6 out of 41 (14.6%) participants in the FENIX group and 4 out of 39 (10.3%) participants in the sacral nerve stimulation group had the device both in use and producing a benefit. A total of 5 out of 50 (10.0%) participants allocated to receive the FENIX device did not have a device implanted, and 15 out of 45 (33.3%) participants who did have the FENIX device implanted needed to have it removed because of complications during the 18-month follow-up period. A total of 21 out of 49 (42.9%) participants allocated to receive sacral nerve stimulation did not have a permanent sacral nerve stimulation device implanted, and 0 of the 28 who did have a permanent sacral nerve stimulation device implanted needed to have it removed during the 18-month follow-up period. The costs associated with the FENIX device were higher because of a greater number of participants experiencing complications, meaning that the FENIX device is unlikely to be cost-effective in the treatment of faecal incontinence compared with sacral nerve stimulation.

The objectives of the present work were (1) to determine the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of citrus fibre, and (2) to predict, by attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the oxidative stability of ground beef made with different levels (i.e., 0, 1, 3, and 5%) of citrus fibre (CF) during 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of refrigerated storage. The TPC, TFC, and ORAC values of citrus fibre were 3.753 ± 0.49 mg/g, 2.825 ± 0.008 mg/g, and 10.036 ± 1.94 μmol/g in dry basis, respectively. The citrus fibre pH was 4.45 ± 0.075. To monitor lipid oxidation, the peaks at 2924, 2853, and 1743 cm-1 were useful. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied at a 5% significance level between 1780 - 1700 cm-1. The results of the present work demonstrated that the addition of citrus fibre at higher levels (i.e., 3 and 5%) had a pro-oxidative effect on ground beef meatballs. FTIR helped to predict oxidation in meat products.

In early childhood education and care policy, there are two dominant discourses: ‘investment and outcomes’ and ‘children’s rights’. There is little research on how these discourses play out in educators’ accounts. In this article, the authors examine the case of discourse pertaining to children’s relaxation in early childhood education and care. They demonstrate that Australian relaxation policy for children in early childhood education and care constructs children as passive and incompetent subjects. Some educators reproduce early childhood education and care policy tensions by vacillating between investment-outcomes and children’s rights discourse in their accounts, while other educators deviate from the policy constructions and adopt children’s rights discourse.

Tidepools are not uncommon in Antarctica, but there appear to be no data on the physical environment within polar tidepools and only anecdotal information on their biology. Here we report a high resolution record of temperature in an Antarctic tidepool made over two summers and the intervening winter. During the summer open water season the highest daily mean, and also the maximum temperatures, were recorded during the period of continuous daylight around the summer solstice. This short-term variability of temperature in the tidepool greatly exceeded that in the nearby open ocean, indicating the need for a eurythermal physiology in tidepool biota. In winter the tidepool froze over, the unfrozen water cooled to − 5.5 °C, and freeze concentration increased its salinity to roughly three times normal seawater. A polar tidepool isolated from the sea in winter is probably inimical to many larger marine organisms, which must populate the tidepool afresh each summer.

Across rich nations with welfare states, charity continues as a dominant force in the lives of people who are poor. Inadequate state welfare and high housing costs drive people in poverty to seek daily support from charities. Based on in-depth interviews with 24 volunteers providing charity and 57 people receiving charity in Australia, as well as on observations of the provision and receipt of charity in practice, this article examines the experiences and meaning of charity from those who provide and receive it. The analysis shows that people receiving charity feel shame, and this shame derives from the judgements of volunteers and the position of recipients as passively receiving what is given. The findings also show that some volunteers actively engage with recipients to mitigate shame, and the dynamic interaction between provider and receiver of charity can reduce the shame people experience. Despite these successes in mitigating shame, the unidirectional provision of charity to people in poverty fails to take account of the value people place – and society expects – on reciprocity. Prioritizing the interests of those in poverty who receive charity, the article argues for the necessity of transforming charity to create conditions for reciprocity.

The average age of the population is increasing and spinal traumatic injuries of the elderly are significantly more common. This frail population is prone to suffering serious injuries from minor or low-impact trauma when compared to younger patients. The reduced agility and ability to avoid falls in the elderly population may be the result of a combination of decreased stability due to altered sensory mechanisms, progressive spinal deformity, increased rigidity, osteoarthritis and neurological disorders, reduced cognitive function and hypotension, along with polypharmacy. Associated risk factors, including metabolic and autoimmune conditions may significantly increase the risk of morbidity and disability in this group. The most frequent injuries are odontoid fractures, vertebral compression fractures and traumatic central cord syndrome, all of which may be frequently associated with other lesions. Patient resilience and expectations will determine selection of consensual treatment aiming for a balance between maintaining function and achieving recovery. Conservative management is often the preferred method of treatment in the most common spinal injuries in the elderly as non-union or some degree of spinal deformity may be clinically well tolerated. Surgical treatment may provide benefit in the presence of persistent cord compression or spinal instability in patients that can tolerate the procedure. Ultimately, treatment should be tailored individually. Prevention of these injuries should be the focus in a world population with an ever-increasing proportion of elderly people.

The emergence of new forms of data-driven surveillance – often referred to as ‘dataveillance’ – is reshaping how marginalised social groups are governed. It is generally thought that dataveillance replaces the manual monitoring of specific individuals and spaces with automated monitoring of disembodied and deterritorialised populations. This article challenges this view. Drawing on an ethnographic study of surveillance and homelessness governance in Brisbane, Australia, we argue that embodied surveillance persists in the age of dataveillance due to its capacity to address certain ‘power/knowledge challenges’ associated with the governance of marginalised social groups. We show how the manual monitoring of individuals and spaces is central to how governing actors keep track of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness, and prevent them falling into ‘surveillance gaps’ arising from the extreme social and spatial marginalisation that homelessness entails. We also show how these practices are experienced as a ‘mixed blessing’ by people experiencing homelessness, as they have the capacity to result in both punitive targeting, as well as protection and housing-focused support.

Whilst “caring” responses to homelessness (e.g. shelters, drop-in centres) have been held up by some as a counter-current to the revanchist city, recent US studies highlight how the structural dynamics of neoliberalisation can implicate caring spaces in revanchist processes of discipline and spatial control. In this paper, we employ an assemblage approach to examine the intersections between care, revanchism and neoliberalisation in Brisbane, Australia. We extend the insights of recent studies by showing how the vulnerability of care to the revanchist pressures of neoliberalisation play out outside the US, despite the prominence of care rationalities and a milder revanchist politics. However, we also push beyond this insight to demonstrate the ongoing progressive potential of care in the neoliberalising city, despite its vulnerabilities to revanchism. Specifically, we highlight the capacity of housing-focused responses to homelessness to shield people from criminalisation and to prefigure and call-forth post-neoliberal practices and spaces.

Purpose Money laundering and grand business corruption continue to plague the global economy, accounting for 2%-5% of the global gross domestic product. Illicit funds, produced through grand corruption, are laundered using complex layering schemes that cloak them in legitimacy by concealing their origins. Lamentably, weak anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks promote economic instability, unjust commercial advantages and organized crimes. This study aims to highlight the need for comprehensive anti-corruption and AML frameworks by critiquing the exploitable gaps in the global AML regime created by heterogeneous state-level AML regimes to date. Design/methodology/approach This study welcomes the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the financial action task force (FATF) recommendations but underscores the limitations of their effectiveness by investigating state-level enforcement mechanisms to determine these instruments’ true impact or lack thereof. The mutual evaluation reports (MERs) and state-level AML regimes in the UK, the USA and Canada are analyzed to illustrate the distinct implementation of international soft law in domestic legislation. Findings This study finds that UNCAC and the FATF recommendations are pivotal steps towards the establishment of a global AML regime for international business, albeit, one that remains imperfect because of the inconsistency of state-level AML frameworks. Consequently, international cooperation is needed to navigate and improve the discrepancies in varied AML legislation. Originality/value The author provides an in-depth and balanced analysis of current state-level AML developments and relies upon the recent 2016-2018 MERs to indicate the successes and flaws of various AML legislation. Therefore, this critique may guide stakeholders to construct robust AML frameworks and contributes to academic research in AML.

In this paper we study $$\mathrm{Spin}(7)$$ -instantons on asymptotically conical $$\mathrm{Spin}(7)$$ -orbifolds (and manifolds) obtained by filling in certain squashed 3-Sasakian 7-manifolds. We construct a 1-parameter family of explicit $$\mathrm{Spin}(7)$$ -instantons. Taking the parameter to infinity, the family (a) bubbles off an ASD connection in directions transverse to a certain Cayley submanifold Z, (b) away from Z smoothly converges to a limit $$\mathrm{Spin}(7)$$ -instanton that extends across Z onto a topologically distinct bundle, (c) satisfies an energy conservation law for the instantons and the bubbles concentrated on Z, and (d) determines a Fueter section, in the sense of Donaldson and Segal, Haydys and Walpuski.

PurposeA case study was undertaken to evaluate the use of self-reflection in enterprise education in a UK university, where the taught content was tailored to ensure relevance to the students who were from a variety of subject disciplines.Design/methodology/approachEnterprise taught content was established in masters level 7 programmes across a range of subject disciplines. Taught content was designed using problem based learning, and evaluated using self-reflective methodologies. The paper reflects on the current position of enterprise education and asks the research question of whether the use of self-reflective teaching methodologies are valid for enterprise education.FindingsResults suggest that the students appreciated the introduction of enterprise into their course and in the main did not view it as disjointed or irrelevant to their wider aims. More so, the students commented favourably towards the integration of enterprise into their primary discipline, and noted an enhanced learning experience because of this integration.Research limitations/implicationsFor the University: A novel approach to enterprise teaching has been developed at a UK university, focusing on teaching non-business students how to be more valuable to a business within their degree subject context. This has empowered the students with an enhanced understanding of commercial issues and increased employability (Rae 2007; Huq and Gilbert 2017). This has also led to enhanced relationships with industry and given students a wider understanding of their degree area.Practical implicationsFor the educator: The use of self-reflective teaching methodologies (Hayward 2000) are noted to be vital in order to deliver enterprise education in a way that is relevant to the student cohort body. By reflecting on one’s teaching style and delivery method, the authors were able to engage non-business students in enterprise education, and receive a high level of student satisfaction. It is noted that self-reflection was a valuable process for delivery to each degree discipline. By employing problem based learning and self-reflective teaching methodologies, an increased synergy between the business taught elements and the science subjects was created.Originality/valueThis approach is shown to empower the students with an enhanced understanding of commercial issues and an increased employability. This has led to enhanced relationships between academia and industry, and given students a wider understanding of their degree area; the enhanced relationships with industry offer students a wider commercial understanding of their degree area. A gap in the current knowledge base in enterprise education has been identified: enterprise education with the aim of educating the student to be more valuable to a business as opposed to starting a business. The use of self-reflective methodologies has offered a novel approach to enterprise teaching in a UK university.

The next wave of ETF innovation will expand the investment opportunity set, reduce investment costs, and nudge the efficient frontier northwest. We can see this future in the rearview mirror. It is the history of the fund industry. The authors review a framework for evaluating investment innovation and assessing its contribution to “investor welfare,” a measure of investors’ ability to build portfolios that reflect their preferences. The authors also discuss opportunities for innovation and the technological and regulatory developments that could bring them to the marketplace. TOPICS:Exchange-traded funds and applications, mutual funds/passive investing/indexing, mutual fund performance Key Findings • The mutual and ETF industry’s history is its roadmap to the future. • As in the past, the industry will use advances in investment theory and new technologies to nudge the efficient frontier northwest, improving risk-adjusted returns. • These innovations will give investors the ability to build portfolios that more accurately reflect their preferences, enhancing “investor welfare.”

A transition to selfing can be beneficial when mating partners are scarce, for example, due to ploidy changes or at species range edges. Here we explain how self-compatibility evolved in diploid SiberianArabidopsis lyrata,and how it contributed to the establishment of allotetraploidA. kamchatica. First, we provide chromosome-level genome assemblies for two self-fertilizing diploidA. lyrataaccessions, one from North America and one from Siberia, including a fully assembled S-locus for the latter. We then propose a sequence of events leading to the loss of self-incompatibility in SiberianA. lyrata,date this independent transition to ∼90 Kya, and infer evolutionary relationships between Siberian and North AmericanA. lyrata,showing an independent transition to selfing in Siberia. Finally, we provide evidence that this selfing SiberianA. lyratalineage contributed to the formation of the allotetraploidA. kamchaticaand propose that the selfing of the latter is mediated by the loss-of-function mutation in a dominantS-allele inherited fromA. lyrata.

Oil-continuous drilling fluids used in the oil and gas industry are formulated to be pseudoplastic with a relatively weak yield stress. These fluids are required to maintain their properties over wide temperature and pressure ranges yet there are few methods that can sensitively study the inherent structure and mechanical properties in the fluids under such conditions. Here we study a model oil-continuous drilling fluid formulation as a function of both temperature (up to 153 °C) and pressure (up to 1330 bar) with Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy (DWS). The system comprises a colloidal gel network of clay particles and trapped emulsion droplets. As a function of temperature the system undergoes local structural changes reflected in the DWS dynamics which are also consistent with macroscopic rheological measurements. On cycling to high pressure the system exhibits similar structural and dynamic changes with a strong hysteresis. Although multiple scattering in multicomponent non-ergodic samples does not directly yield self diffusion probe dynamics, the use of microrheology analysis here appears to be in good agreement with direct rheological measurements of the sample linear viscoelasticity at ambient pressure. Thus DWS microrheology succesfully probes irreversible changes in the structure and the mechanical response of the drilling fluid formulation under a high pressure cycle.

Background The deployment of Community Health Workers (CHWs) is widely promoted as a strategy for reducing health inequities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Yet there is limited evidence on whether and how CHW programmes achieve this. This systematic review aimed to synthesise research findings on the following questions: (1) How effective are CHW interventions at reaching the most disadvantaged groups in LMIC contexts? and (2) What evidence exists on whether and how these programmes reduce health inequities in the populations they serve? Methods We searched six academic databases for recent (2014–2020) studies reporting on CHW programme access, utilisation, quality, and effects on health outcomes/behaviours in relation to potential stratifiers of health opportunities and outcomes (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, place of residence). Quantitative data were extracted, tabulated, and subjected to meta-analysis where appropriate. Qualitative findings were synthesised using thematic analysis. Results One hundred sixty-seven studies met the search criteria, reporting on CHW interventions in 33 LMIC. Quantitative synthesis showed that CHW programmes successfully reach many (although not all) marginalized groups, but that health inequalities often persist in the populations they serve. Qualitative findings suggest that disadvantaged groups experienced barriers to taking up CHW health advice and referrals and point to a range of strategies for improving the reach and impact of CHW programmes in these groups. Ensuring fair working conditions for CHWs and expanding opportunities for advocacy were also revealed as being important for bridging health equity gaps. Conclusion In order to optimise the equity impacts of CHW programmes, we need to move beyond seeing CHWs as a temporary sticking plaster, and instead build meaningful partnerships between CHWs, communities and policy-makers to confront and address the underlying structures of inequity. Trial registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42020177333.

Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is one of the most challenging areas of orthopedic management. Previous studies have reported that EOS patients were associated with high risk of complications following growth-friendly surgery. This study was performed to evaluate the complications of single traditional growing rods (TGRs) in the treatment of EOS.In a retrospective chart review study, medical records of all EOS patients treated with single TGRs between 2006 and 2018 were analyzed. Patients under the age of 10 at the time of surgery who had at least 24 months of follow-up were included. Intra- and post-operative complications included both device-related and disease-related complications. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS.A total of 35 patients with a mean age of 5.7 ± 2.1 years with the mean follow-up duration of 33.3 ± 9.1 months were included in the final analysis. Of the 35 participants, 27 children (77.1%) experienced at least one complication. A total of 61 complications were observed, giving rise to 1.7 complications per patient. An unplanned surgical procedure was needed to manage 42 of the 61 complications (68.8%). Thirty-five cases of implant failure, 11 cases of deep infection, and 2 cases of junctional kyphosis were identified.It seems that even in the setting that the use of dual TGRs is not possible, the use of single TGRs as the only therapeutic modality should be minimized due to high rate of complications even as a bridge treatment.Therapeutic level III.

Whole-animal, in vivo protein metabolism rates have been reported in temperate and tropical, but not Antarctic fish. Growth in Antarctic species is generally slower than lower latitude species. Protein metabolism data for Antarctic invertebrates show low rates of protein synthesis and unusually high rates of protein degradation. Additionally, in Antarctic fish, increasing evidence suggests a lower frequency of successful folding of nascent proteins and reduced protein stability. This study reports the first whole-animal protein metabolism data for an Antarctic fish. Groups of Antarctic, Harpagifer antarcticus , and temperate, Lipophrys pholis , fish were acclimatized to a range of overlapping water temperatures and food consumption, whole-animal growth and protein metabolism measured. The rates of protein synthesis and growth in Antarctic, but not temperate fish, were relatively insensitive to temperature and were significantly lower in H. antarcticus at 3°C than in L. pholis . Protein degradation was independent of temperature in H. antarcticus and not significantly different to L. pholis at 3°C, while protein synthesis retention efficiency was significantly higher in L. pholis than H. antarcticus at 3°C. These results suggest Antarctic fish degrade a significantly larger proportion of synthesized protein than temperate fish, with fundamental energetic implications for growth at low temperatures.

Additional file 4. Characteristics and Findings by Outcome and Equity Stratifier of Studies Included in Quantitative Synthesis: a series of tables including study characteristics and methodological quality ratings for included studies containing quantitative evidence, along with details of each study’s findings by outcome and equity stratifier.

Additional file 1. Search Strategy: provides an example of the search strategy used in one database.