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As estimativas de parâmetros genéticos permitem mensurar a variabilidade genética existente em uma população e, associadas às análises de correlações, constituem uma das etapas iniciais em um programa de melhoramento genético para quaisquer culturas. Objetivou-se estimar os parâmetros genéticos e correlações de caracteres agronômicos de nove genótipos de girassol cultivados sob condições edafoclimáticas do semiárido norte mineiro. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: stand, altura de planta, data de floração inicial e da maturação fisiológica, curvatura do caule, tamanho do capítulo, massa de mil aquênios e produtividade. Os resultados demonstraram que correlações positivas e significativas foram encontradas entre variáveis de interesse agronômico, tais como altura de planta, massa de mil aquênios e produtividade, correlações que, aliadas à alta herdabilidade encontrada para os caracteres analisados, sugerem o valor fenotípico como uma medida confiável para a seleção de genótipos superiores.

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The sunflower has adaptation for cultivation in Brazilian conditions and the main product is the oil extracted from the seeds. This study aimed to verify the impacts of meteorological attributes on agronomic characteristics of sunflower genotypes cultivated as a second crop, in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD), cultivating the two sunflower genotypes, M734 and Hélio, in three years (2009, 2011, 2012) with four replications. The agronomic characteristics evaluated were: plant height, capitulum diameter, weight of a thousand achenes, yield of achenes, oil content and oil yield. Then, water deficit and the maximum crop yield are estimated for correlation analysis between meteorological attributes and agronomic characteristics. In both genotypes studied there was a very strong correlation between plant height with evapotranspiration (r=0.99*) and very strong negative correlation (r=-0.99*) with water deficit. For mass of a thousand achenes, there was a very strong negative correlation with the maximum (r=-0.98*) and minimum (r=-0.96*) temperatures, and with evapotranspiration (r=-0.98*) in the Helio 358. In addition, effect of the water deficit on the oil yield (r=-0.98*) was verified for the same genotype. Very strong negative correlation was found between maximum temperature and oil content (r=-0.96*) in genotype M734. In sunflower cultivation in Mato Grosso, Brazil, water deficit reduces plant height, capitulum diameter and oil yield. The oil content of the achenes reduces when the maximum temperature increases, during the cultivation. For those reasons, the use of sunflower genotypes with shorter cycles and the earlier sowing could benefit the crop developing, by suiting the management, to avoid unfavorable climatic conditions that can cause reduction in production parameters.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proline content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultivars, in the conditions of natural water deficit in the Brazilian semiarid region. Thirteen cultivars were sown in experiments set in three sites in the Brazilian Northeast. Proline content was determined on leaves from plants at the R4-R5 stage. Significant differences among cultivars occurred only where water availability was lower. Proline averages ranged from 3.47 to 17.41 μg g-1. The sunflower cultivars BRS387, BRS323, and BRS324 showed the greatest proline contents with 54.74, 46.27, and 35.16 μg g-1, respectively. These are the cultivars that accumulate more proline under conditions of a severe water deficit.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a severidade da Mancha-de-alternária de genótipos de girassol em ambientes do Cerrado do Distrito Federal. Três experimentos foram avaliados, dois na Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF) e um localizado na Embrapa Cerrados, no Centro de Inovação em Genética Vegetal – CIGV, Fazenda Sucupira, (Riacho Fundo II, DF). Foram feitas análises ao longo do ciclo da cultura com um intervalo de 15 dias, sendo a primeira aos 35 dias após emergência. Cada planta foi analisada em três partes: terço inferior, terço médio e terço superior. Ao final de cada experimento, a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) foi calculada para cada genótipo. De acordo com os resultados observados, o ambiente de sequeiro na Embrapa Cerrados, que deteve a maior média da severidade da doença, entre os ambientes avaliados. Dentre os genótipos avaliados, MG 360 mostrou menor severidade da doença no sequeiro e AGUARA 06 no irrigado da Embrapa Cerrados. O genótipo G 42 no CIGV, se destacou pela menor severidade do fungo. Houve influência significativa do ambiente nos resultados de severidade da doença, que está estreitamente relacionada com os fatores climáticos como temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. A compreensão dessas condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do fungo é essencial quando se avalia a resistência em genótipos de girassol.

The objective of this work was to identify the sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultivar with the highest yield potential for cultivation in the semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast, under field conditions, with supplementary irrigation. Plant photosynthetic performance and yield were determined in field trials. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with 12 cultivars planted at 0.70x0.30 m. Net photosynthetic rates above 27 μmol m-2 s-1 and average achene yield of 2,364.68 kg ha-1 and oil yield 961.96 of kg ha-1 were determined. This performance was achieved due to: high stomatal conductance in 'Aguara 4', 'BRS 322', and 'CF101', low water loss through transpiration in 'M 734', 'BRS 321', 'BRS 324', 'BRS 387', and 'Helio 251', or high-intrinsic photosynthetic efficiency in 'Helio 251' and 'BRS 387'. Most cultivars provided grain amounts and oil contents similar to those of cultivars grown in the largest Brazilian producing areas. The cultivars that provide the highest yield in the Brazilian semiarid region, when grown under supplementary irrigation, are 'Aguara 4', 'CF 101', and 'BRS 322' with a high achene and oil yield, and 'M 734' with high achene yield. The less susceptible cultivars to severe water deficit are 'Helio 251' and 'BRS 387' with a highintrinsic photosynthetic efficiency. Resumo ? O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a cultivar de girassol (Helianthus annuus) com maior potencial produtivo para cultivo no Semiarido Nordestino, em condicoes de campo, com irrigacao suplementar. Determinaram-se o desempenho fotossintetico e o rendimento da planta em ensaios de campo. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 12 cultivares plantadas em espacamento 0,70x0,30 m. Foram determinadas taxas fotossinteticas acima de 27 μmol m-2 s-1 e rendimento medio de graos de 2.364,68 kg ha-1 e de oleo de 961,96 kg ha-1. Este desempenho foi possivel em razao da: alta condutância estomatica em 'Aguara 4', 'BRS 322' e 'CF 101', baixa perda de agua por transpiracao em 'M 734', 'BRS 321', 'BRS 324', 'BRS 387' e 'Helio 251', ou alta eficiencia fotossintetica no uso de agua em 'Helio 251' e 'BRS 387'. A maioria das cultivares forneceu graos e oleo em quantidades similares aquelas das maiores areas produtoras brasileiras. As cultivares com maior rendimento no Semiarido brasileiro, cultivadas com irrigacao suplementar, sao 'Aguara 4', 'CF 101' e 'BRS 322' com alto rendimento de aquenios e oleo e 'M 734' com alto rendimento de aquenios. As cultivares de menor susceptibilidade ao estresse hidrico severo sao 'Helio 251' e 'BRS 387' com maior eficiencia fotossintetica no uso da agua.

The continuous soybean-maize crop succession in the tropical region of Brazil has led to significant increases in the population size of root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica) and root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus brachyurus), which make soils unsuitable for soybean cropping. A greenhouse study was conducted to identify sunflower genotypes adapted to the tropical region of Brazil and that are resistant to M. incognita, M. javanica and/or P. brachyurus. Two experiments for each nematode were conducted in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Gall index was calculated from visual scores (0–5) of gall intensity on roots for the root-knot nematode. Initial and final population density and reproduction factor were also measured for each nematode. Sunflower genotypes varied in resistance to the nematodes. Sunflower hybrids BRS 321 and BRS 323 were resistant to M. javanica and P. brachyurus and exhibited low gall index for M. incognita. The cultivars are good alternatives to using in the succession of soybean in nematode-infested areas of the tropical regions of Brazil. No sunflower genotype was identified as resistant to M. incognita and thus sunflower cropping is not indicated in areas infested with this nematode.

Helianthus annus L. belongs to the family Asteraceae, with a yearly cycle and high adaptability rate to different climate conditions. Its culture was boosted by the production of animal feed, oil extraction for humans or for biodiesel, ornamentation and bird feed. The agronomic performance of sunflower genotypes in the Mid-Northern region of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, was assessed. Data for the production and industrial sectors will be thus provided for the selection of genotypes with the best agronomic traits when cultivated in the region. Current study was performed at the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, on the Campus Campo Novo do Parecis MT Brazil, during 2018. Eight genotypes were evaluated in assays with randomized blocks and four replications. Evaluated traits comprised days for initial florescence, plant height, stalk diameter, green and dry mass, days for physiological maturity, mean diameter of the head, mass of head and achenes per head, both necessary to obtain achene:head ratio, mass of one thousand achenes, number of achenes per head and productivity of achenes of the oil. Genotypes with high grain yield tended towards greater size and cycle. Genotypes SYN 045, BRS 323 and MULTISSOL had good grain productivity plus good production of green and dry mass. The first two genotypes had an oil rate above 40%, with good oil productivity.

Precision in sowing is an important strategy for increasing agricultural yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed distribution mechanisms and sowing speeds on characteristics of sunflower. The experiment was set in March 2015 in São José do Rio Claro, state of Mato Grosso (Brazil). The experimental design was a completely randomized block design, in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with two seed distribution mechanisms (perforated and pneumatic disc) and five sowing speeds (4; 6; 8; 10 and 12 km h-1) with four repetitions. The vegetative and reproductive characteristics of the sunflower were evaluated and also the double, faulty and acceptable spacing were evaluated to observe the homogeneity of seed distribution through the sowers. Regardless of the seed distribution mechanism, the rise in the sowing speed caused a reduction in plant population by changing plant height, head height, head mass, achene mass per head, mass of one thousand achenes and head diameter. The perforated disk distribution mechanism showed the best performance in acceptable spacings and the pneumatic one provided a greater guarantee of the desired plant population. The different distribution mechanisms, as well as different sowing speeds, did not influence achenes yield. The farmer should be aware of the speed of sowing adopted in his sunflower crop, as increasing speeds may affect uniform seed distribution as well as plant development.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de genotipos de girassol resistentes a herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas em cultivos de segunda safra quanto ao rendimento de graos e de oleo. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em seis Estados e no Distrito Federal nas safrinhas de 2009 e 2010. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. Diferentes metodos foram utilizados para a analise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Os metodos de Lin & Binns modificados por Carneiro, Rocha et al. e Porto et al., mostraram resultados similares. O genotipo ALBISOL 20CL apresentou adaptabilidade geral para rendimento de oleo e o genotipo HLA 211CL apresentou adaptabilidade especifica para ambientes favoraveis tanto para rendimento de graos quanto para rendimento de oleo. O metodo de Porto et al. indicou, para ambientes favoraveis, o genotipo ALBISOL 20 CL quanto ao rendimento de graos. O metodo de Eberhart & Russell foi similar aos outros tres metodos somente na classificacao do genotipo ALBISOL 20CL. Os dois genotipos avaliados mostraram estabilidade toleravel. ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptability and stability of sunflower genotypes resistant to the imidazolinone herbicides on crops as second crop, related to their grain and oil yield. The assays were conducted in six states and the Federal District in 2009 and 2010. The experimental design was randomized block design with four replications. Different methods were used to analyze the stability and adaptability. The methods of Lin & Binns modified by Carneiro, Rocha et al. and Porto et al. showed similar results. The genotype ALBISOL 20CL presented general adaptability for oil yield and the HLA genotype 211CL showed specific adaptability to favorable environments for grain and oil yield. For grain yield, the method of Porto et al. indicated the genotype ALBISOL 20 CL to favorable environments. The method of Eberhart & Russell was similar to the other three methods only in the classification of genotype ALBISOL 20CL. The two genotypes showed tolerable stability.

The influence of temperature on the fatty acid composition of the oils from conventional and high oleic sunflower genotypes grown in tropical regions was evaluated under various environmental conditions in Brazil (from 0° S to 23° S). The amounts of the oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids from the sunflower oil were determined using gas chromatography (GC). The environment exhibited little influence on the amounts of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in high oleic genotypes of sunflower. In conventional genotypes, there was broad variation in the average amounts of these two fatty acids, mainly as a function of the minimum temperature. Depending on the temperature, especially during the maturation of the seeds, the amount of oleic acid in the oil of conventional sunflower genotypes could exceed 70 %. Higher temperatures led to average increases of up to 35 % for this fatty acid. Although the minimum temperature had the strongest effect on the fatty acid composition, locations at the same latitude with different minimum temperatures displayed similar values for both oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, minimum temperature had little influence on the amounts of palmitic and stearic fatty acids in the oil.

Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy data from sunflower seeds of genotypes differing in oleic and linoleic fatty acid contents were evaluated by discriminant analysis. A single husked seed was used for spectral analysis of each genotype. We applied two clustering strategies to discriminate the genotypes. First, we fit three calibration curves for high oleic × low oleic, high oleic × mid-oleic and mid-oleic × low oleic genotype-derived fatty acids. Next, we fit just one curve to all these three groups. All these curves were established using principal component analysis. The clustering precision was determined by d, the Mahalanobis distance between the genotype and the closest group, and D, the distance up to the next group. The spectral range used for calibration was 1,651–1,952 nm. The genotypes were well classified when d was close to one and the ratio D/d was close to or higher than two. The discriminant analysis allowed the classification of the high oleic and mid-oleic genotypes even though they had similar signals in gas chromatography (GC). Although both clustering strategies were similar, the first one allowed a better discrimination between the mid-oleic and low oleic genotypes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar critérios para seleção de genótipos de girassol com base na média geral obtida em vários locais e sua decomposição em ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis e por meio de outros métodos de análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, como os de Eberhart & Russell, Lin & Binns, Carneiro e Carvalho et al. Foram analisados dados obtidos entre os anos de 1999 e 2004 na Rede Nacional de Ensaios de Girassol, coordenada pela Embrapa Soja e que conta com a participação de empresas públicas e privadas. Os caracteres avaliados foram rendimento de grãos e de óleo (kg ha-1). A análise da decomposição da média geral em médias de ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis (método da indicação com base na decomposição da média geral - IDMG) foi o critério mais adequado para a indicação de genótipos. A análise de regressão contribuiu com informações adicionais, indicando a responsividade e previsibilidade dos genótipos diante das mudanças ambientais.

Macrophomina phaseolina has been considered one of the most prevalent soybean (Glycine max) pathogens in Brazil. No genetic resistance has been determined in soybean and very little is known about the genetic diversity of this pathogen in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Fifty-five isolates from soybean roots were collected in different regions and analyzed through RAPD for genetic diversity. The UPGMA cluster analysis for 74 loci scored permitted identification of three divergent groups with an average similarity of 99%, 92% and 88%, respectively. The three groups corresponded to 5.45%, 59.95% and 34.6%, respectively of all isolates used. A single plant had three different haplotypes, while 10.9% of the analyzed plants had two different haplotypes. In another study the genetic similarity was evaluated among isolates from different hosts [soybean, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), corn (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)] as well as two soil samples from native areas. Results showed that more divergent isolates originated from areas with a single crop. Isolates from areas with crop rotation were less divergent, showing high similarity values and consequently formed the largest group. Amplification of the ITS region using primers ITS1 and ITS4 produced only one DNA fragment of 620 bp. None of the isolates were differentiated through PCR-RFLP. Our results demonstrated genetic variability among Brazilian isolates of M. phaseolina and showed that one single root can harbor more than one haplotype. Moreover, cultivation with crop rotation tends to induce less specialization of the pathogen isolates. Knowledge of this variation may be useful in screening soybean genotypes for resistance to charcoal rot.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram conhecer o grau de representatividade dos locais no Estado do Paraná, onde são conduzidos os ensaios de avaliação final de produtividade de linhagens de soja no período 1990/2000 e realizar estudo de adaptabilidade e estabilidade das linhagens no ano agrícola 1999/2000. As linhagens testadas pertencem aos grupos de maturação precoce, semiprecoce e médio. Verificaram-se padrões de similaridade de resposta das linhagens dos três grupos de maturação, em alguns locais, em todos ou na maioria dos anos testados. Esses padrões dependeram do grupo de maturação. Contudo, as avaliações em Londrina/Cambé, Campo Mourão, Guarapuava/Mariópolis e Sertaneja foram sempre indicadas. O local Ponta Grossa - 1 foi útil na discriminação de linhagens do grupo precoce, e Ponta Grossa - 2, dos grupos semiprecoce e médio. O estudo de adaptabilidade e estabilidade revelou que as linhagens precoces BR95-7613, BRS 137, OC95-3006 e CD96-518 tiveram bom desempenho produtivo, adaptabilidade geral e previsibilidade. A linhagem semiprecoce BR96-25619 mostrou a maior produtividade, tanto em ambientes favoráveis como nos desfavoráveis, e pode ser indicada como tendo adaptabilidade geral. Outras linhagens semiprecoces de bom desempenho, como BR96-18710 e BRS 154, são indicadas para ambientes favoráveis e geral (ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis), respectivamente. As linhagens OC95-3194, BR96-12086 e BR96-16185, do grupo de maturação médio, destacam-se nos ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis. The objectives of this work were to study the representability of selected locations in the Paraná State, Brazil, used to carry out the final yield trials on soybean lines in the period 1990/2000 and to perform a stability and adaptability study on the soybean lines evaluated in 1999/2000. In the trials, the breeding lines are classified as early maturity group, semi-early maturity group and medium maturity group. Similar response patterns of lines from the different maturity groups were observed in some locations, for all or most of the evaluated years. These patterns depended on the maturity group. However, trials in Londrina/Cambé, Campo Mourão, Guarapuava/Mariópolis and Sertaneja were frequently indicated. The place in Ponta Grossa - 1 was efficient to discriminate early maturity lines, and in Ponta Grossa - 2, for semi-early and medium maturity lines. The stability and adaptability analyses showed that the early lines BR95-7613, BRS 137, OC95-3006 and CD96-518 are high yielding, with general adaptability and good predictability of response. The semi-early line BR96-25619 showed the highest yielding performance in both favorable and unfavorable environments and can be indicated as having a general adaptability. Other semi-early lines with good performance, such as BR96-18710 and BRS 154, can be indicated to favorable and general (favorable and unfavorable) environments, respectively. The medium maturity lines OC95-3194, BR96-12086 and BR96-16185 showed good performance in both favorable and unfavorable environments.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) desdobrar correlações genotípicas em efeitos diretos e indiretos de componentes primários e secundários sobre a produção de frutos, em genótipos de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.), por meio de análises de trilha; b) comparar métodos alternativos de estimação dos coeficientes de trilha para contornar os efeitos adversos da multicolinearidade. Com base nas magnitudes dos efeitos diretos e indiretos, nenhum dos componentes primários ou secundários mostrou ser importante na seleção dos genótipos mais produtivos. Em populações segregantes, o caráter altura da planta poderá ser útil em resposta correlacionada, por meio de seleção indireta. Na ocorrência de multicolinearidade de moderada a severa entre os caracteres, a eliminação de variáveis do modelo de regressão e a análise de trilha em crista mostraram-se eficientes para reduzir as altas variâncias dos coeficientes de trilha encontradas. Contudo, quando várias variáveis necessitam ser eliminadas, o processo de descarte torna-se difícil e muitas análises podem ser necessárias. A análise de trilha em crista, por sua vez, deve contornar os efeitos adversos da multicolinearidade, sem que haja grande redução nos valores dos coeficientes de determinação dos modelos de regressão. The main goals of this work were: a) to display genotype correlations in direct and indirect effects of primary and secondary components on the production of fruits, in green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes, by mean of path analysis; b) to compare alternative methods of estimation of the path coefficients to avoid the adverse effects of multicollinearity. Based on the magnitude of direct and indirect effects, none of the primary or secondary components showed to be more important in the selection of more productive genotypes. In segregating populations, the character height of the plant might be useful in correlated response, by means of indirect selection. In the occurrence of moderate to severe multicollinearity between the characters, the elimination of variables from the regression model and the ridge path analysis showed to be efficient in reducing the high variances of the path coefficients found. However, when several variables need to be eliminated, the disposal process becomes difficult and many analysis might be necessary. Ridge path analysis, although, should by-pass the adverse effects of multicollinearity, without having great reduction on the coefficient determination values of the regression models.

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos espacamentos entre linhas nas caracteristicas agronomicas de tres hibridos de girassol, foi conduzido um ensaio no campus experimental da FESURV-Universidade de Rio Verde, em Rio Verde (GO). Foram avaliados os espacamentos de 40 e 50 cm combinados com os hibridos Agrobel 960, BRHS 5 e Helio 251, com 60.000 plantas ha -1 . O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com quatro repeticoes. A semeadura foi realizada no dia 12 de marco de 2005 e a colheita em 5 de julho de 2005. Avaliou-se o rendimento de aquenios, o peso de 1.000 aquenios, o diâmetro do capitulo, o numero de aquenios por capitulo e a altura de plantas. Os resultados foram submetidos a analise de variância e as medias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. O maior rendimento de aquenios foi obtido com o hibrido de girassol Agrobel 960, sendo tambem o de menor estatura. Nao houve diferencas significativas entre os hibridos para o peso de 1.000 aquenios, diâmetro do capitulo e numero de aquenios por capitulo. O espacamento de 40 cm permitiu a obtencao de maior rendimento e numero de aquenios por capitulo, porem com menor peso de 1.000 aquenios. O efeito de espacamento entre linhas nao influenciou o diâmetro dos capitulos e a altura de plantas.