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One of the effective models in health education is the health belief model that considers a person's behavior as a under the influence of knowledge and attitude. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of a training program based on the health belief model in burn prevention knowledge in mothers of children aged between 1 and 3 years old.This single blind randomized Control Trial study was conducted on 64 mothers with a child aged between 12 and 36 months who were referred to the Health Centers of Shiraz, Iran, in 2018. Accordingly, using cluster sampling, 4 health centers were selected and then 2 centers were assigned to the intervention group and 2 other centers to the control group by randomization. The intervention group received six sessions of training. However, in order to observe the ethical principles, the educational content was provided to the control group at the end of the present study. Both groups completed health belief model questionnaire before, after the intervention, and by passing 2 months from the intervention. The collected data were compared between the two groups using SPSS software, version 25.We found no differences in the demographics of the two study groups (P 0.05). Intragroup comparison in the intervention and control groups indicated a significant difference among the three intervals (both P = 0.001). As well, a difference was found between the intervention and the control groups immediately after the intervention and 2 months after the intervention (both P 0.001). Additionally, in both groups, the relationship between mothers' knowledge score and each dimension of the health belief model was examined, which was a significant. (P = 0.001).Health belief model can be considered as an effective method for educating mothers in terms of the prevention of children's burn and the increased the mothers' knowledge.The health belief model was shown to have a good effect on educating mothers regarding child burn's prevention. So, due to this reason, it is recommended to use this model for burn's prevention training programs.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: إن بدء الرضاعة الطبيعية الحصرية واستمرارها يلعب دورا حيويا في صحة الأم والطفل. تبحث هذه الدراسة في التنبؤ بالرضاعة الطبيعية الحصرية للأمهات الإيرانيات باستخدام نموذج العوامل الخمسة للسمات الشخصية. طرق البحث: شارك في هذه الدراسة المقطعية ما مجموعه ١٢٠ أمّا، لديهن أطفال تتراوح أعمارهم بين ٦ إلى ١٢ شهرا، تمت إحالتهم إلى مراكز الصحة في شيراز في إيران. طُلب من المشاركات ملء استبانة ديموغرافية، ومقياس الرضاعة الطبيعية الحصري، ومقياس العوامل الخمسة الكبرى لسمات الشخصية. كما تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام معامل ارتباط بيرسون والانحدار المتعدد. النتائج: أظهرت النتائج أن صفة التوافق حصلت على أعلى درجة (متوسط الدرجات = ١٦.١٣، والانحراف المعياري = ٢.١٠) وسجلت صفة العصابية أقل درجة (متوسط الدرجة = ١٢.١٣، والانحراف المعياري = ٢.٦٨). أشارت النتائج الرئيسة إلى وجود علاقة معنوية بين سمة الانبساط والرضاعة الطبيعية الحصرية (معامل الارتباط =٠.٣٦) في تحليل الانحدار، وكانت النتائج تدل على التنبؤ الإيجابي بالرضاعة الطبيعية الحصرية لكل من سمة الانبساط (بيتا=٠.٤٣) وسمة الضمير (بيتا=٠.١٨). الاستنتاجات: قد تؤثر سمات الشخصية على الرضاعة الطبيعية الحصرية، ويمكن أن تكون أداة مفيدة في تقليل العوائق التي تحول دون الرضاعة الطبيعية الحصرية، وفي تحديد الأمهات اللائي يحتجن إلى مزيد من الدعم النفسي. Abstract: Objectives: The initiation of exclusive breastfeeding and its continuation plays a vital role in maternal and child health. This study investigates the prediction of exclusive breastfeeding in Iranian mothers using the five-factor model. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted using cluster random sampling. and 120 mothers with children aged 6 to 12 months, referred to health centres of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Valfagr and Enghelab in Iran, participated in this cross-sectional study. The participants were requested to fill 3 questionnaire containing demographic questionnaire, the exclusive breastfeeding scale, and the Big Five factors (BFF) questionnaire of personality traits. The data were collected between May and December 2019 and analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: The results showed that the agreeableness trait had the highest score (mean score = 16.13, SD = 2.10) and the neuroticism trait had the lowest score (mean score = 12.13, SD = 2.68). The main results indicated a significant relationship between the extraversion trait and exclusive breastfeeding (r = 0.36, p

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mobile-based education on mothers' knowledge and decisions about prevention of foreign body (FBA) aspiration and to relieve choking in preschool children. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study in which 88 mothers whose children were registered in each selected kindergarten of the city of Rasht (in Iran) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. All mothers were educated through lectures. Then, in the control group, an educational booklet and CDs were used, and in the intervention group, a mobile application was used. Mothers' knowledge and decision were measured by a researcher-made questionnaire before and after the lecture and four weeks after providing the interventions. Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Friedman tests were used to analyze the data. The level of significance was p Results The results showed that the mean scores of knowledge (n = 44, M = 13.47, SD = 1.84) and decision (n = 44, M = 8.52, SD = 1.30) of participants immediately and mean scores of knowledge (n = 44, M = 14.68, SD = 1.98) and decision of participants (n = 44, M = 9.56, SD = 2.15) four weeks after the educational interventions, in the intervention group, were statistically significantly higher than the control group. Intragroup comparison of the mean scores of knowledge and decision immediately and four weeks after educational interventions, showed that only in the intervention group did the mean scores have statistically significant increase, (p Conclusion Mobile-based education was more effective in improving mothers' knowledge and decision about prevention of foreign body aspiration and to relieve choking in children than other educational methods. Practice implications Mobile applications may be a new and effective method for providing education to parents.

This paper proposes new jackknife IV estimators that are robust to the effects of many weak instruments and error heteroskedasticity in a cluster sample setting with cluster-specific effects and possibly many included exogenous regressors. The estimators that we propose are designed to properly partial out the cluster-specific effects and included exogenous regressors while preserving the re-centering property of the jackknife methodology. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed procedures provide the first consistent estimators under many weak instrument asymptotics in the setting considered. We also present results on the asymptotic normality of our estimators and show that t-statistics based on our estimators are asymptotically normal under the null and consistent under fixed alternatives. Our Monte Carlo results further show that our t-statistics perform better in controlling size in finite samples than those based on alternative jackknife IV procedures previously introduced in the literature.

This study was aimed at assessing the role of socioeconomic status (SES), school attributes (SA), and academic activities (AA) in the academic achievement of secondary school students in Bangladesh. Data were collected by administering a self-administered questionnaire from 1,043 secondary school students using a multistage cluster random sampling. Hierarchical regression suggested that religion significantly but negatively influenced the academic achievement of secondary students, while SES, teacher-student ratio, performance, and education system significantly predicted the academic achievement, although the latter had a negative impact. Besides, self-regulation and communication also showed a substantial role in determining good academic achievement. Policymakers should pay attention to the SES composition of schools and their quality and mode of education, and certain regulatory activities to achieve quality and all-inclusive education in Bangladesh.

Elderly cadres have an important role in screening the health of the elderly. However, the role of elderly cadres in Sumberporong Village is not optimal. One of the contributing factors is the ability of cadres to use geriatric instruments is still very low . . The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of geriatric tools online training on the ability of cadres to perform screening. Method. The research design used a one group post test only design. The population in this study were elderly cadres in Sumberporong Village, Lawang. A sample of 32 respondents was taken by cluster sampling technique. The independent variable is geriatric tools online training and the dependent variable is the screening ability of elderly cadres. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis using one sample t test with = 0.05. Results. The results show ing that geriatric tools online is affective for improving the ability of elderly cadres for doing screening in Sumberporong Village , Lawang (p = 0.000; = 7.5; SD = 2.229). Conclusion. Geriatric t ools online training are very important given to the elderly cadres in order to improve their ability for doing elderly screening .

This study investigates the effects of simulation and Guided-inquiry strategies in elimination of students’ misconception in Biology Teaching in Senior Secondary Schools in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area in Rivers State. Four research questions and four hypotheses were formulated to guide the research. The design adopted for this study is quasi experimental pre-test, post-test control group design. The population of the study was made up of all SSIII biology students, using cluster sampling to select 150 students’ to form the sample size. The research instrument used was Ecology performance Test (EPT). Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. T-test was used to test the hypotheses. The findings among others indicated that students taught with simulation and guided inquiry teaching strategy performed better than the traditional method thereby eliminating student’s misconception on ecological concept in biology. It was recommended among others that biology teachers should be encouraged to explore the application of simulation and guided inquiring strategies in their classroom instruction.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the perceived level of disaster preparedness and response among nursing students in Oman, as the country is disaster prone and experiences disasters every three to five years. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional pilot study was conducted from May to June 2019 using a stratified cluster sampling method among nursing students recruited from two government nursing colleges in Muscat, Oman. The Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool and Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale were used to assess the knowledge, skill, disaster management and self-efficacy in handling disasters. Results: A total of 51 students participated in this study. Most students (78.4%) had experienced a disaster while at home. Overall, the students had moderate levels of knowledge (3.17 ± 1.49), skill (3.12 ± 1.52), post-disaster management (3.22 ± 1.44) and self efficacy in responding to disaster (2.93 ± 1.16). Conclusion: Nursing students in Oman have experienced disasters and are willing to respond when called upon though they possess moderate knowledge and confidence in handling disasters. Keywords: Disasters; Nursing Students; Pilot Study; Oman.

This research aims to find out the effect of cooperative learning models of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type on the students’ mathematics learning achievement of the 8th-grade students of SMPN 13 Mataram Academic Year 2019/2020. This study is a quasi-experimental with the post-test only non-equivalent control group design type. The population of the research was the whole 8th-grade students of SMPN 13 Mataram Academic Year 2019/2020. In determining the sample, probability sampling was being used in the of form cluster random sampling, the sample of the research was the VIII-A class as the experimental class and VIII-B class as the controlling class. The instrumen which was used in this research was the test of the students learning achievement (post-test). Quantitave analysis obtained by using t-test. The results of this research showed that there were differences in students learning outcomes with the TGT type cooperative model and direct learning model students. By the effect size method, we obtain that the effect of TGT type on the student's achievement was high category. Furthermore, that’s mean that TGT type can be given a high effect on students' achievement in the concept of linear equation system for two variables. For teachers, especially in SMPN 13 Mataram should be an alternative learning model of the TGT cooperative model as an one of the next mathematics learning.

The objective of this research is to find out whether the use of LRD Strategy can improve reading comprehension of grade ten students particularly in descriptive text. This researcher applied a quasi-experimental research design. The population of this research was grade ten students of SMK Negeri 6 Palu which consist of 108 students. The sample of this research was 36 students of class X TKJ 2 and considered as the experimental class while 36 students of class X TKJ 3 as the control class. The sample was selected using cluster random sampling technique. The technique of data collection was test that includes pre-test and post-test. While the mean score of pre-test in experimental class was about 49.71, the control class is 58.09. In post-test, experimental class got 64.76. On the other hand, the control class got 61.13. By applying 0.05 level of significance and 28 degree of freedom (df), as seen tha table that the value of t-counted is (2.12) and t-table is (1.703). The t-counted value is higher than t-table, which means that the research hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, the use of LRD Strategy can improve students’ reading comprehension in descriptive text.

Sleep quality leads to many healthy problems, which has caused global concern. Most studies have focused on the sleep quality in some large cities, ignoring the elderly in rural areas who may have more serious sleep problems. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the sleep status of the elderly in rural areas of Anhui Province and the influence of environmental factors on it. The data of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations for this study were obtained from the Dalhousie University atmospheric composition analysis group. The data of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) in 2014 was produced and processed by remote sensing inversion on the basis of medium resolution satellite images. The 2686 individuals were selected from rural areas of Anhui Province by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. The independent, interactive, and mediating effects of CO2 and green space on sleep quality were evaluated by generalized linear model, interaction model, and mediating effect model, respectively. In this study, we found that the prevalence of sleep disturbance in the elderly was 58.40%. In the univariate model, we found that the risk of sleep disturbance increased by 1.6% for each 1 μg/m3 increase in concentrations of CO2, while decreased by 1.5% for every 0.1 increase in NDVI. In the interaction model, the negative correlation between green space and sleep quality decreased with concentrations of CO2 increased. In addition, green space was a mediating factor between CO2 and sleep quality in the mediating effect model.

The purpose of the study was to determine the level of understanding and implementation of Education Management Standards by Primary and Secondary Education Units, especially in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. The research method uses descriptive qualitative, with data sources from the head of the madrasa, teachers, and the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah committee, Bogor Regency. The sampling technique used proportional cluster random sampling, with data collection methods using questionnaires and documentation studies. Data analysis used descriptive statistics. The results showed. First, the level of respondents' understanding of the regulation of Education Management Standards by the Primary and Secondary Education Units, namely the madrasah principal and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah teachers have sufficient understanding, while the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah committee has an understanding in the category of lack of understanding. The two respondents' assessments of the implementation of the Education Management Standards by the Primary and Secondary Education Units in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, namely the head of Madrasah, teachers, and the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah committee generally considered that Madrasah Ibtidaiyah had not implemented governance according to the Education Management Standards by the Primary and Secondary Education Units. The implication of the results of this study is that the general understanding of respondents is only in the sufficient category, so the implementation of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah governance does not fully refer to the standards of education management by the Primary and Secondary Education Units. This shows that the level of achievement of educational management standards in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah is classified as not being achieved as a whole.

BackgroundIn the tribal state of Jharkhand, there have been very few studies on micronutrient deficiency and how it is addressed among school children. This study was conceived and undertaken to assess the effect of milk supplementation on the micronutrient status of school children.DesignA comparative observational study was conducted among school children of a tribal district in India during 2017–2018. Two groups of schools/clusters were randomly selected, one with milk supplementation and the other without supplementation. A total of 318 children from the two groups of schools were recruited for biochemical analysis of certain micronutrients, such as calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and iron (haemoglobin level), using cluster random sampling. Data were analysed using SPSS V.20.0 software, and multiple logistic regression analysis was done to determine the predictors of serum calcium and vitamin B12 level among school children.ResultsAlmost all children from both groups had vitamin D deficiency. A higher risk of lower serum vitamin B12 level (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.61 to 4.16) and calcium level (OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.74 to 6.49) was observed in children of the control group. The difference in the proportion of anaemia in the two study groups was found to be statistically insignificant. Milk consumption was found to be the only significant predictor of normal vitamin B12 and calcium level in the present study.ConclusionsIn this study, it was concluded that milk consumption may help in improving the calcium and vitamin B12 status of school children of a tribal state, whereas it does not have any significant effect on vitamin D level.

BackgroundDue to the prevalence of immoral behaviors, it is necessary to study ethical behaviors and identify its predictors with the aim of promoting ethical behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict moral behavior based on psychological health, lifestyle and prosocial behaviors.MethodThis was a descriptive-analytical correlational study. The study population of principals and deputies of the second year of high school in Tehran in the academic year 2009-2010 was 2973 people. The sample size based on Cochran's formula was estimated to be 340 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments were the Ethical Behavior Inventory, the Psychological Health Scale, the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and the Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests simultaneously in SPSS software version 25.ResultsThe results showed a significant relationship between psychological health (r = -0.35), lifestyle (r = 0.27) and societal behaviors (r = 0.41) with moral behavior (P

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and high myopia among Han and Uyghur students in Xinjiang, China. METHODS This cross-sectional study with a multistage, stratified cluster sampling method was completed in Xinjiang, China. Visual acuity and noncycloplegic refraction were measured. The crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Han and Uyghur students were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify risk factors associated with myopia and high myopia. RESULTS In total, 84,033 participants were included in the final analysis, comprising 64,110 Han and 19,923 Uyghur participants. The overall age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 47.70% (95% CI: 47.67-47.74) and 2.55% (95% CI: 2.54-2.56), respectively. Compared to the Uyghur population, the Han population had a higher prevalence of myopia (63.59% vs. 21.34%, p

This study aims to obtain an overview of the effect of learning mathematics using a problem-based learning approach on the mathematical communication skills of class XI science students at a school in Bima district. This research is a quasi-experimental research with the research design used is Posttest Only Control Design. The population in this study were all high school students of class XI science in one of the SMA Regency of Bima, totaling 199 people spread over 6 science classes. The sample used in this study only took two classes, namely the experimental class and the control class, with cluster random sampling technique sampling. The instruments used in this study were test and non-test instruments. The test instrument is in the form of a test in the form of a description to measure students' mathematical communication skills. The results showed that the problem-based learning model had an effect on the mathematical communication skills of class XI science students at one of the senior high schools in the bima district.

COVID-19 affects the learning system at university. This study aims to determine the relationship between resilience and readiness for changes in students’ interest to learn in the Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia, under the implementation of an e-learning system during the COVID-19 pandemic. The subjects in this study were 190 Students (M = 37, F = 153). The sampling technique used was cluster random sampling. The instruments used were the CD-RISC (16 items; α = .886), readiness for change questionnare (28 items; α = .919), and interest in leaning questionnare (14 items; α = .882). The multiple regression analysis show that there was a positive and significant correlation between resilience and interest in learning ( r = .555; p < .001), and a positive and significant correlation between readiness for change and interest in learning ( r = .580; p < .001). Furthermore, resilience and readiness for change together can predict students’ interest in learning during e-learning implementation ( r = .675, p < .001), R 2 = .456, F = 78,294; p < .001). Resilience and readiness for change effectively contributed 45.6% to predicting students’ interest in learning. These results suggest that students have resilience and readiness for change so that their interest in learning remains high despite having to face uncertain situation.

Objectives. Coronavirus (COVID-19) is affecting people throughout the world. People are forced to conduct various activities at home using mobile devices (MDs) as a result of the outbreak. In this case, prolonged use of MDs is the major cause for work-related health problems. Methods. We used systematic cluster random sampling to sample a diverse group of Indians from India's various states. Subjects filled out a questionnaire with questions about their demographics, MD usage and musculoskeletal symptoms (MSSs) faced. The relationship between MSSs and various factors was investigated using χ2 and binomial logistic regression analysis. Results. An online survey yielded 720 responses. More than half of employees registered MSSs in their upper body regions. Age, gender and MD usage were correlated with MSSs in various body regions. According to the binomial logistic regression findings, gender was significantly linked to MSSs in each body region. Conclusions. Results show that MDs can be used effectively in intermediate leisure activities if they are used in accordance with their basic needs.

Migration is an important component of urbanization. Cities being the centers of manufacturing, services and trade, attract a majority of migrants. The present study investigates the push–pull factors of migration in Lahore city, Pakistan. A 32-item semi-structured questionnaire was used to survey 384 migrants, who shifted permanently to Lahore city. The study used cluster random sampling technique to get the required sample. Statistical analysis includes correlations and logistic regression model. The findings of the study revealed that migrants were mostly young people who moved independently to improve their living conditions. Insufficient economic opportunities, low income, and limited educational facilities are the key factors that pushed them to migrate. Better living conditions, job opportunities, higher wages, and improved social environment acted as pull factors of migration. They did not prefer returning back for their access to better infrastructure and improved living standards in urban centers. However, this rising migration size is creating socioeconomic and infrastructural problems for city administration, planners, and citizens. The study identifies and suggests the imbalance of economic opportunities in rural and urban areas should be filled by public–private partnership.

Distance Learning in the Covid-19 pandemic era has become an alternative used by every university so that the learning process activities continue even though it is only face-to-face so that educational goals are achieved effectively and efficiently. This study aims to analyze the effect of the Distance Learning Environment on Intrinsic Motivation in learning for students of the Social Sciences Education study program. The method used in this research is quantitative research method with the sampling technique used is cluster sampling. The population used in this study were 252 social studies education students batch 2018-2020, while the sample used was 155 respondents. Based on the results of the t-test, the results obtained are t-count 8.384 > t-table 1.975, which means that there is an influence of the Distance Learning Environment variable on Intrinsic Motivation in learning in students of the Social Sciences Education study program. This is reinforced by the acquisition of the coefficient of determination test results of 31.3%.

Approximately 7,600 wheat plots were surveyed and geo-tagged in the 2017-18 winter or rabi season in Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP) in India to capture farmers’ wheat production practices at the landscape level. A two-stage cluster sampling method, based on Census data and electoral rolls, was used to identify 210 wheat farmers in each of 40 districts. The survey, implemented in Open Data Kit (ODK), recorded 226 variables covering major crop production factors such as previous crop, residue management, crop establishment method, variety and seed sources, nutrient management, irrigation management, weed flora and their management, harvesting method and farmer reported yield. Crop cuts were also made in 10% of fields. Data were very carefully checked with enumerators. These data should be very useful for technology targeting, yield prediction and other spatial analyses.

Kasahun Alemu Gelaye,1 Getu Debalke,2 Tadesse Awoke Ayele,1 Haileab Fekadu Wolde,1 Malede Mequanent Sisay,1 Destaw Fetene Teshome,1 Temesgen Yihunie Akalu,1 Sintayehu Daba Wami3 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Sintayehu Daba Wami Tel +251923398170Email sintayehudaba2004@gmail.comBackground: Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are at increased risk for occupational fatalities and injuries. Although such employment-related geographical mobility is receiving increasing attention, there is limited evidence about occupational health problems among seasonal farmworkers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate occupational health problems among seasonal and migrant farmworkers in Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed from October to December 2019 among seasonal and migrant farmworkers. The study was carried out in two sites of Amhara regional state, northwest Ethiopia. A cluster sampling technique was used to recruit 990 study participants. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 to identify factors associated with injuries. The significance level was obtained at 95% CI and p-value ≤ 0.05.Results: In this study, the period prevalence of work-related injury among seasonal and migrant farmworkers was 32.5% (95% CI: 29.7, 35.9). Being unemployed before migration (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.91), working for > 8 h/day (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.27), stress (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.88) and thermal discomfort (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.98) were the significant risk factors for work-related injury. In addition, nearly two-third (60.9%) of the study participants have shown three or more heat-related illness symptoms. Moreover, the prevalence of work-related stress among seasonal and migrant farmworkers was 67.6% (95% CI: 64.6, 70.7).Conclusion: Occupational health problems among seasonal and migrant farmworkers in northwest Ethiopia remain a major public health problem. Hence, implementing tailored preventive measures like training on health and safety, and hazard control measures would be supremely important to minimize the risk.Keywords: injury, stress, seasonal and migrant workers, occupational health, Ethiopia, University of Gondar

Summary Background Ethiopia reported the first case of COVID-19 on 13th March, 2020 with community transmission ensuing by mid-May. A national, population-based serosurvey against anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was conducted to measure the prevalence of prior COVID-19 infections and better approximate the burden across major towns in Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based serosurvey from June 24 to July 8, 2020 in 14 major urban areas. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to randomly select enumeration areas and households. All persons aged ≥15 years were enrolled. Serum samples were tested by Abbott™ ARCHITECT™ assay for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. National COVID-19 surveillance data on the median date of the serosurvey is analyzed for comparison. Findings Adjusted seroprevalence was 3.5% (95% CI: 3.2%-3.8%) after controlling for age, sex and test kit performance. Males (3.7%) and females (3.3%) were nearly equally infected, while middle-aged adults '40-65 years' had the highest (4.0%) prevalence. Gambella (7.5%), Dire Dawa (6.2%) and Jigjiga (6.1%) were the most affected towns. About 6.7% and 8.0% of seropositives had symptoms and chronic underlying illness, respectively. A surveillance system had identified 4,416 RT-PCR confirmed cases in Addis Ababa. Interpretation This serosurvey shows that a majority of urban Ethiopians remain uninfected with SARS-CoV-2. Most anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive cases were asymptomatic with no underlying illness, keeping case detection to a minimum.

Background: The coverage of immunization among children in Jambi City decreased during COVID-19 pandemic.Purpose: This study aims to identify the factors that might be associated with basic vaccination compliance among mothers in Jambi, Indonesia.Methods: This study uses a case control design in 5 Jambi City Regions in March-May 2021. The sample in this study is mothers who have children in age 9-24 months. The sampling that is used in this study is cluster sampling with total sample of 506 mothers. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistical analysis of univariate, bivariate using chi square test.Results: The results of data analysis showed that the variables related to compliance were perceptions of receiving immunization, attitudes, knowledge, husband's support with p value < 0.01, and distance traveled with p value < 0.05.Conclusion: Effort to improve compliance in the pediatric immunization Pandemic are needed to strengthen mother’s perception, knowledge, attitudes during COVID-19. Analysis with predictive models is highly recommended to determine the odd-ratios and adjusted odd-ratios between factors related to the complying for basic vaccination.

This study aims to determine the effect of numerical and spatial ability on mathematics learning outcomes of students class VIII of SMPN 2 Labuapi. This types of research is ex post facto research with a quantitative approach. The population of this study was students of class VIII SMPN 2 Labuapi. In determining the sample, the probability sampling technique is used with the types of cluster random sampling. The sample in this study were students of class VIII-B SMPN 2 Labuapi totaling 30 people. The data collection techniques used were test and documentation. This research uses statistic descriptive statistical analysis techniques and inferential statistical analysis techniques. The result obtained indicate that there is an influence on numerical and spatial ability on the mathematics learning outcomes of class VIII students of SMPN 2 Labuapi with an effect of 76,6%.

This research was a correlation study which aims to determine the correlation between students’ reading habit and their writing ability in descriptive text. There were two variables in this study, reading habit and writing ability. The population of the study were the X grade students of SMAN 2 Batusangkar in the academic year 2020/2021. The sample technique in this research used cluster random sampling from 356 students selected for class X MIPA 2 with 36 students. This study used the Product Moment formula to determine the coefficient correlation and t-test to found out the significance correlation between students’ reading habit (X) and their writing ability (Y). The result showed that the t-observed was (4.01) and t-table was (1.70) in significance level of 5% (0,005), so t-observed was bigger than t-table then Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there was a correlation between students’ reading habit and their writing ability in descriptive text at the X grade of SMAN 2 Batusangkar.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of online learning using google classrooms during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Mathematics subject focusing on trigonometric equations in class XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Selong. This research is quantitative descriptive. The population in this study were all class XI MIPA taught using google classroom. The research sample was selected using cluster random sampling technique, namely class XI MIPA 1 and XI MIPA 2 measuring 70 students. The data collection technique used was the provision of post-test and questionnaire distribution after the students were treated. The research indicator, namely online learning using google classroom, is said to be effective if the student learning outcomes with a percentage of classical completeness ≥85% and student responses are positive to online learning using google classroom. Based on the results of descriptive statistics, if seen from the classical completeness, it was obtained that 60 students were said to have completed their learning or equal to 85,71%, 10 students who did not complete their studies or equal to 14,29% and seen from the students responses to online learning using google classroom there were 11 students who responded very positive or equal to 15,71%, 57 students responded positively or equal to 81,43%, 2 students responded negatively or equal to 2,86%, and no students responded very negatively. Based on the results of the research, online learning using google classroom was effective during the covid-19 pandemic in class XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Selong in the 2020/2021 school year.

The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between social support, time management and self directed learning in students of the Faculty of Education. Data obtained from students of the class of 2017-2020 majoring in Counseling Guidance, Education Technology, Out-of-School Education, Elementary Teacher Education, PAUD Teacher education, and Psychology with a sample of 320.This research includes quantitative. Sampling using cluster random sampling .Data collection tools social support scale, time management scale, self directed learning scale. His research data analysis techniques are descriptive analysis and multiple correlation analysis. This research shows a positive and significant relationship between social support and time management with self directed learning. These results show that the higher the social support and time management, the higher the independence of learning.Keywords: social support; self directed learning; time management

This Research aims to know about the reasoning ability and mathematic representation ability to the results of mathematic lesson in students grade VIII SMP Negeri 1 Batulayar year academic 2019/2020. This research used quantitative approach with ex post facto research type. The population of this research is the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Batulayar. In determining the sample, probability sampling technique with the type of cluster sampling was used. The sample in this research is the students of class VIII B SMP Negeri 1 Batulayar amounted to 22 students. Data analysis used was multiple linear regression analysis. From the result of the data analysis we found the significant influence between reasoning ability and representative mathematic’s ability to the mathematics learning result of mathematic lesson in students grade viii smp negeri 1 batulayar year academic 2019/2020 with Fcount = 78,812 > F(2,19) = 3,52. The data we wroute as the same regration that Ŷ=-2,452+0,466X1+0,575X2. The equation show us that reasoning ability and the representative mathematic’s ability increase 1 unit and the learning result will increase to 0,466 from reasoning mathematics ability plus 0,575 representative mathematic’s ability.

This study aims to determine the influence of the cooperative learning model CORE type on the mathematical communication skills at the eight grade students of SMPN 2 Kediri in Academic Year 2019/2020 on cube and block material. The method used in this study was a quasi-experimental research design with post-test only control group design. The population of this study were all eight grade students of SMPN 2 Kediri in academic year 2019/2020, which were distributed in three classes. The sample class was selected using cluster random sampling technique, obtained class VIII-B as the experimental class and class VIII-C as the control class. As for data collection techniques, namely observation and tests. The data analysis technique used the prerequisite test, namely the normality test and the homogeneity test followed by the pooled variance t-test. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that there was a difference between the mathematical communication skills of students who obtained the cooperative learning model CORE type and those who used the direct learning model. Classes that using the CORE model get an average score of 77.86 while those taught with the direct learning model get an average score of 65.15. This shows that learning using the cooperative model type CORE has an influence on the mathematical communication skills of students of class VIII SMPN 2 Kediri in academic year.

Ensuring reproductive health is central to the process of developing and improving the health of women and children and is linked to the issues such as sexually transmitted diseases, poverty, education, gender equality, and human rights. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of contraceptives of married women aged 18–49 years in rural Vellore, Tamil Nadu. This study was conducted in Kaniyambadi block in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Two-stage cluster sampling was used. A total of 200 households were selected. From each household, one eligible woman was selected. Two hundred women participated in the study. Nine percent had good knowledge, 52.5% had a good attitude and 67.5% had good practices as defined by this study. Education, belonging to non-scheduled caste, age, type of family, and the number of living children were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude, and practices in both bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis. The main reasons for not using contraception were the desire to have a child and the fear of side effects of contraceptives. Despite poor knowledge levels and moderate levels of good attitude, modern contraceptive usage in this study population was high. Women thought traditional methods were more effective than modern contraceptives. Permanent sterilization in women was the widely practiced modern contraceptive method. Strategies and methods to improve knowledge, and adoption of modern contraceptive usage among women and men need to be designed, implemented and studied.

Background: Child growth and health is recognized as an important public health indicator for monitoring nutritional status and health in a population. Objectives: 1. To study the socio demographic profile of the preschool children (3-6years) attending anganwadis in Kunnamangalam. 2. To study the association between socioeconomic status and undernutrition. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 30 anganwadis from June 2014 to June 2015 by cluster sampling method. Data regarding socio demographic factors, prevalence of undernutrition were collected by using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire. Socio economic status of the study population was classified according to Modified Kuppu Swamy’s Scale. Education, Occupation and total monthly family income of the highest earning member was used for the stratification into various classes. Data analysed using SPSS version 16 software. Results: Out of 300 children, 204 (68%) belonged to Upper lower strata, 74 (24.7%) were lower middle, 19 (6.3%) were upper middle and 3(1%) belonged to upper class. Prevalence of underweight children was significantly higher in children among those belonging to lower socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The study suggests to focus on preschool children for growth monitoring especially in low socioeconomic families, approaching them through the help of anganwadis, and educating mothers of low socioeconomic status on health on promoting program for underfives. Keywords : Nutritional status, Anganwadis, Socio economic status.

Social exclusion is a widely accepted risk factor for child well-being, but relatively little is known about its dynamics and effect on multiple well-being domains. This study aims to extend prior research by examining the influencing mechanisms of structural-economic and socio-relational exclusion on the physical, psychological, behavioural and educational well-being of Chinese migrant children. Multi-stage cluster random sampling is used to recruit a sample of migrant children (N = 484; Mage = 11.65 years; 52.9% girls) in Kunming, China, and structural equation modelling is used for data analysis. Results indicate that a high level of structural-economic exclusion predicts a high level of socio-relational exclusion, which, in turn, leads to low levels of physical, psychological, behavioural and educational well-being among migrant children. This study not only contributes to the understanding of the dynamic effects of social exclusion but also provides practical implications for social policy and interventions to reduce social exclusion and improve the well-being of Chinese migrant children.

Internet addiction (IA) is a common public health problem among college students, but little is known about the psychological mechanism of its relation to sense of coherence. This study extends previous literature by examining the associations between sense of coherence, psychological distress, escape motivation, and IA. Cluster random sampling is used to obtain a sample of Chinese college students (N = 4171, Mean age = 19.26, SD = 1.18) through an online survey. Data are analyzed by using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that sense of coherence not only directly predicts IA, but also indirectly affects IA through the mediators of psychological distress and escape motivation of Internet use. In particular, sense of coherence decreases the level of psychological distress (β = −0.639, p

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of communicative games that can improve students’ speaking skills in class VIII at SMPN 2 Lamasi. The method that is applied in this research is a pre-experimental design. The population in this research is the seventh-grade students of SMPN 2 Lamasi, and the total sample is 15 students. The research uses a cluster random sampling technique in determining the sample. The instrument of this research is speaking. The results of this research indicated that after using the communicative games to improve students' speaking skills of SMPN 2 La masi increases. This shows that there are significant differences between student scores in pre-tests and post-test. The mean score of the students’ pre-test is 37.47 and 81.47 in the post-test. So, there is significant different between the result of pre-test and post-test after the treatment. Therefore, the researcher concludes that communicative games is effective in teaching speaking at eight grade of SMPN 2 Lamasi.

A healthy community is the basis for development of any country and one way to achieve this vital goal is nutrition. Consequently it is essential to provide the community with the necessary information about nutrition in food products. The present study aims to assess the attitude and practices of consumers above 25 years (n = 508) on information pertaining to food labels in Puducherry region. A cross-sectional design was used and cluster sampling was employed to select the samples. The study samples were consumers who visited the selected shops. Information pertaining to the survey was elicited through a questionnaire. The results showed that type of family of the consumers had a significant influence on the positive and negative attitude of the consumers (p

The responses given by final year FKIP UMPRI Lampung students to Muhammadiyah were different even though the treatment given was the same in the regeneration process. Whereas experience in the organization as a cadre is very important in dealing with pandemic conditions, so that it affects student learning achievement. This is the background of this research which aims to reveal the learning achievements of Muhammadiyah cadres within the scope of universities in the era of covid-19 so that it can be a consideration for Muhammadiyah universities to further strengthen Muhammadiyah cadres and prospective Muhammadiyah cadres through better regeneration programs. This type of research is a comparative quantitative study with a population of all final year students of FKIP UMPRI, amounting to 268. The sample in this study was 20% of the population using a proportional cluster random sampling technique of 54 students. The use of data analysis techniques in this study is a t-test with test prerequisites, namely normality test and homogeneity test. Based on data analysis, it was found that there was no difference in learning achievement between Muhammadiyah cadres and non-Muhammadiyah cadres in the scope of universities in the covid-19 era.

Saleh Al Dhubayb, Mohammed Al Sultan, Sultan Al Sudairi, Fahd Hakami, Fahad Saleh Al Sweleh Dental Clinics, Dental University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Saleh Al Dhubayb; Fahad Saleh Al SwelehDental Clinics, University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaTel +966596600956Email salehaldhubayb@gmail.com; fsweleh@yahoo.co.ukObjective: To evaluate the ability of dentists and dental students to detect caries by using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS).Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh city and in the College of Dentistry at King Saud University (KSU) in Saudi Arabia. The study sample included a cluster sampling of 50 private clinics (100 dentists) and all 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th-year students (393 students). Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire. The ability score of detecting caries for each group was identified by calculating the mean percentages of the score. The data were entered into SPSS Version 20. One-way ANOVA was used for comparing quantitative data.Results: The overall response rate of the survey was 64.5% (318/493). A total of 62.6% (199) of respondents know about ICDAS. All groups had difficulty assessing the activity of caries in Code 2. There were significant differences among all groups in the ability to detect caries (P-value: 0:00). Moreover, 4th- and 5th-year students had the highest mean of percentage ability score (53.8% and 57.6%, respectively) to detect caries using ICDAS compared to 3rd-year students and general practitioners (38.6% and 38.7%, respectively).Conclusion: Overall, detection of early dental caries limited to enamel was confusing and difficult. The abilities of dentists and dental students to detect caries using ICDAS were low and require improvement by continuing further clinical training.Keywords: ICDAS, dental caries, dental student, dentist

In survey planning, sometimes, there arises situation to use cluster sampling because of nature of spatial relationship between elements of population or physical feature of land over which elements are dispersed or unavailability of reliable list of elements. At the same time, there requires technique and strategy for ensuring precision of the sample in representing the parent population. Although several theoretical cum practical works have been done in cluster sampling, stratified sampling and stratified cluster sampling, so far, the problem of stratified cluster sampling for a study variable based on an auxiliary variable, which is required in practice, has never been approached. For the first time, this paper deals with the problem of optimum stratification of population of clusters in cluster sampling with clusters of equal size of a characteristic y under study based on highly correlated concomitant variable x for allocation proportional to stratum cluster totals under a super population model. Equations giving optimum strata boundaries (OSB) for dividing population, in which sampling unit of the population is a cluster, are obtained by minimising sampling variance of the estimator of population mean. As the equations are implicit in nature, a few methods of finding approximately optimum strata boundaries (AOSB) are deduced from the equations giving OSB. In deriving the equations, mathematical tools of calculus and algebra are used in addition to statistical methods of finding conditional expectation of variance. All the proposed methods of stratification are empirically examined by illustrating in live data, population of villages in Lunglei and Serchhip districts of Mizoram State, India, and found to perform efficiently in stratifying the population. The proposed methods may provide practically feasible solution in planning socio-economic survey.

Aims: COVID-19 is rapidly expanding around the world and is one of the most important health problems. The purpose of the study was to determine preventive behaviors from COVID-19 and its determinants based on some constructs of the Health Belief Model. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2504 citizens of Rafsanjan in 2020 that were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a behavior and Health Belief Model constructs (HBMs) researcher-made questionnaire based on the Internet. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by ten specialists, and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS 18 by applying statistical tests such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, independent t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and linear regression. Findings: The means score of knowledge, attitude, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and preventive behavior were 83.13+or-10.72, 81.17+or-8.55, 79.28+or-17.19, 74.47+or-14.65, 84.32+or-16.11, 69.27+or-14.31, and 87.35+or-11.16, respectively. There was a significant correlation between preventive behaviors with knowledge, attitude, and HBMs (p

This survey-correlational study, conducted in January 2016, aimed at ascertaining the impact and prospects for the development of sustainable tourism in Northern Iloilo. Two hundred (200) randomly selected residents of selected municipalities from Northern Iloilo were utilized as participants. The cluster sampling method was used in the selection of participants. The Tourism Impact Questionnaire was utilized to measure the impact of sustainable tourism, while the Prospects for Sustainable Tourism was adapted to measure the level of viability of the prospects of sustainable tourism in Northern Iloilo. Data, frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were employed as descriptive statistics, while the t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearsons r were used as inferential statistics. Study results revealed the high impact of Northern Iloilo on the sustainability of tourism as perceived by the residents. Sustainable tourism in Northern Iloilo was found to have very high prospects for development. A positive and significant relationship existed between the assessed impact and viability of the prospects for development of the sustainable tourism in Northern Iloilo.

This research aims to compare educational games and virtual animations to mathematics learning outcomes in terms of student activity. The research was conducted in the fourth grade of SDN Jatirangga I Bekasi. The sampling technique used cluster sampling technique. The method used is a quasi-experimental design method. Furthermore, the normality and homogeneity prerequisite tests were carried out to show the normal and homogeneous data groups. After that, hypothesis testing using two-way ANNAVA obtained interaction t count (I) = 4.03 at the significance level of 0.05 t table = 3.96 because tcount> ttable then Ho was rejected. Thus, it means is an interaction between learning media and student activity towards mathematics learning outcomes. Because there is an interaction, Tukey's further test is carried out which gets the first result, namely Qcount = 4.85 while at α 0.05 dbv1 = 4 and dbv2 = 20 indicates Q table = 3.96. because Qcount> Qtable then Ho is rejected, it can be concluded that there are differences in mathematics learning outcomes using educational games and virtual animation on the low category of student activity. The second Tukey test shows the results, namely Qcount = 0.84 and Qtable = 3.96. It is concluded that by 0.84

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas model pembelajaran inkuiri terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Penentuan sampel penelitian dengan menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling sehingga diperoleh kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Uji normalitas menggunakan uji Lilliefors dan uji homogenitas menggunakan uji Bartllet. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t dan efektivitas model pembelajaran inkuiri dilihat dari uji Gain. Berdasarkan analisis data hasil penelitian diperoleh skor thitung > ttabel (4,93 > 1,67), sehingga Ho ditolak. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran inkuiri efektif terhadap hasil belajar. Analisis Gain kelas eksperimen mempunyai kriteria tinggi (0,70) dan kelas kontrol mempunyai kriteria sedang (0,48).

This study investigates how objective and subjective deprivation affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Chinese adolescents, and examines how hope moderates this influencing mechanism. A multi-stage cluster random sampling method is used to recruit 1280 adolescents from junior and senior high schools in Hebei Province, China. The moderated mediation model is validated using PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results show that objective deprivation increases subjective deprivation, which in turn, reduces adolescent HRQoL. The negative effect of objective deprivation on HRQoL is only significant for adolescents with low hope, whereas the negative effect of subjective deprivation on HRQoL is only significant for adolescents with high hope. In conclusion, hope plays significant but different moderating roles in the links of HRQoL with objective and subjective deprivation. Practical implications are also provided for social policy and interventions.

Introduction: Household health expenditures are the costs related to the health care and services from a house. The household health care expenditure constitutes a larger share (55.4%) of total health expenditures in Nepal which imply that health care can place a significant financial burden on households. Therefore, the aim of the study was to estimate the household expenditures on primary, secondary and higher-level health care in Nepalese households. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 335 household heads in Lekhnath municipality, Kaski, Nepal later changed in to Pokhara Metropolitan. An interview schedule was used to collect the data through face to face interview. Cluster sampling technique was used to select desired number of participants. Results: More than eight out of ten participants (88.1%) visited private health facility for the treatment. More than half (61.5%) had taken secondary and higher-level services. Among out-of-pocket household expenditure the mean (±SD) direct cost was NRs.24100±36870 where minimum expenditure was NRs.50 while maximum expenditure was NRs. 255025. Similarly, mean (±SD) indirect cost was NRs.784.48±2319 where majority expenditures (96.8%) were direct costs while 3.2% were indirect costs. The mean (±SD) cost for primary health services was NRs.905.07±1729 where minimum was NRs.60 and maximum was NRs.10110. Similarly, the mean (±SD) cost for secondary and higher-level services was NRs.23200±37390 where minimum was NRs.50 and maximum was NRs.255025. Conclusion: The average (±SD) household expenditure on different health services was NRs. 24800±38630 per annum, which is higher health expenditures for health service. The majority (96.8%) of health expenditures were included to direct costs while only 3.2% were in indirect costs. Higher expenditure was on secondary and higher-level services and it was NRs.23200 per annum while least expenditure on primary health services was NRs.905.07 per annum.

This research is mainly conducted by the writer in order to know that there is a significant effect of using the pre-questioning to improving the students’ reading comprehension skills to the tenth grade students’ of SMA Negeri 2 Padangsidimpuan or not. The number of the sample is 52 students. In this research the writer applies the cluster sampling. And as the instrument for collecting the data the writer uses the questioners for variable X and the essay test for variable Y. For getting the needed data, the writer applies the library and field research. The method of research is experiment method, that is the writes find out the different of students’ score before-after using pre-questioning method. Based on the result of research can be known the students’ mean score in pre-test is 80.76. After treatment the students’ mean score increase into 89.04. After collecting the needed the data, the next step which is done by the writer is analyzing it by using statistical analysis. The statistical formulation which is used in this research is the formulation of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (rxy). After analyzing the collected data, it has been got that the value of correlation (rxy), that is 0.945. By consulting this value to the table interpretation given before, it is known that this value can be categorized into the very high correlation category. It means that there is a significant effect of using the pre-questioning to improving the students’ reading comprehension skills to the tenth grade students’ of SMA Negeri 2 Padangsidimpuan. The hypothesis of this research accepted.

Objective We focus on providing the first comprehensive national dataset on the incidence, injury aetiology and mortality of TSCI in China. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. We included TSCI cases from all hospitals in three regions, nine provinces and 27 cities in China via search of electronic medical records and retrospectively analysed the characteristics of TSCI in China from 2009 to 2018. We estimated the incidence of TSCI in the total population and subgroups. Results There were 5954 actual cases in 2009, corresponding to a total estimated TSCI incidence of 45.1 cases per million population (95% CI, 44.0–46.3). There were 10,074 actual cases in 2018, corresponding to a total estimated TSCI incidence of 66.5 cases per million population (95% CI, 65.2–67.8) (P P Conclusions The TSCI incidence increased significantly from 2009 to 2018. The incidence in the elderly populations was consistently high and continues to increase over time. The mortality of TSCI patients in hospitals is relatively low and continues to decrease each year, but elderly individuals remain at a high risk of hospital death.

The students usually make error on the use of grammar when they produce an English writing, also in writing descriptive text. It is due to the difference between Indonesia and English grammatical system. If the students are not able to use those aspects correctly, it would be worried that their writing which is good content and organization would not give good sense because the readers misunderstand the message conveyed. The purpose of this study was to describe types of grammar errors made by the third year students in paragraph writing. The population of this research was 68 students of the third year students of English State Islamic University Imam Bonjol Padang, which were divided into two classes: class A and B. The sample was 30 students by using cluster random sampling. This research was done by giving some topics and students had to choose one of the topics given such as “My Daily Activities”, “My Favorite Lecturer”, and “My Best Friend in this Semester”. The researcher uses qualitative method in order to obtain valid findings from 30 students of third year students of English. Based on the error analysis conducted, the researcher found that errors regarding sentence structure are the most dominant errors, with the biggest number of errors are in verb and verb groups with the biggest number of errors are in addition verb (64,10%). Then, it is followed by errors regarding nominal with the biggest number of errors are in inappropriate addition of nominal (35,90%). Last, the errors regarding pronoun with the biggest number of errors are in inappropriate selection pronoun (24,59%). The findings show that the students have difficulties in using correct sentence structure, especially in omission verb. This problem may occur due to their lack understanding of grammatical rules.