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Contains fulltext : 290094.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Conversational agents are increasingly used to substitute or augment human service employees. Due to their ability to use human-like communicative behaviors, these agents are theorized to establish social connections with customers. However, the existing literature is ambiguous on how conversational agents should verbally communicate with customers and whether they should be adaptive to customers' verbal behavior. The current study aims to address these gaps, by focusing on the effects of the conversational agent's communication style on the perceived social connection. Two experiments were conducted in which a virtual agent in a hedonic service (Experiment 1) or a utilitarian service (Experiment 2) was manipulated to adapt either a static task- or a social-oriented communication style or mimic the communication style used by the customer in the previous turn. Guided by marketing and human-computer interaction literature, measures for engagement and rapport were used to reveal customers' perceived social connection. Results show that for the hedonic service, rapport was significantly affected by the presence of social cues in the agent's communication style (whether statically or mimicked), while engagement was significantly affected by mimicry. For the utilitarian service, only social cues significantly affected rapport. These findings enrich the Computers As Social Actors paradigm and provide clear guidelines for practitioners. 16 p.

Introduction. The reading proficiency of students across countries varies. Better teaching motivation, workplace ethics, Emotional Intelligence promote one to share their knowledge with others. Therefore this study seeks to investigate the role of communication style, the effect of teaching motivation, workplace ethics, emotional intelligence on reading proficiency and knowledge sharing. Materials and Methods. This study engaged 448 teachers/serviced teachers from various levels of secondary schools. Structural Equation Modeling is utilized in this study to analyze the model. The model reached a satisfactory compliance. Results. The results showed that teaching motivation, workplace ethics, emotional intelligence bear on reading proficiency and knowledge sharing positively. The communication style of teachers mediates the model significantly. Discussion and Conclusion.Teachers with better motivation prepare their class better by increasing their knowledge and insight into their field by the intensity of their effort to increase their reading experience and proficiency. Those sticking to work ethic try to increase their integrity, honesty, discipline, fairness and respect, responsibility, and accountability at work to reach better proficiency of reading and behaviors of sharing activities. Teachers’ Emotional Intelligence boosts their quality in reading by reaching a better quality of their ability on their understanding of reading passages and vocabulary knowledge as well as the level of proficiency in reading. Teachers with better communication styles increase their motivation onto the level of reading proficiency. Communication style strengthens the influence of motivation on reading skills.

This study investigated the effects of informal chatbot responses and brand familiarity on social presence, appropriateness, brand attitude, and quality of interaction. An online experiment using a 2 (Communication Style: informal vs. formal) by 2 (Brand: familiar vs. unfamiliar) between subject design was conducted in which participants performed customer service tasks with the assistance of chatbots developed for the study. Subsequently, they filled out an online questionnaire. An indirect effect of informal communication style on brand attitude and quality of interaction through social presence was found. Thus, a chatbot’s informal communication style induced a higher perceived social presence which in turn positively influenced quality of the interaction and brand attitude. However, brand familiarity did not enhance perceptions of appropriateness, indicating participants do not assign different roles to chatbots as communication partner.

In a global economy with such an increase in the role of information technology in global communication more and more national business are forming links with companies in other countries. There is a tendency to expect a degree of uniformity of approach as management behaviours can be argued to express the same aims and broadly similar approaches. However, research shows that although certain concepts may be held in common they are viewed very differently in different cultures perceived and acted upon by managers according to the culture they live and work in. This can lead to disagreements over operations management and communication. Using a two-phase approach this paper explores these cultural differences and their influence on the idea of a common organisational cultures. It argues for a cultural due diligence approach to examining and reconciling potential cultural differences to optimise the international business relationship.

This paper explores the communication style of parent and child posts in a popular Reddit channel, r/todayilearn. By implementing epistemic network analysis (ENA), this paper discovers that parent posts on this subreddit channel tend to have more opinions, yet child posts are more likely to present evidence or external supports to back up their statements. Understanding how people communicate in online communities may help establish a better community atmosphere for more productive discussion.

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Students’ academic engagement depends on a variety of factors that are related to personal learner characteristics, the teacher, the teaching methodology, peers, and other features in the learning environment. Components that influence academic engagement can be cognitive, metacognitive, affective, social, task-related, communicative, and foreign language-related. Rather than existing in isolated spheres, the factors contributing to an individual’s academic engagement intertwine and overlap. The relationships students cultivate with others are prominent in several of these areas. Positive interpersonal relationships enhance individuals’ enthusiasm for learning (Mercer and Dörnyei, 2020), which benefits sustainable learning success and self-confidence. The relationships between students and teachers and the perceptions students have of their teachers seem to be particularly influential on students’ engagement in academic undertakings. Problem-based learning (PBL), a teaching approach particularly suitable for tertiary education, involves students in authentic problem-solving processes and fosters students’ self-regulation and teamwork. Intensive relationship-building is one of the key characteristics of this student-centered approach (Amerstorfer, 2020). The study reported in this article explores the connection between the academic engagement of 34 students and their perceptions of three instructors in a teacher education program for pre-service English teachers in Austria. An online questionnaire was used to investigate the participants’ perceived academic engagement (effort, dedication, learning success) in a university course that implements PBL as its underlying teaching methodology in comparison to conventional teaching approaches. The study further examines how the students perceived the course instructors’ caring, credibility, communication style, and feedback, which leads to new information about how PBL shapes student-teacher relationships. Due to Covid-19, the otherwise face-to-face course was taught online.

Populist communication, in this entry, refers to the occurrence of a) specific messages that are seen as the expression of populist ideology and b) characteristic style elements that are often associated with these messages expressing populist ideology in political actors’ (or other actors such as journalists’ or citizens’) communication (Ernst et al., 2019; De Vreese et al., 2018). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Populism has been defined in various terms; e.g., as Ideology (Canovan, 1999; Mudde, 2004), set of ideas (Hawkins et al., 2018, Taggart, 2000), discourse (Laclau, 2005; Mouffe, 2018), political style (Moffit, 2016), communication style (Jagers & Walgrave, 2007), or political strategy (Weyland, 2017). Thus, there have been numerous operationalizations of populism or populist communication in content analyses that cannot all be accounted for here. This entry specifically follows a communication-centered perspective (Stanyer et al., 2016; De Vreese et al., 2018). Jagers & Walgrave (2007), in a pioneer study on populist communication, define populism as a political communication style “essentially displaying proximity of the people, while at the same time taking an anti-establishment stance and stressing the (ideal) homogeneity of the people by excluding specific population segments.” In a more recent study, Ernst et al. (2019) differentiate between populist communication content and populist communication style. Populist communication content refers to the communicative representation of the populist ideology (what is being said) that can be expressed in the form of populist key messages. Depending on the parsimony of the definition, populist ideology comprises three or four dimensions: people-centrism, anti-elitism, restoring sovereignty, and exclusion (e.g., De Vreese et al., 2018; Mudde, 2004; Jagers & Walgrave, 2007; Wirth et al., 2016). In distinction to the content, Ernst et al. (2019) define populist communication style as the use of populism-related style elements (how something is said) (see also De Vreese et al., 2018; Bracciale & Martella, 2018). Communication-centered content analyses of populist communication are often carried out in three steps. First, specific characteristics of populist communication (e.g., populist key messages or stylistic elements) are identified. Second, the occurrence of these individual elements is then coded either on the statement level (e.g. Ernst et al., 2019; Wirth et al., 2016), excerpts level (Jagers & Walgrave, 2007), or on the text/article level (e.g. Blassnig et al, 2019). Third, the level of populism is determined using different indices for populist communication as a whole (e.g. maximum indices; Blassnig et al., 2019; Ernst et al., 2019) or for the individual dimensions separately (e.g., Jagers & Walgrave, 2007). Populism indices can be calculated at the statement level, text level, or actor level. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Whereas this entry focuses on quantitative and deductive approaches, populist communication has also been investigated using qualitative or inductive approaches (e.g., Wodak, 2015), especially in studies following a more actor-centered approach (Stanyer et al., 2016). Most studies on populist communication have used manual content analysis. Yet, some analyses have also applied automated approaches to investigate the occurrence of populist communication in texts (e.g., Hawkins & Castanho Silva, 2018). Example studies: Blassnig et al., (2019); Bracialle & Martella (2017); Ernst et al., (2019); Jagers & Walgrave, (2007) Table 2: Summary of a selection of studies on populist communication Author(s) Sample Unit of Analysis Values Reliability Jagers & Walgrave, 2007 Content type: political party broadcasts (PPB) Country: Belgium (Flemish part) Political actors: six Belgian-Flemish parties Outlets: 20 PPBs per party Sampling period: 1999 - 2001 Sample size: 1,200 PPB excerpts Unit of analysis: excerpts including ‘thin’ populism (references to the people) Level of analysis: excerpt level and actor level People-index: multiplication of the proportion and intensity of references to the people for each party Anti-state-index: number of anti-state excerpts * average intension anti-state excerpts (1-5) per party Anti-politics-index: number of anti-politics excerpts * average intension anti-politics excerpts (1-5) per party Anti-media-index: number of anti-media excerpts * average intension anti-media excerpts (1-5) per party Anti-establishment-index: anti-state + anti-politics + anti-media per party Exclusivity-index: J-scores; (positive – negative evaluations) / (positive + neutral + negative evaluations of specific population categories) References to the people: terms referring to the population (as a whole or population categories), that cover the people “in political terms”, meaning the “political entity” Anti-state: failure of the state with regard to (1) single failure, (2) systematic failure, (3) public service should be abolished, (4) all public services are criticized at once, (5) the system Anti-politics: criticism directed towards (1) policy measure or present situation, (2) policy, (3) politician, (4) party, (5) group of parties, (6) all parties. (7) the system Anti-media: media targets of criticism; (1) newspaper/ magazine/ tv channel, (2) group of media, (3) all (the) media Evaluation of specific population categories: positive, neutral, negative (for further restrictions for the individual variables and more detailed instructions see the methodological appendix by Jagers & Walgrave, 2007) Reliability is not reported Ernst, Blassnig, Engesser, Büchel, & Esser (2019) (See also Ernst et al., 2018; Ernst, Esser et al., 2019; Wirth et al., 2016) Content type: statements by politicians expressing either a political position, an elaboration on a political issue, or an evaluation/ attribution of a target actor Countries: CH, DE, IT, FR, UK, US Political actors: 98 politicians from 31 parties Outlets: political talk shows (2 per country), politicians’ Facebook and Twitter accounts Sampling period: April through May 2015 Sample size: n = 2’067 (n = 969 talk show statements, n = 734 Facebook posts, and n = 364 Tweets Unit of analysis: a single statement by a politician on a target actor or an issue Level of analysis: statement level and actor level Populism index: Maximum index based on the nine populist key messages and seven stylistic elements (0/1) Populist key messages: Anti-elitism: discrediting the elite, blaming the elite, detaching the elite from the people People-centrism: stressing the people’s virtues, praising the people’s achievements, stating a monolithic people, demonstrating closeness to the people Restoring sovereignty: demanding popular sovereignty, denying elite sovereignty Populist style elements: Negativity: negativism, crisis rhetoric Emotionality: emotional tone, absolutism, patriotism) Sociability: colloquialism, intimization (all items were coded as dummy variables based on more detailed sub-categories) Brennan & Prediger’s kappa average = 0.91 (³0.65) Blassnig, Ernst, Büchel, Engesser, & Esser (2019) Content type: election news coverage about immigration and adjacent reader comments Countries: CH, FR, UK Actors/Speakers: politicians, journalists, and citizens Outlets: 6 online news outlets per country Sampling period: six weeks before the respective election days. CH: September to October 2015; FR: April to May 2017; UK: April to May 2015 Sample size: n = 493 news articles and n = 2904 reader comments Unit of analysis: news article / reader comment Level of analysis: article level Populism index: Maximum index based on the twelve populist key messages (0/1) Populist key messages: Anti-elitism: discrediting the elite, blaming the elite, detaching the elite from the people People-centrism: praising the people’s virtues, praising the people’s achievements, describing the people as homogenous, demonstrating closeness to the people Restoring sovereignty: demanding popular sovereignty, denying elite sovereignty Exclusion: discrediting specific social groups, blaming specific social groups, excluding specific social groups from the people (all items were coded as dummy variables) Brennan & Prediger’s kappa average = 0.75 Bracciale & Martella (2017) Content type: politicians’ tweets Country: Italy Political actors: 5 party leaders Outlets: leaders’ Twiter timelines Sampling period: 1 January 2015 to 1 July 2016 Sample size: n = 7,772 Unit of analysis: tweets Level of analysis: tweets, actors Indices: Populist ideology: three additive synthetic dichotomous indices adding together the indicators for each of the three dimensions of populism (sovereignty of the people, attacking the elite, ostracizing others) The variables for political communication style were summarized using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) into two dimensions: communicative mode (positive vs. negative) and communicative focus (personalization vs. political/ campaign) Political communication style: Stagecraft: emotionalisation; informality, instrumental actualization, intimisation, negative affect, simplification, storytelling, taboo breaker, vulgarism Register (communicative tone): referential/ neutral, aggressive/ provocative, humorous/ ironic, conversational/ participatory Topic: political issues, policy issues, campaign issues, personal issues, current affairs Function: campaign updating, self-promotion, setting the agenda, position-taking, call to action, opposition/ violence, endorsement, irony, request for interaction, pointless babble Populist ideology: Emphasizing sovereignty of the people: refers to the people, refers to ‘ad hoc’ people, direct representation Attacking the elite: generic anti-establishment, political anti-establishment, economic anti-establishment, EU anti-establishment, institutional anti-establishment, anti-elitism media, anti-elitism intellectuals Ostracizing others: dangerous others, authoritarianism (all individual indicators were coded as dummy variables) Krippendorff's Alpha > .83 References Blassnig, S., Ernst, N., Büchel, F., Engesser, S., & Esser, F. (2019). Populism in online election coverage. Journalism Studies, 20(8), 1110–1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1487802 Bracciale, R., & Martella, A. (2017). Define the populist political communication style: the case of Italian political leaders on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1310–1329. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328522 Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184 Cranmer, M. (2011). Populist communication and publicity: An empirical study of contextual differences in Switzerland. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(3), 286–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02019.x De Vreese, C. H., Esser, F., Aalberg, T., Reinemann, C., & Stanyer, J. (2018). Populism as an expression of political communication content and style: A new perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 423-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218790035 Engesser, S., Fawzi, N., & Larsson, A. O. (2017). Populist online communication: Introduction to the special issue. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1279–1292. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328525 Ernst, N., Blassnig, S., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., & Esser, F. (2019). Populists prefer social media over talk shows: An analysis of populist messages and stylistic elements across six countries. Social Media + Society, 5(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118823358 Hawkins, K. A., Carlin, R. E., Littvay, L., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (Eds.). (2018). Extremism and democracy. The ideational approach to populism: Concept, theory, and analysis. Routledge. Haswkins, K. A., & Castanho Silva, B. (2018). Textual analysis: big data approaches. In K. A. Hawkins, R. E. Carlin, L. Littvay, & C. Rovira Kaltwasser (Eds.). Extremism and democracy. The ideational approach to populism: Concept, theory, and analysis (pp. 27-48). Routledge. Jagers, J., & Walgrave, S. (2007). Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties' discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso. Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford University Press. Mudde, C. (2004). The populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 542–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x Stanyer, J., Salgado, S., & Strömbäck, J. (2017). Populist actors as communicators or political actors as populist communicators: Cross-national findings and perspectives. In T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Strömbäck, & C. H. de Vreese (Eds.), Populist political communication in Europe (pp. 353–364). Routledge. Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Concepts in the social sciences. Open University Press. Wirth, W., Esser, F., Engesser, S., Wirz, D. S., Schulz, A., Ernst, N., . . . Schemer, C. (2016). The appeal of populist ideas, strategies and styles: A theoretical model and research design for analyzing populist political communication. Zurich: NCCR Democracy, Working Paper No. 88, pp. 1–60. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-127461 Wodak, R. (2015). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. SAGE Publications.

This study explores populism in terms of communication while distinguishing between its ideological and stylistic dimensions. We examine the social media communication of the three main Italian political leaders during the last national electoral campaign to underline the differences and similarities in their use of populist communication in terms of ideology and style and assess how it affects Facebook and Twitter engagement. Our analysis shows that the three leaders all adopt populist communication styles but in slightly different ways. In all cases, populist style elements have a stronger impact on online engagement than populist ideology. The main difference between social media seems to be related less to the leaders’ communication elements than to their platform-specific audiences’ positive reactions to populist communication strategies.

The article deals with the adaptation of young children to the conditions of a preschool educational organiza-tion, the peculiarities of the development of young children, the influence of various factors on the socialization of a child. In this regard, teachers and educators of preschool educational organizations have a great responsibility that must take into account all the factors that affect the development of the child. These are the environment, heredity, upbringing, age and individual characteristics of the child.

With the integration of social media in political communication repertoires, politicians now permanently campaign for support online. By promoting their personal agenda, politicians increasingly profile themselves independent from their associated parties on the web (i.e., self-personalization). By focusing on self-personalization as a multi-layered concept (i.e., professional, emotional, private self-personalization), this study investigates both the use and consequences of self-personalization on Facebook. A manual content analysis of politicians’ Facebook posts (N = 435) reveals that self-personalization is indeed often used as a communication style on Facebook and is most often present in visual communication. Moreover, the study shows that the use of a more emotional and private style provides a beneficial tool for politicians’ impression management. Publishing emotional and private content yields positive effects on audience engagement, suggesting audiences’ demand for more intimate and emotional impressions of public figures on the web.

The aim of this article is to examine differences between the transmissions of advertising content in the low and high context culture where the content contains subjects that are widely recognized as taboo. In order to do this, the analysis of audiovisual advertisements broadcast in the USA and India was used. These adverts introduce the problem of gender discrimination (particularly important in Hindu society) and different approach to gender stereotypes in both cultures (in American culture this subject is not suppressed). There are contrasting ways of presenting these difficult subjects in American and Hindu cultures. The things that are taboo in one culture become a stereotype in the other. And so, the question arises: do the cultural differences determining transmission of advertising content in the countries with cultural taboo of a product on sale still exist?

Neuromanagement deals with neuroscience methodological approaches to the management. A management construct is leadership, but objective psychophysiological data in support of it are still missing. The present pilot study aimed to apply the hyperscanning paradigm during a role played employees’ evaluation. Our purpose was to identify lexical and neuro/psychophysiological markers of leader-employee interactions. The sample consisted in paired manager-collaborator couples. Managers were required to use two different communication styles: authoritative vs. cooperative. A conversational analysis permitted to identify main topics to interpret data. Results showed that the interview was more arousing for the employee than the manager. Greater Delta and Theta EEG bands could denote positive valence of personal interactions and company mission topics. Autonomic measures (Skin Conductance Response, SCR and Heart Rate, HR) showed important information related to different leadership style. Results highlight the importance of applying neurosciences to organizational contexts exploring processes related to manager-employee dynamics and communicative style.

Введение. В статье поднимается проблема влияния направленности личности руководителя на социально-психологический климат трудового коллектива. Теоретическим и эмпирическим путем выделены и обоснованы критерии формирования благоприятного социальнопсихологического климата трудового коллектива. Показана взаимосвязь между направленностью личности руководителя и его эмоционально-личностными особенностями, стилем руководства и стилем межличностного общения. Изучено влияние направленности личности руководителя на социально-психологический климат трудового коллектива. Материалы и методы исследования. В исследовании применялись следующие методики: методика «Социометрия» Дж. Морено, экспрессметодика по изучению социально-психологического климата в коллективе О. С. Михалюк, А. Ю. Шалыто, опросник «Эффективность профессиональной деятельности», ориентационная (ориентировочная) анкета Б. Басса, тест «Социальная установка» О.Ф. Потемкина, многофакторный личностный опросник FPI, экспресс-диагностика деловых и личностных качеств руководителя Фидлера, тест интерперсональной диагностики Лири, методика «Диагностика профессиональной компетентности и эффективности у руководителей разного уровня», методика «Определение уровня лидерского потенциала» Е. Жарикова и Е. Крушельницкого. Результаты исследования. Цель исследования: изучить роль направленности личности руководителя в формировании социальнопсихологического климата трудового коллектива. Предмет исследования: влияние направленности личности руководителя на социально-психологический климат трудового коллектива. Объект исследования: направленность личности руководителя. Изучение социально-психологического климата трудового коллектива, групповой динамики, эффективности совместной деятельности сотрудников позволило выделить 2 группы испытуемых: трудовой коллектив, имеющий благоприятный социально-психологический климат и трудовой коллектив, имеющий неблагоприятный социально-психологический климат. Исследование личности руководителей данных трудовых коллективов позволило выявить значительные различия в направленности личности, эмоциональноличностных особенностях, стилях руководства и общения. Обсуждение и заключения. Эмпирическое исследование показало, что направленность личности руководителя, проявляясь в особенностях стиля руководства и стиля межличностного общения, определяет успешность его профессиональной деятельности и влияет на социально-психологический климат трудового коллектива. Показана взаимосвязь между направленностью личности руководителя и его эмоционально-личностными особенностями. Были выявлены достоверные различия в исследуемых показателях., Introduction. The article raises the problem of the influence of personality orientation of the head on the socio-psychological climate of the workforce. The criteria for the formation of a favorable socio-psychological climate of the workforce are identified and justified theoretically and empirically. The interrelation between the direction of the personality of the head and his emotional and personal features, style of management and style of interpersonal communication is shown. The influence of the orientation of the personality of the head on the socio-psychological climate of the workforce was studied. Materials and methods of research. The study used the following methods: the method of «Sociometry» of J. Moreno, Express methodology for the study of sociopsychological climate in the team of O. S. mikhalyuk, A. Yu. Shalyto, questionnaire «Efficiency of professional activity», orientation (indicative) questionnaire of B. bass, test «Social setting» of O. F. Potemkin, multi-factor personality inventory FPI, Express-diagnostics of business and personal qualities of leadership of Fiedler, Leary interpersonal diagnostic test, the method of «Diagnostics of professional competence and effectiveness of managers», the method «determination of the level of leadership potential» of E. Zharikov and E. Krushelnytskoho. Research result. The purpose of the study: to study the role of the orientation of the personality of the head in the formation of socio-psychological climate of the workforce. Subject of research: the influence of personality orientation of the head on the socio-psychological climate of the workforce. The object of research: the direction of the personality of the head. The study of the socio-psychological climate of the workforce, group dynamics, efficiency of joint activities of employees allowed us to identify 2 groups of subjects: the workforce with a favorable socio-psychological climate and the workforce with an adverse socio-psychological climate. The study of the personality of managers of these labor collectives revealed significant differences in the orientation of the individual, emotional and personal characteristics, leadership styles and communication. Discussion and conclusions. Empirical research has shown that the orientation of the personality of the head, manifested in the style of leadership and style of interpersonal communication, determines the success of his professional activity and affects the socio-psychological climate of the workforce. The interrelation between the direction of the personality of the head and his emotional and personal features is shown. Significant differences in the studied indicators were revealed.

Religion has always been an important element in the lives of most people. The couple represents the basic unit of life perpetuation. It is a bond formed between two people who develops and evolves together and which have as a common goal building a family. The couple’s life quality is essential in maintaining a lasting, healthy relationship that provides harmony, satisfaction and stability. The way a partner relates to each other in the couple relationship has a determining role for the future actions of the other, and also for the relationship stability and functioning. The manner in which partners in a couple behave depends on their religious culture. Religion must bring a positive influence on the relationship: namely, the cultivation of the idea of not harming the person and the person next to us. Prayer is a method of stress relief in critical moments. The effort regarding maintain positive and functional relationship between partners should be oriented towards the following directions: interpersonal communication based on affectivity, equality in decision-making, fairness in exchanges, motivation that supports the relationship, motivational compatibility, interpersonal respect, raising the marital level satisfaction. Hypotheses: It is assumed that married people communicate more assertively than the unmarried. It is assumed that people with assertive communication style are consensual in the couple. Lot of participants: The sample includes 60 married and unmarried people from Constanta between the ages of 18 and 60. From the point of view of the marital state, there are 20 married couples and 10 unmarried couples. Research Instruments: Questionnaire identifying the style of communication and DAS questionnaire Results: As a result of the correlations and comparisons made, we have found that married people express more affectionately than unmarried ones, and that there is a higher level of assertive communication in the case of married couples. It has also been found that the assertive communication style positively correlates with couple consensus and satisfaction.

In this study, we tested whether physicians' ability to adapt their nonverbal behavior to their patients' preferences for a paternalistic interaction style is related to positive consultation outcomes. We hypothesized that the more physicians adapt their nonverbal dominance behavior to match their patients' preferences for physician paternalism, the more positive the patients perceive the medical interaction. We assessed the actual nonverbal dominance behavior of 32 general practitioners when interacting with two of their patients and compared it with each of their patients' preferences for paternalism to obtain a measure of adaptability. Additionally, we measured patient outcomes with a questionnaire assessing patient satisfaction, trust in the physician, and evaluation of physician competence. Results show that the more nonverbal dominance the physician shows towards the patient who prefers a more paternalistic physician, as compared to towards the patient who prefers a less paternalistic physician (i.e., the more the physician shows nonverbal behavioral adaptability), the more positive the consultation outcomes are. This means that physicians' ability to adapt aspects of their nonverbal dominance behavior to their individual patients' preferences is related to better outcomes for patients. As this study shows, it is advantageous for patients when a physician behaves flexibly instead of showing the same behavior towards all patients. Physician training might want to focus more on teaching a diversity of different behavior repertoires instead of a given set of behaviors.

Professional services are typically high in credence properties, information asymmetry, and associated with client anxiety and uncertainty. To reduce client anxiety and ensure a positive service evaluation, creating client psychological comfort through interpersonal communication is vital. Psychological comfort represents a person’s feelings of security, reassurance, peace of mind, and reduction of anxiety. While its role is discerned among academics and practitioners, client psychological comfort lacks rigorous investigation in professional services and its association with interpersonal communication. Using uncertainty reduction theory and the revised social interaction model as theoretical foundations, this thesis provides empirical examinations of psychological comfort generated from client perceptions of professional service providers’ (affiliative or dominant) communication style, as in choice of words and manner, in three interrelated studies. Study 1 explores the impact of communication style on client psychological comfort and subsequent outcomes (satisfaction, repurchase intention, WOM recommendation) in a medical services setting. It tests moderating effects of cognitive social capital and cultural value orientation. The results reveal the different influences of affiliative and dominant styles on psychological comfort and service outcomes, under conditions of high cognitive social capital and collectivist value orientation. Study 2 tests the internal validity of the communication style - psychological comfort relationship using an experimental design and examines joint impacts of communication style. The findings verify the causal relationship between the two variables. Combined effects of two styles create different levels of psychological comfort. Study 3 investigates, in the financial advisory services, the mediating role of attributional confidence on the communication style - psychological comfort linkage across clients’ cultural value orientations. Attributional confidence partially mediates affiliative style and psychological comfort. Although the impact of communication style on attributional confidence is not significantly different across two cultural value orientations, attributional confidence stimulates higher psychological comfort among clients with an individualist value orientation. This thesis contributes to service literature by examining the influence of communication style on client psychological comfort, the contingency conditions, and the underlying mechanism. It offers implications on client psychological comfort-building strategies and client uncertainty reduction.

The importance of social communication in human development is well known. In particular, the role of social communication in social insertion of children with mental disability was and still is constantly revealed by researchers. Taking into consideration the mental deficiency's personality features, this paper tried to reveal the influence that the social communication style has on the social conversation at pupils with mental deficiencies

The mass media was used as an advocacy and struggle tool in the early 20th century in the Dutch East Indies colony. One figure at that time was Haji Misbach (1876-1926) who used the Medan Moeslimin and Islam Bergerak media to convey thoughts, advocate citizens, to attack political opponents. What is known from Misbach is that he is an Islamic figure with the title of hajj, but he is one of the communist figures. He combines Islam and communism. The communication style used by Misbach, according to Stuart Hall's theory, is a low context that is the direct delivery of the target or purpose of communication.Whereas the Indies community at that time and Asia in general used a high context communication style that was full of ado, not directly to the problem.

The purpose of the article is familiarization with the development of questionnaire "Features of communication subject development" (ORSO). This new psychodiagnostic tool assesses communicative personality traits, its characteristics as the subject of communication. We present the theoretical foundation of the approach to the personality as a subject of communication, propose a structure of such subject, including two levels of properties: generic and specific. The latter include the responsibility in communication, unconditional acceptance of self, attitude to the partner as an absolute value. The questionnaire comprises five scales and measures the level of these features, as well as integrated communication success rate. The accuracy of responses is controlled by the scale of the adequacy of self-esteem. We describe communication styles, revealed by the ratio of the generic properties. The test is intended for men and women older than 12 years and allows to predict the success of communication with different partners in different situations and features of communicative behavior, attitudes, experiences of the respondent. We presented satisfactory performance criteria of test quality: reliability, validity and representativeness of the ORSO technique, provide examples of its application in scientific and applied purposes and prospects for future work.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the assertive, aggressive, manipulative and nonassertive communication styles and the five styles of approaching conflict: gain-loss, loss-leave, loss-stay, compromise and the gain-gain style, in athletes and non-practitioners. The analysis of data highlights significant differences under a statistical report for the aggressive communication style and for the gain-loss style used to solve conflicts. The 36 subjects who practice sports in which the report between the athletes is with direct contact – karate, kempo, taekwondo, handball, football – have shown an aggressive attitude and a gain-loss approach of solving conflicts, compared with the 36 non-practitioners.

It is well known that each of us has a unique style of communication that facilitates the process of social adaptation. In time, the communication style will become a personality's feature. Taking in consideration the main features of mental deficiency's personality, this paper tried to reveal the influence that the social communication style has on the way the pupils with mental deficiencies react to social changes.

There is a difference between ‘communication’ and ‘effective communication’. Most importantly, the latter entails the use of strategies as well as a grasp of essential communication skills and styles. This study takes a closer look at reality and reports undergraduate ability in communicating their stance and positions on certain issues. It will focus on the predominant communication styles exhibited by a cohort of undergraduates during consensual small group decision making setting. The study employs the qualitative research approach. Data is analyzed using the constant comparative data analysis methodology. Several overriding themes are presented to further our understanding of undergraduate communication style within the persuasive genre of consensual small group decision making.

The fact that the teacher has an important role in the pupil's life is widely known. More than ever, recent studies in the educational and psychological field have been trying to investigate the impact of the teacher's style on the attitude that pupils develop towards the learning process. Taking into account preadolescent's main characteristics, this paper attempts at revealing the impact the teacher has upon the student's attitude towards the learning process, by means of his unique communication style.

The fact that the teacher has an important role in the pupil's life is well known. More acutely than ever, recent studies in the psychological field have been investigating the impact the teacher's style has on the way pupils establish relationships with peers in the classroom. This paper attempts at revealing the influence of the teacher's unique communication style on the Alter's social perception process, taking into consideration the main features of personality in students with mental deficiencies.

This article reviews existing approaches to defining and distinguishing communication styles and proposes a common frame of reference for future research. The literature review yields two schools of thought: the behavior- centered perspective and the personality-oriented perspective. Although these lines of research differ in their ways of defining communication styles, they show considerable similarities with respect to their classification. Many researchers build their taxonomies on two key dimensions: assertiveness and responsiveness. We propose embedding communication styles into the Five-Factor Theory (FFT) and defining them as characteristic adaptations of personality. We also suggest the Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC) as a reference model for distinguishing communication styles as it is able to integrate substantial dimensions and facets of existing taxonomies in a parsimonious way.

This thesis measured the mental workload associated with operating a voice activated software application run on wearable computer under five different communication styles (buttons, command line, icon buttons, icon text menus, and text menus). The goal of this thesis was to determine which communication style would be best allow wearable computer users to simultaneously perform other non-computer tasks. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to using one of five software versions (n = 6), each of which utilized a unique communication style. The mental workload associated with operating each version was assessed by monitoring the performance of secondary tasks. Secondary tasks consisted of completing a block assembly, digit subtraction, and walking along a marked pathway. Each secondary task was performed twice by itself and once while operating one of the software versions, creating a total of nine trials per subject. Block assembly task performance measures included average assembly time, percentage correct blocks, and percentage correct blocks attempted. Digit subtraction measures included percentage of correct digits. And path walking measures included average walking speed. Subjective estimates of mental workload were also collected for those trials in which subjects operated the wearable computer and performed physical tasks using the NASA Task Load Index (TLX). Finally, usability information was collected for each software version via a questionnaire form. Each of the five versions of the experimental software application was operationally identical to the others, but utilized a separate communication style. The button version displayed available functions via sets of labeled buttons in the control screen. The icon button version replaced the appearance of these buttons with labeled icons. The text menu version displayed available functions textually via a pull down main menu. The icon text version displayed appended icons to the left of each main menu item. Finally, the command line version displayed no labels, buttons, menus, or icons for any functions. The experimental software was designed as a day planner/scheduling application used to set reminder dates on a calendar, edit task lists, and edit phone listings. Under the multiple resource view of mental workload, it was hypothesized that the different versions and secondary tasks would demand distinct types of mental resource and, consequently, that mental workload would be observed as lowest when the version and secondary task demanded different types of mental resources. In contrast, it was also hypothesized that mental workload would be observed as highest when the version and secondary task demanded the same type of mental resources. Although separate one way ANOVAs performed on all secondary task measures failed to indicate statistically significant differences in mental workload across the versions, secondary task performance was consistently observed as best for subjects using the icon button version. Analysis of NASA TLX subscale data indicated that the block assembly task was rated as requiring less effort and the digit task rated as requiring less mental demand when the icon button version was used. These results generally support using an icon button communication style for wearable computer software applications. Results of this study are applicable to the design of the user interface of wearable computers. These results not only report subjective and objective measures for assessing the amount of mental effort associated with operating a wearable computer and performing various physical tasks simultaneously, but also provide estimates for determining the amount of physical task performance decrement to expect when wearable computer are also operated. Such data may be used to determine human factors guidelines for matching wearable computer interfaces to physical tasks so that interference between the two is minimal. Master of Science

The aim of this research is to analyze and relate the leadership behaviors and communication styles required of Infantry junior officers in their daily command tasks, in order to influence their subordinates to achieve extraordinary effort, group effectiveness and satisfaction. For this study, was used quantitative method and a survey was implemented comprising three questionnaires: one on leadership competences, one on communication styles, and one on with three criterion factors (extraordinary effort, group effectiveness and satisfaction). The survey was administered to a sample of 804 soldiers (30 Junior Officers, 81 Sergeants and 693 privates and corporals). The analysis of the data revealed that subordinates perceive that their commanders (junior officers) practice task oriented leadership behaviors, particularly on “orientation to the mission” and “decision making”. The behaviors exhibited by the officers strongly and positively relate with the “assertive” communication style. Moreover, all leadership behaviors practiced by the officers are strongly associated to the criterion factors, with the exception of the leadership dimension “vision”, which presents weaker correlations. The leadership dimensions that junior officers can conduct to promote satisfaction is “conflict management” and “participative leadership”. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion