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In the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Department of Cultural Flora), which is located in the north of the right bank of the forest-steppe zone, is being conducted for the introduction tests of plants of the species of the genus Isodon (Schrad. Ex Benth.) Spach. Representatives of this genus by number of species are most concentrated in East Asia – China, Korea and Japan, where they have long been known as medicinal plants and are used in traditional medicine, in particular, for the treatment of oncological diseases.In Ukraine, the Isodon genus is little known. During 2012–2018, the object of complex research was Isodon japonicus (N. Z. Burm) Hara var. glaucocalyx (Maxim.) H.W. Li. The article presents the results of studying the large life cycle of this plant species during the introduction. To establish age periods and plant conditions, classical methodical approaches are applied.The descriptive part of the work presents key morphological features that reflect changes in the shoot and root systems that a plant experiences during life. According to the duration of the study period, it was found that individuals of I. japonicus var. glaucocalyx undergo pregenerative and generative periods of development and all age states corresponding to them. It has been established that seedlings are characterized by the presence of two cotyledon leaves of a renal form, having a notch at the apex, and fragmentary lignification of root sections, which is a rather rare phenomenon. Juvenile plants lose cotyledon leaves, the shoot from the round becomes four-sided, the main root thickens. In immature plants, the shoot is stretched by lengthening the internodes, the leaves acquire the signs and dimensions of the present. In the virginal state, second-order shoots develop in plants, rhizome begins to form. For young generative individuals, there are 2–3 shoots, the development of a pair of skeletal roots, the beginning of the formation of caudex. This age condition begins for the vast majority of individuals in the first year of life. Adult generative plants reach a maximum in the development of the shoot and root systems: they have 3–5 vegetative-generative shoots, many-headed dense caudex. Spring renewal takes place: from the renewal buds – vegetative-generative shoots, dormant buds – vegetative shoots and from the buds of the plagiotropic rhizomes – partial single-shoot plants. This age condition lasts for three years. The age state of old generative individuals begins from the sixth year of plant life and is characterized by attenuation of organ-forming processes. This leads to a weakening of the escapes and root system and to the disruptive irreversible changes of the latter

A new Cotyledon species, C. nielsii N.R.Crouch, D.Styles & Mich.Walters, is described from cliffs of the western part of eThekwini Metro near the city of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The species is closely allied to the recently described C. petiolaris van Jaarsv. from the Wild Coast region of the Eastern Cape province, but is readily separable on vegetative and reproductive characteristics.

The name Cotyledon clavifolia Haw., basionym of Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. clavifolius (Haw.) Toelken (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; A. sect. Longipedunculati Poelln.), is lectotypified on a Thomas Duncanson plate held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Previous lectotypifications of the name C. clavifolia were not effective. An amplified description is provided for the variety, and it is here recorded from a location northwest of East London.

The largest organ of the eastern South African geophyte Boweia volubilis (climbing or sea onion) is the green inflorescence; leaves are small, ephemeral, and only occasionally produced. The reticulated inflorescence is also succulent. The goals of this study were to determine if the inflorescence of this plant is its sole source of energy and carbon, and if the inflorescence is capable of CAM photosynthesis. CO2 exchange of all plant organs was measured and, using their total biomass, used to calculate their contribution to the carbon budget of the whole plant. Diel fluctuations in tissue acidity were also measured in the organs. The large, green inflorescence of B. volubilis accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total biomass of the plant, while its occasional, linear leaves are small and ephemeral. The dominance of the inflorescence in the plant's biomass, coupled with its relatively high photosynthetic rate, illustrates the reliance of this plant on its inflorescence for nearly all its carbon gain. Although the upper part of the plant bulb is green, it cannot photosynthesize (no daytime CO2 uptake and no O2 release) and, thus, does not contribute to plant carbon gain. The small cotyledon and the succulent inflorescence undergo CAM-cycling, which may benefit the plant when drought-stressed.

A new Cotyledon is described from the Barberton centre of endemism, in Mpumalanga. Cotyledon egglii is a distinct succulent shrublet from serpentine soils growing on steep cliffs and rocky terrain in Savanna. It differs from Cotyledon orbiculata var. oblonga by its distinctly cuneiform leaves sparingly beset with glandular hairs and corolla bearing horizontally spreading transversely oblong yellowish squamae 2 × 1mm, truncate at the apex.

Although the family Crassulaceae has a very wide global distribution range, the family has definite areas of high present-day species diversity. These include the southern Africa subcontinent, Mexico, and parts of southwestern North America, Mediterranean Europe, and parts of the Orient. Five of the c. 34 genera recognised in the Crassulaceae are represented naturally in southern Africa. These genera, Adromischus Lem., Cotyledon L., Crassula L., Kalanchoe Adans., and Tylecodon Toelken, are illustrated and briefly discussed with reference to their diversity and distribution ranges in the subcontinent and beyond. To familiarise the reader with the genus-rank diversity in southern African Crassulaceae, a pictorial gallery of southern African genera, excluding Kalanchoe, in the family is presented.

Bufadienolides are cardiac glycosides that characterise members not only of the genus Kalanchoe but also of Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae as a whole. These compounds are neurotoxins and have most probably evolved as a defence mechanism against herbivores. The acute or chronic poisoning of livestock following the consumption of kalanchoe plants in southern Africa is noted, with reference to the known chemistry of the indigenous and introduced species. In southern Africa, the ingestion of members of Kalanchoe, Tylecodon, and Cotyledon by especially sheep and goats may lead to krimpsiekte, a chronic nervous disorder caused by bufadienolides. Biocultural (nonhorticultural) uses of Kalanchoe species by humans in southern Africa and elsewhere in the world are noted. It is suggested that the group is a still largely untapped resource for the discovery of potentially novel pharmaceuticals.

Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) are one of the most important economic crops in genus Cucurbita worldwide. They are a popular food resource and an important rootstock resource for various Cucurbitaceae. Especially, C. moschata is widely used as a rootstock for the commercial production of bloomless cucumbers in East Asia. Since the genetic diversity of the commercial rootstock varieties is narrow, there has been an increasing demand for the trait development of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance breeding. In this study, 2071 high-quality SNPs that were distributed evenly across 20 chromosomes of pumpkins were discovered through the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis of 610 accessions of C. moschata germplasm with a global origin. Using these SNPs, various analyses of the genetic diversity and the population structure were performed. Three subgroups were clustered from the germplasm collection, which included East Asia, Africa, and America, and these areas were included the most in each subgroup. Among those groups, accessions from Africa and South Asia showed the highest genetic diversity, which was followed by the Mexico accessions. This result reflected that large gene pools that consist of various native landraces have been conserved in those of countries. Based on the genetic diversity, we finally constructed the C. moschata core collection, which included 67 representative accessions from the 610 germplasms. Five morphological traits that are important in commercial grafting and rootstock seed production, which include the cotyledon length, the cotyledon width, the hypocotyl length, the internode length, and the number of female flowers, were investigated for three years and used to confirm the validity of the core collection selection. The results are expected to provide valuable information about the genetic structure of the worldwide C. moschata germplasm and help to create new gene pools to develop genetically diverse rootstock breeding materials.

A new Cotyledon is described from the Tanqua Karoo in the Western Cape. Cotyledon tanquana is a distinct succulent shrublet from the lower eastern slopes of the Cedarberg Mountains and rocky terrain in the Succulent Karoo. It differs from Cotyledon orbiculata var. orbiculata by its distinctly cuneiform glandular hairy dull-green leaves and short dull-reddish corolla tube 15–17 × 5–8 mm bearing horizontally spreading transversely oblong yellowish squamae 2 × 1 mm, truncate at the apex.

Fagopyrum belongs to Polygonaceae, but the determination of Fagopyrum’s generic name had undergone many modifications. Until now, Fagopyrum should be viewed as an independent genus according to the morphological, palynological, and cytological studies. The basic chromosome number of Fagopyrum is n=8. The flower is bisexual, and its perianth is white, pale red, or yellowish-green, and has five deep lobes, but isn’t accrescent. Every flower has eight stamens, among which five are inner ones and three are outer ones. The pistil consists of three carpels, which can be divided up into a prismatoidal ovary and three styles (heterostylous or homostylous), etc. The achene is prismatoidal, which is exsert from the outside of persistent perianth, either obviously or not. The embryo is situated in the center of the endosperm; the cotyledon is wide and more or less plaited. The furrows of pollen grain are perforated and rough in exine, which forms the granular pattern.

Cotyledon petiolaris, a new species is described from shale cliffs of the Mbashe River (eastern coast of the Eastern Cape), South Africa. It differs from all other Cotyledon species by its short leaf petiole and continuous cartilaginous margin, extending to the petiole.

A new Cotyledon species, related to the widespread C. woodii, but with sticky leaves, is named from the lower slopes of the mountains surrounding the Kouga Dam in the Eastern Cape.

The micromorphology of the leaves, pollen, and fruits of different taxa of Camptotheca was studied under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The key diagnostic characters can be used for the identification of taxa within Camptotheca include leaf shape, venation type, vein number, stoma size and frequency, shape of outer stomatal rim, subsidiary cell number, and glandular trichome size; cotyledon shape, venation type, and vein number; and fruit sur- face texture, disc, length, and color. Other characters could not dependably be used for species level discrimination.

Cotyledon flanaganii Schonl. & Baker f. is re-instated, and a new subspecies Cotyledon flanaganii subsp. mzimvubuensis is described and illustrated from shale cliffs and steep banks along Mzimvubu and Msikaba rivers in the Eastern Cape. It differs from Cotyledon flanaganii subsp. flanaganii by its distinctly linear spathulate, dorsiventrally flattened, sparingly glandular hairy leaves, and dorsiventrally flattened leaf-like bracts on the peduncle becoming smaller upwards. It grows in Eastern Valley Bushveld which is part of the Savanna Biome.

A new Cotyledon is described from the Goukou River near Stilbaai in the Western Cape. Cotyledon lutea is a distinct, semi-scandent plant from the thicket vegetation of the Goukou Rivier. It differs from other Cotyledon species by its yellow flowers on long pedicels bearing transversely oblong emarginate squamae. At 3 mm in diameter, these are the largest recorded for the genus Cotyledon.

Blackbrush ( Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. [Rosaceae]) is a major community type throughout the southern Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and into the deserts of the southwestern US. This species does not readily regenerate following large fire events. At Joshua Tree National Park, we grow blackbrush from seeds for our restoration projects because it binds soil against erosion and provides shelter for understory vegetation, especially native annuals. Blackbrush is a dominant component of the vegetation in the northwestern portion of the park and is important to wildlife. Seeds are subjected to a brief stratification and germinants are planted individually into containers at the cotyledon stage. Seedlings are ready for outplanting in 9 to 12 mo.

Seed dispersal by rodents has been understudied in Africa. Based on seed-removal experiments, the presence of seeds in burrows and caches, cotyledon burial of seedlings, and images from camera traps, we provide evidence that rodents (Cricetomys kivuensis) remove and hoard large seeds of Carapa grandiflora in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda.

Bunium is unusual in Apiaceae in having a variable cotyledon number and broad infrageneric dysploidy. To test the monophyly of the genus, phylogenetic relationships among 39 Bunium species were investigated with DNA sequence data from nuclear (nrITS) and plastid (psbA-trnH intergenic spacer) regions. Several other taxa with a similar ecology and geography were also included in the analyses. Our results suggest that Bunium is not monophyletic. Bunium spp. in the eastern part of the study area are more closely related to the Central Asian genera Elaeosticta, Galagania, Hyalolaena, Mogoltavia and Oedibasis than to those in the western part. Our study revealed that molecular, morphological (cotyledon number and width of fruit commissure) and karyological data reveal similar patterns in the taxa studied. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 149–170.

C otyledon orbiculata was one of the first South African succulents to come to the attention of European explorers in the Cape. It gained the unflattering name of “Pig’s Ears” in addition to at least a dozen native names over the wide area in which it occurs. Its history from 1624 onwards has been well-recorded by van Jaarsveld and Koutnik1 so will be only briefly mentioned here. It probably reached the UK by 1690, the introduction being credited to the Earl of Portland or a Mr Bentink. There were doubtless later introductions, and ease of propagation from cuttings or single leaves soon led to the spread of different forms (morphs) to wherever succulents were favored as ornamentals. By 1789 Williams Aiton, while cataloging the plants grown at Kew2, recognized four variants differing in habit and leaf shape, and Candolle in 1828 added a fifth3 and gave them Latinized names. Aiton, however, had given his four English names: Ovate-leaved Navelwort ( = variety ovata), Oblongleaved Navelwort ( = variety oblonga), Branching Navelwort ( = variety ramosa), and Round-leaved Navelwort ( = variety rotundifolia). These are vernacular (rather than cultivar) names translated direct from the Latin, and we are not obliged to retain them as cultivar names (ICNCP Rec. 26 A)4. “Navelwort” is one common name for Umbilicus rupestris, the European native Wall Pennywort, then classified as Cotyledon umbilicus. Toelken5,6 revived the genus Cotyledon and accepted five varieties under C. orbiculata based on field surveys, floral structures and other features, rather than the all-too-variable characters given heed by earlier workers. Their names were rightly reduced to synonymy. He also provided a pictorial map showing the variability of the species from region to region in South Africa. Toelken’s varieties can be separately keyed out as follows

The Menispermaceae family contains ca. 72 genera with 450 species that are almost entirely tropical. Its phylogeny at the tribal level has never been examined using molecular data. Here we used DNA sequences of the chloroplast matK gene and trnL - F regions, and the nuclear ITS region to study the delimitation and position of the tribe Menispermeae within the family and its subtribal monophyletic groups. Family-wide phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast data produced two strongly supported clades. The first clade contains two subclades: Coscinieae including Arcangelisia and Anamirta , and Tinosporeae sensu lato including Fibraureae, supported by morphological characters, such as traits of the cotyledon, stylar scar and embryo. The second clade consists of the tribes Menispermeae sensu DC. and Tiliacoreae Miers. All our analyses surprisingly recognized that tribe Menispermeae is not monophyletic unless tribe Tiliacoreae is included, suggesting that characters of cotyledon and stylar scar are very important for the infrafamilial classification, and that endosperm presence vs. absence was over-emphasized in traditionally tribal division of the family. Our topologies indicate a secondary loss of endosperm. The monophyly of two subtribes of the tribe Menispermeae, Stephaniinae and Cissampelinae, is supported by the cpDNA and ITS data, as well as by morphological characters, including aperture types and shapes, and colpal membrane features of pollen grains, and sepal number of male flowers. The Cocculinae was recognized as a paraphyletic group containing the remaining genera of the tribe Menispermeae.

Our studies on the enigmatic genus Bienertia (Chenopodiaceae), with its C4 photosynthesis and lack of Kranz anatomy, led us to the discovery of a second species of this previously-supposed monotypic genus. The new species is named Bienertia sinuspersici after its main range around the Persian Gulf countries and the northern side of the Gulf of Oman. Bienertia sinuspersici occurs in hot climates and is a vicariant of Bienertia cycloptera, which is found at higher latitudes and elevations in temperate and cold deserts of the region. Like Bienertia cycloptera, the new species has unique chlorenchyma cells with dimorphic chloroplasts and single cell C 4 photosynthesis. However, it differs anatomically by having mostly one to two layers of chlorenchyma cells, versus two to three layers in Bienertia cycloptera. Furthermore, the new species has longer cotyledon leaves, larger seeds, larger flowers, and larger chromosomes, and differs in a set of micro-morphological features. All of this supports our conclusion that this widely distributed, novel plant is an overlooked new species. Bienertia sinuspersici grows well in very hot climates, under conditions which most species can barely tolerate. Its wide distribution indicates that its novel C 4 photosynthesis may confer advantages for CO2 fixation in these habitats not found in C4 species having con- ventional Kranz anatomy.

• Background and Aims The subfamily Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae) are a taxonomically difficult group largely due to the lack of diagnostic characters available to delineate tribal- and generic-level boundaries; a consequence of their reduced floral and vegetative features. This study examined the variation in fruits and seeds across both tribes of the Salicornioideae to assess if characters support traditional taxonomic sections. • Methods Light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and anatomical ultra-thin sectioning were employed to examine variation in fruits and seeds. Sixty-eight representatives across 14 of the 15 genera currently recognized within the tribes Halopeplideae and Salicornieae were examined to determine whether characters support current taxonomic groups. • Key Results Characters such as seed coat structure, embryo shape, seed orientation, the forms of seed storage proteins and carbohydrates show variation within the Salicornioideae and may be phylogenetically useful. The campylotropous ovule typical of the Chenopodiaceae generally results in a curved embryo; however, many Halosarcia and Sclerostegia species have straight embryos and in Salicornia and Sarcocornia the large peripheral embryo appears bent rather than curved. Seed coat ornamentation of Microcnemum and Arthrocnemum is distinct from other Salicornioideae as the elongated epidermal cells of the exotesta have convex walls. Histochemical stains of anatomical sections of cotyledon cells showed protein bodies were variable in shape, and starch grains were present in some species, namely Salicornia bigelovii, S. europaea and Allenrolfea occidentalis. • Conclusions While fruits and seeds were found to be variable within the subfamily, no synapomorphic characters support the tribe Halopeplideae as these genera have crustaceous seed coats, curved embryos and abundant perisperm; features characteristic of many of the tribe Salicornieae. The endemic Australian genera are closely related and few seed and fruit characters are diagnostic at the generic level. Nineteen characters identified as being potentially informative will be included in future phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily.

The aim with this study was to analyse the population dynamics of Saxifraga cotyledon, a rare, long lived herb, with semelparous rosettes. In Sweden, S. cotyledon grows in fragmented habitats at hi ...

Summary: A new species of Cotyledon was first described as Cotyledon lutea Van Jaarsveld in 2015, but the name is an illegitimate later homonym. The attempt to correct this nomenclatural problem by publishing the name Cotyledon adscendens resulted in another inadvertent illegitimate later homonym. The situation is here rectified by publishing the new name Cotyledon xanthantha.

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals Abortion. In presence study 115 clinical samples were collected from cattle and buffalo, it all sample were analyzed with genus specific PCR bcsp31gene, those samples give positive result in genus PCR analyzed with species specific IS711gene PCR, 11 samples give positive result out of 115 samples in genus and species specific PCR. Highest percentage of positive result showed in Cotyledon (40%), Placenta (25%) and Vaginal discharge (20%) when the blood and Vaginal swab showed only 6% and 5.12% positive result in genus and species specific PCR, those all infected cattle and buffalo detected Brucella abortus positive. it means the cotyledon of aborted animal was more reliable clinical sample for molecular diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle and buffalo.

Summary: Monophylly is exhibited in Monophyllaea and Streptocarpus(Gesneriaceae).Their plant body consists of a single large cotyledon. They never form stems or foliage leaves through their life history, and they produce inflorescences at the base of the cotyledon laminas. Due to such morphological uniqueness, the monophyllous plants(one-leaf plants)have attracted researchers from among many fields, especially evolutionary morphology. Based on recent data from the comparativemorphogenesis and molecular phylogenetic analyses, the evolution of the monophylly in the Gesneriaceae is discussed.

Vulcanella hannae gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene. This taxon has been illustrated by Gombos & Ciesielski (1983) as “species uncertain”, by Harwood (1989) as Cotyledon fogedi (Hendey) Harwood and by Barron & Mahood (1993) as Tumulopsis fogedi Hendey. The justification for establishing the new genus is supported by examination of the generitypes of Tumulopsis Hendey (T. fogedi) and Acanthodiscus Pantocsek (A. rugosus Pantocsek), together with species associated with or possibly related to the newly described taxon. Nomenclatural problems are discussed.

Summary: Two new species are described, Cotyledon eliseae from the southern Cape and Tylecodon tribblei from the northwestern Cape.

Syneilesis Maximowicz (1859: 165) (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) is a small genus of seven species distributed mainly in China, Korea, and Japan (Chen & Nordenstam 2011). All its species are perennial herbs with 2 or 3 palmatisect stem leaves and a corymbose or paniculate synflorescence composed of several to many discoid capitula. The genus differs from its putative closest allies, including Miricacalia Kitamura (1936: 214), Parasenecio Smith & Small (1922: 93) and Sinacalia Robinson & Brettell (1977: 274), primarily by having a single cotyledon (Maximowicz 1859; Kitamura 1934) and a base chromosome number of x = 26 (Koyama 1961; Takeshita 1961; Arano 1964).

A characteristic feature of flowering plants is the fusion of carpels, which results in the formation of an enclosed gynoecium. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the gynoecium is formed by the fusion of two carpels along their margins, which also act as a meristematic site for the formation of internal structures such as ovules, the septum and transmitting tract. How gene interactions coordinate the fusion and differentiation of the marginal structures during gynoecium development is largely unknown. It was previously shown that the SPATULA (SPT) gene is required for carpel fusion, whereas overexpression of the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes CUC1 and CUC2 prevents it. Here we provide evidence that SPT promotes carpel fusion in the apical gynoecium partly through the negative regulation of CUC1 and CUC2 expression. In spt, transcripts of both CUC genes accumulated ectopically, and addition of cuc1 and cuc2 mutations to spt suppressed the split phenotype of carpels specifically along their lateral margins. In the basal gynoecium, on the other hand, all three genes promoted the formation of margin-derived structures, as revealed by the synergistic interactions of spt with each of the cuc mutations. Our results suggest that differential interactions among SPT, CUC1 and CUC2 direct the formation of domain-specific structures of the Arabidopsis gynoecium.

A cladistic analysis of tribes Cicereae, Trifolieae, and Vicieae was carried out using 33 morphological, anatomical, karyological, and chemotaxonomical characteristics. Transformation polarities of the character states were developed by comparison with the character states of the genus Galega, the sister group of the tribes. Cicereae and Vicieae were found to be a monophyletic group, and Trifolieae was its sister group. The seven synapomorphic characters of Cicereae and Vicieae were presumed to be: germination hypogeal vs. epigeal; first leaf in seedlings scarious vs. laminous; leaves paripinnately and tendrilous vs. imparipinnately and etendrilous; postchalazal vascular bundle present in seed coats vs. absent; a cotyledon flap present at antihilar side vs. absent; radicles short in seeds vs. long; and plumules long in seeds vs. short.

Crassulaceae includes approximately 35 genera and 1500 species of leaf and stem succulent flowering plants. The family is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, but is particularly diverse in southern Africa, where five genera comprising approximately 325 species are found. One of these genera, Cotyledon, includes 10 species that are largely confined to South Africa, where they are commonly found on rocky hillsides, coastal flats, and cliff faces. Species of Cotyledon are characterized by five-parted, pendulous, sympetalous flowers, but the genus is highly diverse in growth form, flower color and size, and leaf morphology. One particularly variable species, C. orbiculata, has been divided into five varieties based on leaf morphology and biogeography; however, the monophyly of this species as well as the relationships among the varieties have not previously been investigated. Parsimony analyses of a combined data set of DNA sequences from chloroplast and nuclear genome provided the first estimate of phylogeny for Cotyledon, and resulted in two minimum-length trees and a fully resolved phylogeny for the genus. Results indicate that C. orbiculata is not monophyletic and suggest the need for additional studies and a revised classification within the genus.

Summary Despite the extreme differences that exist between the various types of Monocotyledon embryo, research into their original embryogenical type is justified by their monophyletism. Besides having a single cotyledon, the unifying characteristic of all Monocotyledon embryos is their bilateral symmetry; those of the Dicotyledons conserve an axial symmetry. The relative sitings of, and morphological value of, both the cotyledon and the stem apex are currently still in dispute. Our results show that it is impossible to identify a unifying morphogenetical pattern, as there are in fact four main embryogenical types: Tamus, Cocos, Agapanthus and Cyperus. These constitute an intermediate series in between original, primitive forms close to the Dicotyledons, and evolved forms specific to the Monocotyledons. In the Cyperus type, what one classically terms a cotyledon does not correspond to a cotyledon in a Dicotyledon. There appears to be a correlation between the structural evolution and the functional evolut...

In various floristic and taxonomic accounts, the name Orostachys is attributed to different authors. Borisova (1939, 1970), Ohba (1978, 1995) and others, for example, cite A.-P. de Candolle as author of the basionym and Fischer as author of the generic name. Both editions of Flora europaea (Webb, 1964, 1993) attribute authorship of the basionym to Candolle, and that of the generic name to Fischer ex Sweet. Some other works (Kim, 1974; Kitagawa, 1979; Fu, 1984) attribute the generic name to Fischer alone, without parenthetical author. In addition, Eggli & al. (1995) cite A. Berger as the author, as "Fischer ex Berger". With such a variety of author citations the question arises: which is correct? A similar confusion, successfully resolved only after considerable research, existed with the authorship of Jovibarba Opiz (Eggli & Nyffeler, 1992). The first binomial to be combined under the name Orostachys was 0. spinosa (L.) Sweet, for the species first described by Linne (1753) under the name Cotyledon spinosa L. The generic name Orostachys was first used by Fischer (1808: 99), who provided no diagnosis or description of the genus and thus failed to validate the name (Code, Art. 34.1). Species listed include 0. thyrsiflora, a new species briefly described, and 0. chlorantha, a new name for Cotyledon spinosa. Neither new name is valid, as the generic name was not validly published (Code, Art. 43.1). Confusion arose because Orostachys Fisch. first appeared as a nomen nudum. A detailed description of Orostachys was published by Fischer a year later, in a paper devoted entirely to that genus (Fischer, 1809). The author analysed in detail the morphological features of those Orostachys species he knew, and demonstrated that the number of stamens in the genus was not equal to that of the petals, but was twice that number, namely 10 (rarely 8 or 12). Based on this and other floral characters, Fischer concluded that Orostachys was more closely related to Sedum L. than to Crassula L. or Cotyledon L. (Fischer was apparently unaware of Umbilicus DC.). At first sight, one might question the validity of Orostachys as proposed in this publication. At the beginning of his paper, Fischer (1809: 270) wrote [our translation]: "If the difference in habit should appear sufficient to you, Gentlemen, to make a separate genus of it, it could be designated by the name Orostachys, mountain spike, which expresses the habit and home of these plants; at any rate, they must at least form a separate series, in the genus Sedum, for which one could maintain that name". This might be taken to characterise a provisional name, proposed "in anticipation of the future acceptance of the group concerned". But to us, judging from the context, it is no more than a polite plea to the editors, to which the author addresses

Summary Resulting from a careful morphological analysis, seedlings of the genera Euryale, Victoria, Nuphar, Nymphaea and Barclaya (Nymphaeaceae) are shown to be dicotylar. They have no resemblance to any seedlings of the Monocotyledoneae . Descriptions in the literature, which show a monocotylar structure in nymphaeaceous seedlings are due to wrong interpretations of seedling organs.

Summary • Here we document phenotypic differences between serpentine and nonserpentine ecotypes of Collinsia sparsiflora, as well as patterns of selection in these contrasting soil habitats. • We transplanted the two parental ecotypes and experimental F2 hybrids into six field sites, and collected morphological, phenological and fitness data on emergent plants. To focus on edaphically mediated selection, rather than on pollinator-mediated selection, we used pollinator-exclusion cages. • Transplanted parentals of the two ecotypes showed genetic differentiation for floral traits, but not for phenological traits or cotyledon size. For the F2 hybrids growing on serpentine soils, there was significant directional selection on cotyledon size, flower size and flower shape. However, the pattern of selection did not differ significantly between serpentine and nonserpentine sites. • Overall, we did not see evidence for divergent selection on the two soil types. We conclude that differences in floral traits between the ecotypes do not reflect adaptation to physical conditions associated with soil type, and that there are unmeasured traits that must be contributing to ecotypic differentiation.

The chemical basis of red flower pigmentation in species of Cotyledon, Crassula and Tylecodon is reported. Only six major anthocyanins were found in the 10 species and 22 samples investigated, and each of the genera had a characteristic combination of compounds. Crassula flowers invariably have only two of the major pigments, the 3-glucosides of cyanidin and peonidin. In Cotyledon , cyanidin-3-sophoroside is the dominant pigment in most of the samples and cyanidin-3-sambubioside only in some of them. This is also the major anthocyanin in orange-coloured Tylecodon flowers, but relatively high yields of delphinidin-3-sambubioside are found in dark red flowers. The anthocyanins reflect the close taxonomic relationship between Cotyledon and Tylecodon , and the more distant affinity of both genera with Crassula .

John Ray in his Historia Plantarum (1686–1704) was the first botanist to recognize cotyledon number as a useful means of subdividing flowering plants (Bancroft 1914). Although Linnaeus in his Philosophia Botanica (1751) did not explicitly mention this distinction between monocotyledons and dicotyledons, it was taken up by all later botanists. In most angiosperm classifications from Jussieu (1789) to Engler and Prantl (1887–89), monocotyledons were arranged in a position intermediate between nonangiosperms and dicotyledons, indicating a lower level of organization for monocotyledons than dicotyledons. However, with the spread of phylogenetic thinking, a ranalean origin for the monocotyledons was suggested (e.g., Bessey 1893), and Wettstein’s (1901–1907) textbook was the first to acknowledge a derived position for monocotyledons by treating them after the dicotyledons.

Tillich, H.-J., Tuckett, R. & Facher, E.: Do Hydatellaceae belong to the monocotyledons or basal angiosperms? Evidence from seedling morphology. — Willdenowia 37: 399–406. — ISSN 0511 9618; © 2007 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.37201 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) Seedlings of Hydatellaceae are described for the first time. The seedlings of three species from SW Australia, Hydatella dioica, Trithuria submersa and T. bibracteata were investigated. All proved monocotylar, the cotyledon structure as well as the overall seedling morphology being typical for the monocotyledons. The results are discussed in the light of recent molecular analyses. Seedling morphology does not support the assignment of the family to the Nymphaeales and basal angiosperms, respectively.

Recently Altamiranoa Rose (-- Villadia sect. Altamiranoa (Rose) R. T. Clausen) was merged with Sedum L. For four Peruvian Altamiranoa species without valid names in Sedum we propose three new combinations: Sedum decipiens (Baker) Thiede & 't Hart, Sedum reniforme (H. Jacobsen) Thiede & 't Hart, and Sedum weberbaueri (Diels) Thiede & 't Hart, and one new name, Sedum plicatum Thiede 8 't Hart. A lectotype is designated for Cotyledon decipiens Bak- er, the basionym of Sedum decipiens. Rose (in Britton & Rose, 1903: 3) described the genera Altamiranoa Rose and Villadia Rose to ac- commodate some Mexican Crassulaceae with sym- petalous flowers. Previously these species had mostly been classified in Cotyledon L., the hold-all of sym- petalous Crassulaceae. Berger (1930) included both genera in subfamily Echeverioideae A. Berger, but noted that several Altamiranoa species are very sim- ilar to Sedum. Berger (1930) considered Altamiranoa and Villadia to be closely related though they differ in the structure of the inflorescences. Altamiranoa has predominantly cymose inflorescences, whereas those of Villadia are usually spicate, racemose, or, most frequently, thyrsoid. Froderstrom (1936) more or less accepted Rose's concept, but transferred sev- eral Altamiranoa species to Sedum. Baehni and Macbride (in Baehni, 1937), on the other hand, unit- ed Altamiranoa and Villadia, and Clausen (1940) distinguished Altamiranoa as a section of Villadia. Baehni's and Clausen's classifications have been widely accepted until recently, when Moran (1996) merged Villadia sect. Altamiranoa (Rose) R. T. Clau- sen (-Altamiranoa) with Sedum. In particular the occurrence of intermediate forms bridging the gap between Altamiranoa and Sedum, and his doubts about the monophyly of Villadia in the sense of Baehni and Macbride and Clausen, prompted Mor- an's decision. Moran (1996) already made the nec- essary new combinations under Sedum for three

Five new species and one variety are described and the combination Cotyledon tomentosa Harv. subsp. ladismithiensis (V. Poelln.) Toelken is effected. The following new names are published; C . sulphurea Toelken, C. occultans Toelken, C. similis Toelken, C. viridiflorum Toelken, C. hallii Toelken and C. pygmaea Barker var. tenuis Toelken.

As a result of a re-evaluation of Cotyledon and Adromisehus , it was found necessary to amend the delimitation of Cotyledon and to describe a new genus Tylecodon . A summarized revision of Adromisehus with keys to sections, species and subspecific taxa is provided. The following new names and new combinations are effected: Adromisehus sect. Boreali Toelken, A. cristatus var. clavifolius (Haw.) Toelken,—var. schonlandii (Phill.) Toelken,—var. zeyheri (Harv.) Toelken, A. fallax Toelken, A. fiticaulis subsp. marlothii (Schonl.) Toelken, A. inamoenus Toelken, A. marianae var. hallii (P. C. Hutch.) Toelken,—var. kubusensis (Uitew.) Toelken, A. schuldtianus subsp. juttae (V. Poelln.) Toelken, A. subviridis Toelken, A. umbraticola subsp. raniosa Toelken, Tylecodon buchholzianus (Schuldt & Steph.) Toelken, T. cacalioides (L.f.) Toelken, T. decipiens Toelken, T. fragilis (Dyer) Toelken, T. faucium (V. Poelln.) Toelken, T. grandiflorus (Burm.f.) Toelken, T. hallii (Toelken) Toelken, T. hirtifolium (W. F. Barker) Toelken, T. leucothrix (C. A. Smith) Toelken, T. occultans (Toelken) Toelken, T. paniculatus (L.f.) Toelken, T. pearsonii (Schonl.) Toelken, T. pygmaeus (W. F. Barker) Toelken,—var. tenuis (Toelken) Toelken, T. racemosus (Harv.) Toelken, T. reticulatus (L.f.) Toelken,—subsp. phyllopodium Toelken, T. rubrovenosus (Dinter) Toelken, T. schaeferanus (Dinter) Toelken, T. similis (Toelken) Toelken, T. singularis (Dyer) Toelken, T. striatus (P. C. Hutch.) Toelken, T. suffultus Bruyns ex Toelken, T. sulphureus (Toelken) Toelken, T. torulosus Toelken, T. tuberosus Toelken, T. ventricosus (Burm.f.) Toelken, T. viridiflorus (Toelken) Toelken, T. wallichii (Harv.) Toelken,—subsp. ecklonianus (Harv.) Toelken.

Northcentral Idaho traditionally produces in excess of 90% of the Austrian winter field peas (AWFP) grown in North America. AWFP are small- seeded, yellow cotyledon peas with purple-flecked seed coats which are produced on indeterminate vines bearing purplish flowers. The history of the AWFP industry in Idaho is reviewed from the initial introduction of AWFP from Austria in 1932 to the present. The potential for the future of this crop is explored.

A B S T R A C T Fossil seedlings and seeds of an extinct Cercidiphyllum-like plant occur in the Paskapoo Formation (Late Paleocene) at Joffire Bridge near Red Deer, Alberta. Cotyledon and early seedling leafstages are preserved in growth position. Morphological details of seedlings and seeds support a close relationship between the Paleocene fossils and extant Cercidiphyllum, and suggest that during the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary (Paleogene) Cercidzphyllum-like plants were important early colonizers of open flood-plain environments.

Wood of Pinus cembroides from 232 trees sampled in 23 localities throughout its range in the United States and Mexico has been analysed for monoterpenes. With a few exceptions the trees of the continental populations from the state of Hidalgo northward produced α-pinene as the main monoterpene. The majority of trees of the southern populations (subsp. orizabensis) from the state of Puebla and adjoining regions of the neighboring Veracruz and Tlaxcala produced 3-carene in appreciable amounts. The population from Baja California (subsp. lagunae) produced monoterpenes of the sabinene family (thujene, sabinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene and p-cymene) as the main constituents. The variations in morphological characters, including number of needles per fascicle, number of stomatal rows in needles, number of resin canals in needles, as well as other characters of the internal needle morphology, needle length and thickness, needle retention, thickness of seed shells, bark and cone characteristics, rate of growth and cotyledon number either paralleled or did not contradict the chemical variations. The evolution of the southern populations (subsp. orizabensis) into a separate group most likely resulted from geographic separation and climatic differences, while the evolutionary separation of the Baja California trees (subsp. lagunae) was connected with northwestern movement of the California coastal region from Miocene onward and the formation of Sierra Madre Occidental resulting in separation of this population from the mainland populations by the gap of the Gulf of California and the coastal mountain ranges.

Observations have been made of cotyledon and leaves of beech, Fagus sylvatica L., with an emphasis on tracheary features. The organization of tissues, including a complex reticulate venation, is typical of many dicotyledons, but the reticulum contains few vein endings per areoles and this condition is probably not common in dicotyledons. This study compares the Madonie leaf vascular pattern with that of the Etna individuals and major venation results the same, but minor venation and areolation differs. We could conclude that tracheogenesis offers good support for the surveys of leaf populations in different ecological habitats and for the study of mechanical supports and long distance transport of water and solutes.

THERE is still a difference of opinion among botanists as to the relationship between the two great divisions of angiospermous plants, monocotyledons and clicotyledons. The two groups have evidently been derived from a common stock, but which branch is the older is still somewhat doubtful. Among the genera commonly referred to the dicotyledons are several which differ from the typical forms both in the structure of the flowers and in the character of the tissues, especially the structure and distribution of the vascular bundles. Among these anomalous dicotyledons may be mentioned the Nymphzeacme, certain Ranunculaceme (Act-ea, Thalictrum), and among the Berberidaceme, Podophyllum, Diphylleia, and Caulophyllum. A recent paper I on the embryo of Nelumbo has called attention to the importance of a thorough study of these anomalous genera, whose embryogeny is almost completely unknown. The result of Lyon's examination of Nelumbo was the discovery that the apparently dicotyledonous embryo has really but a single cotyledon and resembles that of the aquatic Alismales, an order of monocotyledons that shows numerous analogies with the Nymphmeace. This interesting discovery suggested to the writer the advisability of looking up what had been already done with the study of the embryos of some of the other forms referred to, and although the results of these inquiries have been very incomplete, they have revealed a number of extremely suggestive facts, which are here given, and which emphasize the desirability of more thorough work in the same direction.

1. The embryonic, adult, inflorescence, and floral apices show a two-layered tunica. The marginal growth of the leaf is of the submarginal type and middle subtype. The pattern of growth of cotyledon, bract, perianth, stamen, and carpel follows that of the foliar organs. 2. There is variation in the structure of the cotyledonary, foliar, bracteal, and floral nodes. This is interpreted to indicate the evolutionary course taken by the different nodes in the same individual. 3. The bract, tepal, and stamen receive one trace each. The gynoecium shows three dorsal bundles, three septal bundles, and three placental bundles. The latter constitute the supply to the ovules. 4. The meristematic regions which give rise to the sporogenous cells are confined to the sides of the stamen primordium. Sporogenous cells arise from derivatives of the second tunica layer. 5. There are two to three rows of archesporial cells in the anther lobe. The wall of the anther consists of epidermis, fibrous endothecium, two middle layers...

\TICANDRA PHYSALOIDES is the solitary species of its genus or J V even tribe. Like some of its nearest relatives in Nicotiana it is a native of Peru and Chile. Like them, too, it has become nearly cosmopolitan in cultivation in the last 200 years. It is widely naturalized in the tropics. It was introduced into gardens in this country in 1759 and is still a favourite botanic garden plant. In cultivation and as an escape four completely interfertile 'varieties', or rather variants, can be recognized and we are indebted for them to the following sources: (i) typica, corresponding to the figure in Curtis's 'Botanical Magazine' (No. 2458): from the Botanic Gardens of Kew (4 plants) and of Montreal (30 plants); and collected for us by Dr. S. C. Harland near Lima (6 plants). (ii) violacea, having stronger pigmentation of stem, petiole, calyx, leafhairs, and seeds than typica but intergrading polygenically with it; erroneously described by Lemoine (1906) as a distinct species: from Kew Gardens (10 plants). (iii) immaculata, lacking the corolla spot and the leaf-haii» and cotyledon pigmentation; a recessive single-gene variant, heterozygotes selfed having given us 307 normal to 100 spotless (cf. Dahlgren, 1924): collected in Malabar and from Kew Gardens (22 plants), (iv) alba, with white instead of blue flowers probably also a recessive singlegene variant: from Cambridge Botanic Gardens (6 plants). The first three variants were also found as escapes from earlier cultivation at Merton.