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The study analysed the effect of agricultural credits on production among smallholder crop farmers in Delta State. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of 210 respondents. Data were collected from primary sources through the use of structured questionnaires and analysed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result showed that most of the respondents were in the age range of 41years to 50 years who were married with secondary school education. Majority were engaged in farming as their primary occupation having mean family size of 8 persons and an average annual income ofN250,000. Majority obtained their credit from personal savings and cooperative societies. The major determinants of access to credit in the area were interest rate, type of enterprise, and farm size. The major constraints to obtaining credit were lending policies of credit institutions, lack of knowledge of rules and regulations and provision of collateral security. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to form farmers’ cooperative societies to improve access to credits.&nbsp

K vecino más cercano (KNN) es uno de los algoritmos que permite el diagnóstico en tiempo real y apoya la toma de decisiones. Para esta investigación, se consideró la base de datos del área de negocio de la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Riobamba Ltda., un banco de datos que almacena una gran cantidad de información de los clientes. Estos datos se utilizaron para seleccionar información relevante manteniendo y respetando la confidencialidad de los clientes. El objetivo principal del proyecto es predecir clientes potenciales aplicando el algoritmo KNN. Los resultados demuestran que el algoritmo KNN es adecuado para predecir clientes potenciales de acuerdo a sus antecedentes demográficos, económicos y factores internos de la Cooperativa Riobamba Ltda., Resultando esto, un recurso útil para la institución en la toma de decisiones sobre futuras ofertas de crédito. Se destaca la importancia de aprovechar la información que se maneja en cada institución y más si es dentro del sector financiero porque tanto los clientes como la institución se benefician. Lo primero porque tendrían más opciones de crédito y las instituciones financieras porque podrían incrementar su cartera de clientes y mejorar su servicio. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) is one of the algorithms that allows real-time diagnosis and supports decision-making. For this research, the basis of data from the business area of ​​the Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Riobamba Ltda., a database that stores a large amount of customer information. These data were used to select relevant information while maintaining and respecting client confidentiality. The main objective of the project is to predict potential clients applying the KNN algorithm. The results show that the KNN algorithm is adequate to predict potential clients according to their demographic and economic background and internal factors of the Cooperativa Riobamba Ltda., resulting in a useful resource for the institution in making decisions about future credit offers. . The importance of taking advantage of the information handled in each institution is highlighted, and even more so if it is within the financial sector, because both the clients and the institution benefit. The first because they would have more options credit and financial institutions because they could increase their client portfolio and improve their service.

This paper analyses the concentration of the banking system in Croatia and the impact of concentration on stability of the economic system as a whole over the period since 2002 to 2017. The level of concentration is usually related to the competitiveness of a particular sector, in this case the banking system, which affects the development and health of the country's entire economic system. The banking system, as the basis for the development of all other sectors of the economy, has been analysed here in the context of the concentration trend and efficiency in the selected time period using selected concentration indices: Concentration Ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the Gini coefficient and the entropy measure using the variables of total assets of banks, loans granted, and received deposits. This research concludes that in the considered period of nearly 20 years, Croatia was among the EU countries with increased concentration level of the banking system.

Credit activities in the banking sector, especially People's Credit Banks during the COVID-19 pandemic are allegedly experiencing a level of sluggishness and indications of the emergence of credit problems, especially in legal certainty for parties who bind themselves to credit so as to give birth to achievements that must be carried out in accordance with the agreed time period. certain. If there are parties who are found to have violated their achievements or do things that should not have been done outside the agreement, then the violators are declared to have committed wan achievements. The purpose of this study is to find out what settlements can be made if the debtor breaks his promise (wan achievement), and to analyze the obstacles in credit settlement at PT BPR Insumo Sumberarto Kediri. The research method used is descriptive analytical research method with an empirical juridical approach. The result of this research is that the procedure for granting credit at PT BPR Insumo Sumberarto Kediri consists of four stages, namely the credit application stage, the credit analysis stage, the credit decision stage and the credit disbursement stage. Takeover of collateral as a credit settlement process if the debtor breaks his promise (wan achievement). Obstacles in credit settlement at PT BPR Insumo Sumberarto Kediri are normative barriers (related to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection), internal barriers (poor system performance from banking institutions) and external obstacles (arising from the debtor himself).

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza cómo los créditos hipotecarios ajustables a la inflación, que comenzaron a partir de abril del 2016 en Argentina, llevaron a una nueva forma de restricción en el acceso a la vivienda, e intercedieron en su distribución urbana respecto al centro de la ciudad de La Plata. Para ello se parte de un análisis teórico y de una revisión de antecedentes especializados, también se incorporan técnicas cualitativas complementando los datos estadísticos de fuentes oficiales y relevamientos propios. En una primera parte se analiza el mercado inmobiliario, su vínculo con el sector financiero y el problema de acceso a la vivienda. Posteriormente, se repasan las características de estos créditos hipotecarios en el país; finalmente, se hace una particularización y distribución territorial de las viviendas que ofrece el mercado inmobiliario en condiciones de ser hipotecadas, de acuerdo con el rango de financiación propuesto por estos créditos en la ciudad de La Plata durante los años 2016-2018. Abstract This paper analyzes how inflation-adjustable mortgage loans, which began in Argentina in April 2016, led to a new form of restriction on access to housing and interceded in its urban distribution with respect to the center of the city of La Plata. To do this, we depart from a theoretical analysis and a specialized background review, qualitative techniques are also incorporated, complementing statistical data from official sources and own surveys. In the first part, the real estate market and its link with the financial sector and the problem of access to housing are analyzed. Subsequently, the characteristics of these mortgage loans in the country are reviewed; finally, there is a particularization and territorial distribution of the homes offered by the real estate market in conditions of being mortgaged, in accordance with the range of financing proposed for these loans in the city of La Plata during the years 2016-2018. Resumo O presente trabalho analisa como os créditos hipotecários ajustáveis à inflação, que começaram a partir de abril de 2016 na Argentina, levaram a uma nova forma de restrição no acesso à habitação e interferiram em sua distribuição urbana em relação ao centro da cidade de La Plata. Para isso, parte de uma análise teórica e uma revisão de antecedentes especializados, também são incorporadas técnicas qualitativas, complementando a articulação de dados estatísticos de fontes oficiais e levantamentos próprios. A primeira parte analisa o mercado imobiliário e sua articulação com o setor financeiro e a problemática do acesso à habitação. Posteriormente, são revisadas as características desses empréstimos hipotecários no país; por último, verifica-se uma particularização e distribuição territorial das moradias oferecidas pelo mercado imobiliário em condições de serem hipotecadas, de acordo com o leque de financiamento proposto para estes empréstimos na cidade de La Plata durante os anos 2016-2018. Résumé Cet article analyse comment les prêts hypothécaires ajustables à l'inflation, qui ont débuté en Argentine en avril 2016, ont conduit à une nouvelle forme de restriction de l'accès au logement et ont intercédé dans sa distribution urbaine par rapport au centre de la ville de La Plata. Pour ce faire, il part d'une analyse théorique et d'un examen des antécédents spécialisés, des techniques qualitatives sont également incorporées, complétant l'articulation de données statistiques provenant de sources officielles et d'enquêtes propres. La première partie analyse le marché immobilier et son lien avec le secteur financier et la problématique de l'accès au logement. Par la suite, les caractéristiques de ces prêts hypothécaires dans le pays sont passées en revue ; enfin, il existe une particularisation et une répartition territoriale des logements proposés par le marché immobilier dans des conditions d'hypothèque, conformément à la gamme de financement proposée pour ces prêts dans la ville de La Plata au cours des années 2016-2018.

One of the major tools in agricultural finance is agricultural loans. Therefore, it is important to investigate the relationship between agricultural loans and agricultural production. In this study we aim to determine whether there is a causality relationship between the agricultural loan and agricultural production value. For this purpose we use the time series data for the years of 2005- 2018. In the study, we use Phillips-Perron unit root test to determine the stationarity levels of the variables examined. After we examine the stationary levels of time series, we perform Granger causality test to detect the causality relationship between agricultural loans and agricultural production. As a result of the Granger causality test, we determine that there is a unilateral causality relationship from the agricultural loan variable to the agricultural production value variable, that is, it can be said that agricultural loans affect the value of agricultural production. For this reason, we can state that facilitating the use of loans in the agricultural sector, and increasing the lending institutions will contribute to the increase of agricultural production value in meeting the input needs of the producers effectively.

Starptautiskais bizness un ilgtspējīga ekonomika Vadība, administrēšana un nekustamo īpašumu pārvaldība International Business and Sustainable Economy Management, Administration and Real Estate Management Bakalaura darba tēma ir “Patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības likuma grozījumu ietekme uz kredītpakalpojumu reklāmu. SEB un Luminor gadījumu salīdzinošā analīze”. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir izpētīt, kā Patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības likuma grozījumi ir ietekmējuši AS SEB banka un Luminor Bank AS kredītpakalpojumu reklāmu, balstoties uz teorētiskajām atziņām un empīrisko pētījumu. Patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības likuma (PTAL) grozījumi, kas stājās spēkā 2019.gada 1.jūlijā nosaka vispārēju patērētāju kredītu reklāmas aizliegumu, tomēr ietverot arī vairākus izņēmumus, kad kredītu reklāma ir atļauta. Pieņemtie grozījumi ietekmē visu nozari kopumā – bankas, nebanku kreditētājus un reklāmdevējus, jo tieša un atklāta kredītu reklāma ir aizliegta, bet minētie likuma izņēmumi paver iespējas interpretācijai, līdz ar to 2021.gada Patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības centra vadlīnijas kreditēšanas reklāmai izskaidro, kādos gadījumos kredītu reklāma ir atļauta un kādos nav. Lai gan PTAL grozījumu mērķis ir mazināt bezatbildīgu aizņemšanos, kas vairāk raksturīgs nebanku kredītdevējiem, likums attiecas uz visu nozari kopumā, jo, attiecinot aizliegumu uz atsevišķiem tirgus dalībniekiem, tas būtu netiešs valsts atbalsts. Līdz ar to bankām ir jāpielāgojas un jādomā jauni risinājumi, kā ar satura mārketinga palīdzību var pavēstīt par kredītu iespējām, tajā pašā laikā veidojot noderīgu saturu patērētājiem. Bakalaura darbs ir izstrādāts, izmantojot šādas pētījumu metodes: monogrāfiskā metode, sekundāro datu analīzes metode, dokumentu analīzes metode, kontentanalīzes metode, kvalitatīvā pētījumu metode: ekspertu intervijas. Darbs sastāv no trim daļām: Pirmajā nodaļā autore analizē reklāmas, satura mārketinga un patērētāju tiesību teorētiskos principus. Otrajā nodaļā autore veic Patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības likuma grozījumu analīzi, kā arī SEB un Luminor raksturojumu, izpētot banku finanšu rādītājus un sociālo tīklu iesaistes rādītājus. Trešajā nodaļā autore veic SEB Luminor kredītpakalpojumu reklāmas izmaiņu raksturojumu, analizējot banku sociālo tīklu kontus un blogus, kā arī veic ekspertu intervijas ar mērķi noskaidrot ekspertu viedokli par PTAL grozījumu būtību un izaicinājumiem banku kredītpakalpojumu reklāmā. Darba autore secina, ka SEB un Luminor kredītu reklāmas no tiešas kredītu reklāmas ir mainījušās un kopš 2019.gada 1.jūlija tiek izmantoti lielākoties tikai satura mārketinga elementi – sociālajos tīklos publikācijas par sabiedrībā aktuālām tēmām, kas aizved uz bankas mājaslapu, kurā atrodas kredītu reklāmas baneris un kredīts ir saistīts ar rakstā minēto produktu. Šāda reklāma ir atļauta likuma grozījumu ietvaros, jo kredītus drīkst reklamēt bankas mājaslapā. Darba apjoms ir 71 lpp bez pielikumiem, darbā ir 11 attēli, 12 tabulas un 4 pielikumi. Darbā izmantoti 84 informatīvi resursi. Atslēgas vārdi: reklāma, satura mārketings, kredīti, likumdošana, patērētāju tiesības, sociālie mediji, SEB, Luminor. The topic of the bachelor's thesis is “Impact of amendments to the Consumer Rights Protection Law on advertising of credit services. Comparative analysis of SEB and Luminor cases.” The aim of the research is to study and analyze how the amendments to the Consumer Rights Protection Law have affected the advertising of credit services of AS SEB banka and Luminor Bank AS, based on theoretical findings and empirical research. Amendments to the Consumer Rights Protection Law provide not only general ban on consumer credit advertising, but also includes some exceptions when credit advertising is permitted. The amendments affect the industry overall - banks, non-bank creditors and advertisers. While direct and open credit advertising is prohibited, these legal exceptions leave room for interpretation. Therefore, Consumer Rights Protection Centre's guidelines for credit advertising define when credit advertising is allowed. Although the Consumer Rights Protection Law amendments aim to reduce irresponsible borrowing, which is more common in non-bank creditors, the law applies to the entire sector, as it would constitute indirect state aid if the ban would be imposed on individual market participants. As a result, banks need to develop new and creative methods to communicate about credit opportunities. The bachelor's thesis is developed using the following research methods: monographic method, secondary data analysis method, document analysis method, content analysis method, and qualitative research method: expert interviews. The work consists of three parts. In the first chapter the author analyzes the theoretical principles of advertising, content marketing and consumer rights. In the second chapter, the author analyzes the amendments to the Consumer Rights Protection Law as well as the characteristics of SEB and Luminor by studying the financial indicators of banks and the indicators of social media engagement. In the third chapter, the author describes the changes in SEB and Luminor's credit services advertising by researching banks social media accounts and blogs, as well as conducting expert interviews to obtain expert opinions. The author concludes that SEB and Luminor's credit advertisements have changed from direct credit advertisements and mostly have only used content marketing elements since July 1, 2019 – social network publications on current topics leading to the bank's website, which includes a credit banner associated with the product mentioned in the article. Loans may be offered on the bank's website within the terms of modifications to the legislation. The amount of the bachelor’s thesis is 71 pages without attachments, and includes 11 images, 12 tables, 4 appendices, 84 references. Keywords: advertising, content marketing, credits, legislation, consumer rights, social media, SEB, Luminor.

COVID-19 has caused an economic crisis in the business world, leaving limitations in the continuity of the payment chain, with companies resorting to credit access. This study aimed to determine the optimal machine learning predictive model for the credit risk of companies under the Reactiva Peru Program because of COVID-19. A multivariate regression analysis was applied with four regressor variables (economic sector, granting entity, amount covered, and department) and one predictor (risk level), with a population of 501,298 companies benefiting from the program, under the CRISP-DM methodology oriented especially for data mining projects, with artificial intelligence techniques under the machine learning Lasso and Ridge regression models, with econometric algebraic mathematical verification to compare and validate the predictive models using SPSS, Jamovi, R Studio, and MATLAB software. The results revealed a better Lasso regression model (λ60 = 0.00038; RMSE = 0.3573685) that optimally predicted the level of risk compared to the Ridge regression model (λ100 = 0.00910; RMSE = 0.3573812) and the least squares model with algebraic mathematics, which corroborates that the Lasso regression model is the best predictive model to detect the level of credit risk of the Reactiva Peru Program. The best predictive model for detecting the level of corporate credit risk is the Lasso regression model.

Several research studies have shown that admission scores seem to be a good predictor of academic performance during the undergraduate degree. It is a fact that the first year of the undergraduate program is the one in which most students drop out of the program. Considering this idea, the general objective of this study is to identify the access profile (previous academic performance) and predict the future performances of the students at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). The study involves first year students who enter the Education Programs, as well as those who enter Degrees with a Social Service Orientation.To address this objective, a secondary analysis of the UCM census’ data in the 2018/2019 academic year is carried out where the total sample is 2018 students. Several regression models are considered aiming to determine the effect of previous academic performance on the success rate (% of ECTS credits passed) at the end of the first academic year. The results show that the Education Degrees where admission scores have an impact on the success rate are those related to Primary Education. Furthermore, a differentiated profile was observed between Education Degrees compared to Degrees with a Social Service Orientation when explaining the success rate in the first year. In light of these results, it can be concluded that admission scores are a predictor of the academic performance achieved in the first year of the degree program, affecting in a differently students who pursue Education Degrees versus Social Services Oriented Degrees. Diversas investigaciones demuestran que la nota de acceso a la universidad parece ser un buen predictor del rendimiento académico obtenido durante la carrera. Es un hecho que el primer curso de carrera es en el que se produce el mayor abandono. Partiendo de esta idea, el objetivo general que se plantea en este trabajo es conocer el perfil de acceso (rendimiento previo) y su efecto sobre el rendimiento en el primer año de carrera de los estudiantes de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) que acceden a las titulaciones del grado de magisterio, así como de aquellos que acceden a otras carreras de carácter asistencial. Para dar respuesta a este objetivo se realiza un análisis secundario de los datos censales de la UCM en el curso 2018/2019 donde la muestra total es de 2018 estudiantes. Se plantean varios modelos de regresión con la finalidad de conocer el efecto del rendimiento previo sobre la tasa de éxito (% de créditos ECTS aprobados) al final del primer curso académico. Los resultados muestran que las titulaciones de magisterio donde la nota de acceso tiene un impacto sobre la tasa de éxito son las relativas a la etapa de Educación Primaria.Asimismo, se observa un perfil diferencial entre las titulaciones de magisterio y otras titulaciones de carácter asistencial, a la hora de explicar la tasa de éxito en el primer curso. A la vista de estos resultados se puede concluir que la nota de acceso a la universidad es un predictor del rendimiento académico obtenido en el primer año de carrera que afecta de manera diferente a los estudiantes que cursan carreras de magisterio versus otras carreras asistenciales.

We study the economics of carbon storage using a model that includes forest size structure and determines the choice between rotation forestry and continuous cover forestry. Optimal harvests may rely solely on thinning, implying infinite rotation and continuous cover forestry, or both thinning and clearcuts, implying finite rotation periods. Given several carbon prices and interest rates, we optimize the timing and intensity of thinnings along with the choice of management regime. In addition to the carbon storage in living trees, we include the carbon dynamics of dead trees and timber products. Forest growth is specified by an empirically validated transition matrix model for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The optimization problem is solved in its general dynamic form by applying bilevel optimization with gradient-based interior point methods and a genetic algorithm. Carbon pricing postpones thinnings, increases stand density by directing harvests to larger trees, and typically yields a regime shift from rotation forestry to continuous cover forestry. In continuous cover solutions, the steady-state harvesting interval and the diameter distribution of standing and harvested trees are sensitive to carbon price, implying that carbon pricing increases the sawlog ratio of timber yields. Additionally, we obtain relatively inexpensive stand-level marginal costs of carbon storage.

The climate change of the last decade has generated a rise in temperature in the planet, there is a collapse of the poles and an increase in rainfall, hurricanes, earthquakes and others. Summits promoted by the private sector and at the level of nations have been carried out with the purpose of signing agreements, promoting credits for projects that take care of the environment, but the interests of generating benefits, regardless of the impact to the ecosystem, have been greater. A product of the welfare of the planet has been encouraged to apply a green economy where it uses as a starting point to use recycled raw materials to start the production process, however this requires high costs that would impact the final price, making less competitive companies Apply. In Ecuador, the National Government has made efforts to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas by applying the so-calledgreen taxes on transportation and encouraging the change of automobiles through renovation plans, the work concluded that the awareness of pollution comes from the Initiative of all market players, end consumers, customers, companies, government; If they provide activities that go in favor of the planet and pay a fair price for cleaner processes with products based on recycled materials, would largely change that approach to economy that is currently underway where consumption is considered a development In a nation. El cambio climático de la última década ha generado que en el planeta en ciertas zonas exista un aumento de la temperatura, exista un deshilo de los polos y además un aumento de las lluvias, huracanes, terremotos entre otros. Se han llevado a cabo cumbres promovidas por el sector privado y a nivel de naciones con la finalidad de firmar acuerdos, impulsar créditos sobre proyectos que cuiden el medio ambiente, pero los intereses de generar beneficios sin importar el impacto al ecosistema han sido mayores. Producto del bienestar del planeta se ha fomentado aplicar una economía ecológica en donde pone como punto de partida emplear materias primas recicladas para iniciar el proceso de producción, sin embargo esto requiere altos costos que impactarían al precio final, convirtiendo menos competitivos a las empresas que lo aplican. En el Ecuador el Gobierno Nacional ha realizado esfuerzos por disminuir los efectos de gas invernadero aplicando los llamados impuestos verdes en el transporte e incentivando el cambio de automotores a través de planes de renovación, el trabajo se concluyó que la concientización de la contaminación proviene de la iniciativa de todos los actores del mercado, consumidores finales, clientes, empresas, gobierno; si los mismos proveen de actividades que vayan a favor del planeta, y pagan un precio justo por procesos más limpios con productos a base de materiales reciclados, en gran parte cambiarían ese enfoque de economía que actualmente sigue en marcha donde el consumo es considerado un desarrollo en una nación.

Non-bank financial institutions are considered in this research work. Their peculiarities are highlighted from normative point of view in Bulgaria – the legal form of existence and their localization in geographical aspect. Special attention is paid to credit companies. During the last years their number is raised considerably. The main reasons for their increase are pointed out. A dynamic and structural analysis of the assets of the credit companies is performed on the level of aggregated data. The respective conclusions and generalizations are reached.

За прошедшие годы Российское общество акушеров-гинекологов (РОАГ) приняло активное участие во внедрении новых форм обучения по системе непрерывного медицинского образования (НМО), в том числе дистанционном обучении акушеров-гинекологов. В статье описан начатый в 2016 г. успешный образовательный проект – выездные «Региональные образовательные школы РОАГ», получивший официальную поддержку со стороны Минздрава России. В статье представлен краткий отчет по работе Школ во всех федеральных округах России, описаны их преимущества и формат преподавания, выявлены проблемы, появляющиеся на пути внедрения НМО на территории Российской Федерации, а также представлены планы на будущее по улучшению работы Школ., Over the last years the Russian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (RSOG) was actively in-volved in implementation of the new forms of education in system of continuing medical education (CME), including distance education of obstetricians-gynecologists. In the article successful educational project which was launched in 2016 – residential regional educational schools of RSOG – is described. It received official support from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. In the article a brief report on the work of Schools in all federal districts of Russia, their advantages are represented, learning format is described, problems that appear on the way of CME implementation in the territory of the Russian Federation are identified, and also future School work improvement plans are represented.

Purpose. The main purpose of the paper is to research the market trends of personal borrowing by taking credit in Lithuania. Methodology. The methodology of the research includes the analysis of the scientific literature, the analysis of the statistical data, systematization, comparison and summarization of the material. Results. The results of the research have revealed that although the volumes of credits issued for physical individuals decreased by 20 per cent during the period of 2009 – 2013, the percentage of the credits still remains significant in the total structure of banking credits (40 – 45 per cent of the total market of banking credits). Thus, it can be stated that crediting of physical individuals makes a significant part of banking lending policy. The value of the newly established contracts for housing credits, consumption credits and leasing gradually increased during the period of 2009 – 2013 (the value of the newly established contracts increased by 11 times for housing credits, by 10 times – for consumption credits, and twice for leasing contracts), which shows the revival of the borrowing market after the period of economic/financial crisis. It has also been disclosed that although the number of the issued credit cards decreased by 34 per cent during the period of 2009 – 2013, the turnover of this market increased by 6 per cent, which confirms the signs of revival of the borrowing market in the country. Summarizing, the results of the statistical analysis presented above show that Lithuanian borrowing market has recovered after economic/financial crisis, which is confirmed by the gradual increase in the volumes of different kinds of credits as well as by the increased turnover of the credit cards market. On the other hand, credit institutions follow more conservative crediting policies while issuing credits for physical entities. The theoretical contribution. The scientific literature usually focuses on the research of borrowing market in respect of issuing credits for legal entities as well as the analysis of the borrowing market as a single unit. The theoretical contribution of this paper is provision of systematic and complex analysis of the borrowing market in respect of issuing credits for physical entities in macroeconomic context. Practical implications . The research covers the dynamics of the recent processes that have determined the current situation of Lithuanian borrowing market. That is why the results of the research could be engaged while forming crediting policies in credit institutions as well as performing more comprehensive research on Lithuanian borrowing market.

En este artículo se propone analizar el caso del sistema de créditos estudiantiles de la Corfo desde una perspectiva de las teorías de la gubernamentalidad. Utilizando los datos empíricos de una encuesta y de una serie de entrevistas realizadas por la autora nuestro argumento plantea que esta modalidad de crédito favorece un proceso de “subjetivización” de los jóvenes deudores a través de tres elementos: en primer lugar, por los enclaves bancarios que este sistema de sistema de crédito creo para resguardar los riesgos financieros de transformar a “sujetos pobres” en “sujetos financieros”. En segundo lugar, por las consecuencias de sumisión a un endeudamiento tentacular al exigir anualmente avales o codeudores solidarios y, en tercer lugar, por los altos costos económicos y personales que para los deudores a implicado responder a sus compromisos financieros mes a mes. The aim of this article is to analyse the case of the Corfo student loan system from the perspective of theories of governmentality. Using the empirical data from a survey and a series of interviews conducted by the author, our argument proposes that this form of credit encourages a process of subjectivisation of young debtors via three elements. The first element are the banking enclaves that this credit system model creates to safeguard the financial risks of transforming “poor subjects” into “financial subjects”. Second are the consequences of submitting to pervasive indebtedness, with the annual requirement of guarantees or jointly liable co-debtors. Third are the high financial and personal costs that debtors face in having to meet their financial commitments from month to month.

We take issue with claims that the funding mix of banks, which makes them fragile and crisis-prone, is efficient because it reflects special liquidity benefits of bank debt. Even aside from neglecting the systemic damage to the economy that banks’ distress and default cause, such claims are invalid because banks have multiple small creditors and are unable to commit effectively to their overall funding mix and investment strategy ex ante. The resulting market outcomes under laissez-faire are inefficient and involve excessive borrowing, with default risks that jeopardize the purported liquidity benefits. Contrary to claims in the literature that “equity is expensive” and that regulation requiring more equity in the funding mix entails costs to society, such regulation actually helps create useful commitment for banks to avoid the inefficiently high borrowing that comes under laissez-faire. Effective regulation is beneficial even without considering systemic risk; if such regulation also reduces systemic risk, the benefits are even larger.

В статье рассматриваются объективные процессы изменения содержания банковской деятельности в эпоху широкого распространения цифровых технологий во всех сферах институциональных структур общества. Раскрывается сущность новых видов банковских продуктов, основанных на расширяющихся границах использования в бизнесе различных форм искусственного интеллекта, проанализированы характерные особенности платежей в обычных денежных знаках и криптовалюте, оценены перспективы их распространения в ближайшем будущем, обосновывается неизбежность существенных перемен в самом механизме функционирования финансовых посредников. Сделан вывод о преходящем характере затрат труда в инфраструктуре кредитной системы и тенденции превращения ее в продукт виртуального пространства., The article describes the objective processes of changing the content of banking activities in the era of widespread distribution of digital technologies in all areas of the institutional structures of the society. The essence of new types of banking products based on expanding business use of various forms of artificial intelligence is revealed, the special features of payments in ordinary banknotes and cryptocurrency are analyzed, the prospects for their distribution in the near future are estimated, and the inevitability of significant changes in the functioning mechanism of financial mediators is substantiated. There is a conclusion on fragility of labor costs in the credit system infrastructure and the tendency of its transmission into a virtual space product.

Financial and politics aspects of the realization of the church values seized in 1922 under the pretext of rendering assistance to the starving people are analyzed in the article. Author examines relationship between People’s Commissariat for Finance and three organizations of the all-Russian C.E.C. in which possession were the seized values. The conducted study gives grounds to assert that no sales of the church values abroad for purchase of bread for starving people were carried out and the fight against famine and it’s consequences was waged with the funds of the state Treasury. The seizure of the values from the churches in 1922 lasted too long time. The concentration of the values in Moscow took several years. Having “realized” values authorities initially announced preliminary and demonstrative purchase of the food at a very small amount — 1 million of gold rubles. Then the sale of the church values for soviet depreciated rubles made by the Central Committee for Famine Relief of the all-Russian С.E.C. to Narcomfi n according to agreement of 29 July 1922 was likewise presented by the soviet leaders. The article describes the history of the fruitless efforts undertaken by the members of Pomgol CC to obtain the gold credits, and points out more correct official cost of the seized values. As an important conclusion the author asserts that the policy of double standards pursued by the Narkomfin in the assessment of the seized church property let the financial department under the pretext of ‘’famine relief’’ get a signifi cant profi t.

En este trabajo se estima la elasticidad de las exportaciones y las importaciones al crédito otorgado por la banca comercial, usando información cruzada a nivel de firmas en Colombia. Replicando la metodología empírica de Paravisini et al. (2011), se encontró que una reducción del crédito de 10% reduce el valor exportado e importado en 3,95% y 5,12% y el volumen en 2,33% y 3,63%, respectivamente. Se hace uso de la metodología de panel de datos con variables instrumentales para controlar por otros factores que afectan la demanda de crédito por parte de las firmas. In this paper, we estimate the elasticity of exports and imports with respect to credit granted by commercial banks in Colombia using firm-level cross-section data. Replicating the methodology used in Paravisini et al. (2011), we found that a reduction in credit of 10% reduces the value exported and imported in 3.95% and 5.12%, and the volume in 2.33% and 3.63%, respectively. Instrumental variable panel data methodology is used to control for other factors affecting the demand for credit by firms. Dans cette étude nous estimons l'élasticité des exportations et des importations concernant les crédits accordés par les banques commerciales en Colombie, tout en utilisant l’information disponible au niveau des entreprises. Tout en répliquant la méthodologie empirique proposée par Paravisini et al (2011) nous constatons qu’une diminution du crédit de 10% entraîne une réduction de la valeur des exportations et des importations entre 3,95% et 5,12%, et en volume, entre 2,33% et 3,63% respectivement. Afin de contrôler d'autres facteurs qui affectent la demande de crédit des entreprises, nous utilisons la méthodologie de données de panel avec des variables instrumentales.

In Peru, small companies have many difficulties to access financial services; therefore, a possible solution is to have a special regime for these companies, which grants a higher expectative of payment to creditors compared with the traditional bankruptcy system, because this access to services provided by financial intermediaries becomes essential for the stability and progress of the sector. Las micro y pequeñas empresas en el Perú tienen dificultades para acceder a los servicios financieros, en ese sentido, una solución a este problema es que exista un régimen concursal propio para estas empresas que otorgue una mayor expectativa de cobro a sus acreedores a diferencia del sistema concursal tradicional, toda vez que el acceso a los servicios que ofrecen los intermediarios financieros deviene en esencial para la estabilidad y progreso del sector.

[EN] Problem of globalization of the educational process and integration into the international educational space is one of the most urgent problems for the Kazakh universities. In this regard, generalization of experience in training of PhD students is of particular interest, since training of PhD students is different in different countries. The example of the organization of educational process and scientific research in the PhD studies of chemical specialties at Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University shows the peculiarities of the organization and defense of dissertations in Kazakhstan universities. It is shown that the training of specialists - doctoral students at Kazakhstan universities is carried out on the basis of theoretical and practical tests. At the same time currently the state of theoretical training and practical research is 1:1,5 however there is a tendency of decrease of the theoretical training. Conditions for preparation and defense of PhD-dissertations are described. The main requirements for the defense are marked: fulfillment of theoretical training and practical research in amount of 75 credits, the publication of results in journals with non-zero impact factor and approbation of the results in international scientific conferences.

Parasal aktarım mekanizmasında banka kredi kanalının belirleyicilerinin tespit edilmesi ve bu kanalın varlığı hakkında bilgiler ülke deneyimlerine göre şüpheler bulunmaktadır. Buna göre, Türkiye'de banka kredi kanalının belirleyicilerini tespiti amacıyla ampirik bir araştırmaya başvurulacaktır. Böylece, bu tezin ana amaçları olarak bankaların rolü, banka kredi kanalının belirleyicileri ve Türkiye'de parasal aktarım mekanizmasında banka kredi kanalının varlığını analiz etmektir. Banka kredi kanalının belirleyicilerini açıklamak için regresyon analizimiz, Bernanke ve Blinder modelinin (1988) bir versiyonu olan diğer banka içi değişkenlerin ilave edildiği genişletilmiş modeline dayanmaktadır. Bu amaçlara ulaşmak için Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren 24 özel ve yabancı sermayeli bankanın yıllık verileri 2003-2013 yıllarını kapsayan bir dönemde analiz edilmektedir. Tam model sermaye yeterliliği, aktif kalitesi, likidite, mevduat ve karlılık gibi bankacılığa özgü değişkenlerle birlikte; para politikası göstergesi ve bir makro ekonomik değişken grubunun önemi göz önünde bulundurularak elde edilmiştir. Panel veri analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye'de parasal aktarım mekanizmasında bankaların önemli bir oynadıkları, bankacılığa özgü değişkenlerin yanında kontrol değişkenler olarak modele dâhil edilen makro ekonomik faktörlerin de Türkiye'de banka kredi kanalı için önemli belirleyiciler olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular sermaye yeterliliği ve likiditenin banka kredileri ile negatif ilişkili iken bankanın aktif yapısı ve karlılığın banka kredileri ile pozitif ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında para politikası göstergesinin banka kredileri üzerine negatif etkilere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Makro ekonomik değişkenlerden milli gelir ve enflasyon, banka kredilerini pozitif etkilemektedir. Ana sonuç olarak, bulgularımız Türkiye ekonomisinde bir banka kredi kanalının varlığını destekleyen bulgular sunmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Parasal Aktarım Mekanizması, Banka Kredi Kanalı, Panel Veri Açıklayıcı DeğiĢkenler, Türk Bankacılık Sektörü There are some doubts about the determinants of bank lending channel transmission of monetary policy in some countries and in some cases about its own existence. Accordingly, we will carry out an empirical research to appreciate these issues. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis to analyze the banks role, the determinants of the bank lending channel and the existence of this channel of monetary transmission mechanism in Turkey. In order to explain the determinants of bank lending channel, our regression analysis is based on a version of a Bernanke and Blinder (1988) model, which was modified by other bank specific variables thus extending the approach of the above mentioned model. In order to reach these objects we analyze a sample with annual data of 24 Turkish private and foreign banks covering a period of 2003-2013. The full model is obtained not only through the bank specific variables, such as, capital adequacy, asset structure, liquidity, deposits and profitability, but also by considering the importance of the monetary policy indicator and a set of macroeconomic variables.According to panel data results, banks play an important role in the Turkish monetary transmission mechanism, and that bank specific characteristics, as well as macroeconomic factors, which are introduced into the model as control variables, are important determinants of the credit channel in Turkey. Findings of this study indicate that asset structure and profitability have a statistically significant and positive relationship, whereas capital adequacy and liquidity have a negative relationship with the bank lending behavior. Besides this the monetary policy indicator is found to have a negative effect on bank loans. Regarding the macroeconomic variables, gross domestic product and inflation have positive and significant effects for the bank loans. As a main conclusion, our findings provide evidence to support that a bank lending channel in the Turkish economy does exist.Keywords: Monetary Transmission Mechanism, Bank Lending Channel, Panel Data, Explicative Factor, Turkish Banking Sector. 63

Los títulos de crédito son secuencias que cumplen con una función estructural del relato fílmico siendo, a su vez, parte representante del hecho cinematográfico. Su carácter de firma autoral e identificador general integra a todo el equipo de producción así como indica rasgos estéticos y narrativos concretos a través del uso del lenguaje gráfico-audiovisual. Son dispositivos delimitados y limitadores que sitúan el texto en el tiempo y en el espacio, determinan y señalan la relación entre el filme y el espectador e implican un carácter de apertura y clausura. Esta tesis plantea que estas secuencias adoptan la función de marco de la obra fílmica; se propone, así, una redefinición de los títulos de crédito a través de la catalogación de los mismos como el marco de los cuadros, el de las ventanas y el de los espejos. Para ello se integrarán diversos aspectos teóricos relacionados con el borde pictórico, el frame teatral o el paratexto literario entre otros. La investigación se aplica sobre el cine del periodo 1958-1969., Film titles are sequences that fulfill a structural function on the narration of the film. They are at the same time a representative part of the film context. Its character as authorial signature and general identifier integrates the entire production unit and indicates specific aesthetic and narrative features through the use of graphic-visual language. They are delimited and limiting devices that place the text in time and space, they determine and indicate the relationship between the film and the viewer and they involve an opening and closing nature. This thesis dissertation suggests that these sequences take on the role of the film frame; thus, it proposes a redefinition of the credits through their cataloguing as the frame of the paintings, of the windows and of the mirrors. For this purpose various theoretical aspects will be integrated such as the pictorial border, the theatrical frame, or the literary paratext, among others. This research is applied to the films of the period from 1958 to 1969.

The external financing of the construction entities does not differ from the one of other entities within other activities, but the construction entities have also a financing source, represented by the funds for the site organization, funds which are analysed and accounted in the present paper.

Due to the increasing sophistication of tools, digital art design now requires hybrid skills. The necessary cooperation with computer analysts in order to create suitable programs thus brings about a status change of the artwork and the author. This paper presents an ethnographic case study of cooperation between a computer analyst and an artist. It is aimed at understanding negotiation processes of shared design, distributed authorship and artwork appropriation. From an analysis of the means of communication, of various technical media and "intermediary tools", we focus our attention on role allocation, task sharing, and artwork appropriation as it is modified throughout the creative process.; Du fait de la sophistication croissante des technologies, la conception de l'art numérique mobilise des compétences hybrides. La nécessité d'une coopération avec des ingénieurs pour l'élaboration du programme informatique entraîne dans ce contexte un glissement des notions d'œuvre et d'auteur. Ce texte propose l'ethnographie située d'un cas de conception partagée entre l'artiste et l'informaticien. L'objectif visé est la compréhension des procès de négociation qui engagent la conception distribuée et la désignation de l'œuvre et de son/ses auteur(s) par les différents partenaires de la conception. À partir d'une analyse des instruments du dialogue, des diverses médiations techniques et « objets intermédiaires », nous focalisons l'attention sur la répartition des rôles, le partage des tâches et les appropriations de l'œuvre aux différents moments de sa conception.

Tax expenditures are an instrument frequently used when a government wishes to achieve certain economic and social effects. But because of the increasing number and scope of tax expenditures, their proper use, quality of administration and record-keeping have become a major challenge for the tax authorities and the whole of the government. The article considers and explains very diverse forms of tax expenditure such as reliefs, tax deductions, tax allowances, tax exceptions and special rates of taxation and the ways in which they are defined and calculated. The key problems in the analysis are the absence of a single definition and of methodology for the calculations ; these ultimately make it impossible to compare tax expenditures between or among countries.

Дан анализ влияния экономических условий на результаты деятельности сельскохозяйственных организаций региона, обоснованы направления совершенствования форм и методов государственного регулирования, определён уровень поддержки, необходимый для простого и расширенного воспроизводства в аграрном секторе южных и северных территорий Дальнего Востока., The article presents analysis of the economic conditions effect on the activity results of the region agricultural organizations. There are defined directions for improvement of forms and methods of the State regulation. There was also determined the necessary support level for simple and widened reproduction in agrarian sector of Southern and Northern territories in the Far East of Russia.

Emerging alongside the open educational resources movement of the past decade, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have been widely heralded as advancing cause of providing increased access to higher education. The article explores the implications of the recommendation by the American Council on Education (ACE) to offer college credit for a select group of MOOC offerings, with regard to benchmarks of access and affordability, in light of recent developments in credentialing. In particular, the article examines the innovative partnership between Arizona State University’s Global Freshman Academy (GFA) and MOOC provider edX, with regard to its potential to both disrupt and transform higher education by contributing to the development of accessible, affordable, alternative credentialing pathways.

The knowledge of costumer behavior can be interpreted as a provocation in the current economical conditions, however in conditions of crisis it becomes of vital importance. Consumer behavior is influenced by a series of factors. In the present conditions of economic-crisis, the consumers’ financial behavior regarding the banking services is strongly influenced by the economic environment. The psychological factor makes itself known, and consumers become more attentive with their financial resources, those owned or attracted.

В статье анализируются внешнеполитические и внешнеэкономические интересы КНР в развивающихся странах в целом и в Африке и Латинской Америке в частности а также роль и значение «третьего мира» в международных связях Китая. Автор характеризует внешнеполитическую стратегию и ее концептуальное обеспечение, цели и задачи КНР в отношении развивающихся государств (мирового «Юга»), а также конкретные практическую активность Китая в Африке и Латинской Америке в политической и хозяйственной сферах, призванную обеспечить интересы КНР в этих регионах мира., The article analyzes foreign policy and interests of China in developing countries in general and in Africa and Latin America in particular as well as role and importance of the Third World in China"s international relations .The author characterizes practices and conceptual grounding of foreign strategy, goals and objectives of the PRC towards developing countries (the global South) in political and economic spheres.

RESUMEN El deseo de hacer mas objetivos los criterios de valoracion, tanto en la docencia como en la investigacion, han introducido terminos economicos en el vocabulario universitario cuando asistimos al peor momento de una crisis economica global. La unificacion de los criterios se ha producido a la baja, nos ha llevado a valorar mas la cantidad que la calidad y la pasividad mas que la actividad. En esta situacion nos enfrentamos a la reforma de los planes de estudio conforme a las directivas de la reunion de Bolonia, reforma que debemos aprovechar para reconsiderar y mejorar la situacion actual. El debate se produce en torno a los significados de los terminos: transversalidad, coordinacion, integracion, compactacion, esponjamiento, actividad, simultaneidad y secuencia. SUMMARY The desire to make evaluation criteria more objective, in both teaching and research, has introduced economic terms into the university vocabulary when we are in the middle of a global, economic crisis. The unification of the criteria has produced a downturn and has led us to value quantity more than quality and passivity more than activity. In this situation we approach the reform of the curricula according to the directives of the meeting in Bologna, a reform which we must use to reassess and to improve the present situation. The debate takes place around the meaning of the terms: transversality, coordination, integration, compaction, absorption, activity, simultaneousness and sequence.

Focuses on the role of microfinance at the community level in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping vulnerable, low-income populations adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Biological activities that sequester carbon create CO2 offset credits that could obviate the need for reductions in fossil fuel use. Credits are earned by storing carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and wood products, although CO2 emissions are also mitigated by delaying deforestation, which accounts for one-quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, non-permanent carbon offsets from biological activities are difficult to compare with each other and with emissions reduction because they differ in how long they prevent CO2 from entering the atmosphere. This is the duration problem. It results in uncertainty and makes it hard to determine the legitimacy of biological activities in mitigating climate change. Measuring, verifying and monitoring the carbon sequestered in sinks greatly increases transaction costs and leads to rent seeking by sellers of dubious sink credits. While biological sink activities undoubtedly help mitigate climate change and should not be neglected, it is shown that there are limits to the substitutability between temporary offset credits from these activities and emissions reduction, and that this has implications for carbon trading. A possible solution to inherent incommensurability between temporary and permanent credits is also suggested.

Article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the Federal law "On insolvency (bankruptcy)", specifically the regulation of the corporate recovery procedures applied to the individual debtor (consumer bankruptcy). An analysis of results and problems of consumer lending in Russia was made. A comparative analysis of the legislation of two countries was carried out, considered results of use of consumer bankruptcy in the USA and possible problems of its application in Russia. A conclusion on support of standards of bankruptcy of individuals was drawn that according to authors will promote decrease of risks of crediting of banks and solution of a negative situation in the sphere of consumer lending.

The World Bank (WB) was found in accordance with the Bretton Woods agreement in 1944 with the mission of assisting post war reconstruction and alleviating poverty. The WB is an international institution that aims to expand development through the allocation of loans in developing countries with the hope to improve life standards of those involved. However, its success in fulfilling its aim has been challenged. This study will provide you with general information and criticism of the policies which were implemented by the institution.

Antecedentes: Aunque médicos, estudiantes y docentes coinciden en reconocer la necesidad de unos conocimientos adecuados en nutrición humana para el ejercicio de la medicina, la integración de esta disciplina en el currículum de pregrado ha sido más bien escasa. Hasta hace pocos años, en España tan sólo existían dos facultades con una asignatura obligatoria en nutrición en sus planes de estudios. Objetivo: Se pretende valorar el estado actual de la enseñanza de la nutrición dentro de los planes de estudio de la Licenciatura en Medicina y Cirugía en las universidades españolas. Materiales: Se han consultado los planes de estudio de 27 facultades de Medicina de España para averiguar: 1) si existían asignaturas delimitadas en materia de nutrición, alimentación o dietética, 2) si estas materias eran obligatorias u optativas, 3) si existían temas específicos de esta área integrados en otras asignaturas. Resultados: Los resultados de la búsqueda muestran que 7 facultades (aproximadamente un 25% del total) ofrecen una asignatura obligatoria de nutrición o dietética, mientras que 17 tienen al menos una asignatura optativa de esta materia, especialmente en 2º ciclo y con un contenido medio de 4,5 créditos; asimismo, 3 facultades ofrecen asignaturas obligatorias y optativas de forma simultánea. Dentro de los temarios de las asignaturas troncales de 2º ciclo, las asignaturas de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Pediatría parecen ser las ubicaciones más habituales de los temas de nutrición clínica, en general con un peso relativo pequeño. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran un interés creciente en la creación de asignaturas diferenciadas en nutrición o dietética. Sin embargo, continúa predominando la optatividad, y la integración de temas de nutrición humana en el programa de asignaturas troncales parece ser insuficiente para ser considerada una buena alternativa.

A punto de iniciarse el segundo milenio, conviene a economistas y financieros detenerse un instante y repasar el legado histórico de nuestros antepasados. En la Antigua Roma se conocían técnicas financieras y fórmulas bancarias avanzadas, cuyo estudio pone de manifiesto la deuda que nuestra sociedad actual tiene contraída con la Antigüedad. Nearly beguinning the second millennium, the economists and bankers must look back and to get a view about the history. In the ancient Rome, two thousands years ago, were a lot a people who knew about very advanced financial and banking tools. After a background analysis, we are sure we have a debt with the Antiquity.

El concurso de acreedores constituye una institución mixta de derecho mercantil y procesal que tiene por objeto la salvaguarda del patrimonio social o masa con la finalidad de permitir a los acreedores de una sociedad en situación de insolvencia obtener el cobro de sus créditos en la mayor medida posible, ya sea mediante la suscripción de un convenio que tienda a permitir la supervivencia de la empresa como medio de obtención de los recursos precisos para hacer frente al pago, ya sea mediante la instauración de un proceso liquidatorio que partiendo de una disolución ordenada de la sociedad, contemple la satisfacción de los acreedores de acuerdo con un orden de prelación determinado por una jerarquización crediticia construida sobre la base de la mayor preeminencia de determinados grupos de acreedores caracterizados por la relevancia social de los sujetos que integran cada grupo. La institución del concurso de acreedores viene actualmente regulada en la Ley 22/2003 de 9 de julio, inspirada en el principio de unidad de disciplina como expresamente reconoce la Exposición de Motivos de esta Ley, la cual somete a un mismo régimen normativo a la totalidad de las situaciones concursales, con independencia de que afecten a personas físicas o jurídicas, comerciantes o no. En tal contexto, las singularidades que por su idiosincrasia interna presenta la sociedad familiar tienen su reflejo en la regulación y el desarrollo del concurso de acreedores, en cuestiones tan relevantes como la génesis y virtualidad de la decisión de instar la declaración de concurso voluntario ante el Juzgado de lo Mercantil, la calificación de los créditos de los socios, su intervención en la junta de acreedores, la solicitud de la apertura de la fase de liquidación, o la calificación del concurso.The bankruptcy constitutes a mixed institution of commercial and procedural law that takes as an object the safeguard of the social heritage or mass with the purpose of allowing to the creditors of a company in situation of insolvency obtain the collection of his credits in the major possible measure, already be by means of the subscription of an agreement that tends to allow the survival of the company as way of obtaining of the precise resources to face to the payment, already be by means of the restoration of a liquidation process that departing from a dissolution been ordained as the company, contemplate the satisfaction of the creditors of agreement with an order of marshalling determined by a credit hierarchical organization constructed on the base of the major preeminence of certain groups of creditors characterized by the social relevancy of the subjects who integrate every group. The institution of the bankruptcy comes nowadays regulated in the Law 22/2003 of July 9, inspired by the beginning of unit of discipline as expressly it recognizes them the Exposition of reasons of this Law, which submits to the same normative regime to the totality of the situations compete for them, with independence of which they affect natural or juridical persons, merchants or not. In such a context, the singularities that for his internal idiosyncrasy the familiar company presents have his reflection in the regulation and the development of the creditors' contest, in questions as relevant as the genesis and virtuality of the decision of urging the declaration of voluntary bankruptcy before the Judge of the mercantile thing, the qualification of the credits of the partners, his intervention in the creditors' meeting, the request of the opening of the phase of liquidation, or the qualification of the bankruptcy.

Aperçu de la jurisprudence de l'année 2019 avec résumés des 58 arrêts les plus significatifs.

Introducción: La formación en ciencias clínicas del pregrado de medicina se fundamenta en rotaciones clínicas. Para implementar el sistema de créditos es necesario conocer cómo se llevan a cabo estas experiencias. Objetivo: Describir cómo los estudiantes utilizan el tiempo durante las rotaciones clínicas, el valor académico y el grado de disfrute que le asignan a las actividades. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo con una muestra aleatoria estratificada de cien estudiantes de los semestres clínicos. Se recolectó información sobre el tiempo empleado durante una semana, el valor educativo y el grado de disfrute de las actividades de las rotaciones clínicas. Los datos fueron analizados en Excel® 98 y SPSS. Resultados: Las actividades de un día ocuparon en promedio 10.8 h, con 7.3 h (69%) dedicadas a actividades académicas. La actividad asistencial con docente representó el mayor porcentaje de utilización del tiempo (15.4%). Durante una semana, el 56% (28 h) del tiempo efectivo estuvo dedicado al trabajo asistencial y 22.4 h (44.5%) al trabajo independiente en el sitio de práctica. El tiempo dedicado al aprendizaje en la rotación clínica corresponde a 19 créditos para un semestre de 18 semanas. Las actividades calificadas con mayor valor educativo fueron el estudio independiente por fuera de la institución (4.6) y las actividades académicas con el docente (4.5). Las calificadas como de mayor disfrute fueron las extracurriculares y la docencia formal. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes tienen mayor tiempo de contacto con los pacientes que el reportado en la literatura. El trabajo presencial de nuestros estudiantes es mayor al reportado en estudios similares. Introduction: Comprehensive undergraduate education in clinical sciences is grounded on activities developed during clerkships. To implement the credits system we must know how these experiences take place. Objectives: to describe how students spend time in clerkships, how they assess the educative value of activities and the enjoyment it provides. Method: We distributed a form to a random clustered sample of a 100 students coursing clinical sciences, designed to record the time spent, and to assess the educative value and the grade of enjoyment of the activities in clerkship during a week. Data were registered and analyzed on Excel® 98 and SPSS. Results: mean time spent by students in clerkship activities on a day were 10.8 hours. Of those, 7.3 hours (69%) were spent in formal education activities. Patient care activities with teachers occupied the major proportion of time (15.4%). Of the teaching and learning activities in a week, 28 hours (56%) were spent in patient care activities and 22.4 hours (44.5%) were used in independent academic work. The time spent in teaching and learning activities correspond to 19 credits of a semester of 18 weeks. The activities assessed as having the major educational value were homework activities (4.6) and formal education activities (4.5). The graded as most enjoyable were extracurricular activities, formal educational activities and independent academic work. Conclusion: our students spend more time in activities with patients than the reported in literature. The attending workload of our students is greater than the one reported in similar studies.

The composition of bank liabilities has captured a lot of attention especially after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. It is argued that a compositional change in non-core liabilities reflects the different stages of financial cycle. Banks usually fund their credits with core liabilities, which grow with households' wealth, but when there is a faster growth in credits compared to deposits, the banks often resort to non-core liabilities to meet the excess demand for loans. This chapter analyses the relationship between non-core liabilities and credits in a small open economy, namely Turkey. It investigates the relationship under alternative settings and presents consistent evidence on a robust relationship between credits and non-core liabilities under all frameworks. The study also verifies that elevated demand for credit may induce some increase in non-core liabilities. Finally, the relationship between non-core liabilities and credit growth is also affirmed in the long run.

14 pages; Developing international or multi-national programs is a critical and challenging issue for the future of engineering education. The purpose of such programs is both to encourage mobility of students in an inter-cultural multi-linguistic perspective, and the recognition of degrees and programs in a wider perspective than the national one in order to encourage the mobility of workers. For about twenty years, the European Commission, through several programs, in particular ERASMUS programmes, has implemented some tools, which are a first stage in this direction (e.g., ECTS and European Qualification Framework project). In order to put the reflection at a broader level, this chapter is the result of an Atlantis U.S.-European project aiming at giving some directions in order to set a U.S.-European degree in Real-Time Software Engineering. This chapter provides information and analysis of academic credit and program assessment and accreditation which will assist in the development of transatlantic engineering programs.

Antecedentes: Aunque médicos, estudiantes y docentes coinciden en reconocer la necesidad de unos conocimientos adecuados en nutrición humana para el ejercicio de la medicina, la integración de esta disciplina en el currículum de pregrado ha sido más bien escasa. Hasta hace pocos años, en España tan sólo existían dos facultades con una asignatura obligatoria en nutrición en sus planes de estudios. Objetivo: Se pretende valorar el estado actual de la enseñanza de la nutrición dentro de los planes de estudio de la Licenciatura en Medicina y Cirugía en las universidades españolas. Materiales: Se han consultado los planes de estudio de 27 facultades de Medicina de España para averiguar: 1) si existían asignaturas delimitadas en materia de nutrición, alimentación o dietética, 2) si estas materias eran obligatorias u optativas, 3) si existían temas específicos de esta área integrados en otras asignaturas. Resultados: Los resultados de la búsqueda muestran que 7 facultades (aproximadamente un 25% del total) ofrecen una asignatura obligatoria de nutrición o dietética, mientras que 17 tienen al menos una asignatura optativa de esta materia, especialmente en 2º ciclo y con un contenido medio de 4,5 créditos; asimismo, 3 facultades ofrecen asignaturas obligatorias y optativas de forma simultánea. Dentro de los temarios de las asignaturas troncales de 2º ciclo, las asignaturas de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Pediatría parecen ser las ubicaciones más habituales de los temas de nutrición clínica, en general con un peso relativo pequeño. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran un interés creciente en la creación de asignaturas diferenciadas en nutrición o dietética. Sin embargo, continúa predominando la optatividad, y la integración de temas de nutrición humana en el pro