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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate demographic and clinical factors associated with the long-term outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: A hundred ninety-six previously untreated patients with DSM-IV criteria OCD completed a 12-week randomized open trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) or fluoxetine, followed by 21 months of individualized, uncontrolled treatment, according to international guidelines for OCD treatment. OCD severity was assessed using the Yale–Brown ObsessiveCompulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at different times over the follow-up period. Demographics and several clinical variables were assessed at baseline. Results: Fifty percent of subjects improved at least 35% from baseline, and 21.3% responded fully (final Y-BOCS score < or = 8). Worse prognosis was associated with earlier age at onset of OCD (P = 0.045), longer duration of illness (P = 0.001) presence of at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder (P = 0.001), comorbidity with a mood disorder (P = 0.002), higher baseline Beck-Depression scores (P = 0.011), positive family history of tics (P = 0.008), and positive family history of anxiety disorders (P = 0.008). Type of initial treatment was not associated with long-term outcome. After correction for multiple testing, the presence of at least one comorbid disorder, the presence of a depressive disorder, and duration of OCD remained significant. Conclusions: Patients under cognitive-behavioral or pharmacological treatment improved continuously in the long run, regardless of initial treatment modality or degree of early response, suggesting that OCD patients benefit from continuous treatment. Psychiatric comorbidity, especially depressive disorders, may impair the long-term outcome of OCD patients. Depression and Anxiety 30:763–772, 2013. C � 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Clinical effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) versus fluoxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder outpatients that could present additional psychiatric comorbidities was assessed. Patients (18–65 years; baseline Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive-Scale [Y-BOCS] scores ≥ 16; potentially presenting additional psychiatric comorbidities) were sequentially allocated for treatment with GCBT (n = 70) or fluoxetine (n = 88). Mean Y-BOCS scores decreased by 23.13% in the GCBT and 21.54% in the SSRI groups (p = 0.875). Patients presented a mean of 2.7 psychiatric comorbidities, and 81.4% showed at least one additional disorder. A reduction of at least 35% in baseline Y-BOCS scores and CGI ratings of 1 (much better) or 2 (better) was achieved by 33.3% of GCBT patients and 27.7% in the SSRI group (p = 0.463). The Y-BOCS reduction was significantly lower in patients with one or more psychiatric comorbidities (21.15%, and 18.73%, respectively) than in those with pure OCD (34.62%; p = 0.034). Being male, having comorbidity of Major Depression, Social Phobia, or Dysthymia predicted a worse response to both treatments. Response rates to both treatments were similar and lower than reported in the literature, probably due to the broad inclusion criteria and the resulting sample more similar to the real world population.

Background The aim of the study was to investigate how perfectionism and sensory phenomena (SP) interact as possible phenotypic components of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods Forty-seven adult outpatients, meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for OCD, and a control group of 41 community subjects were assessed using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), the University of Sao Paulo-Sensory Phenomena Scale, and other standard measures of OCD severity. Results Three of the FMPS subscales (“concern over mistakes,” “doubts about action,” and “parental criticism”) were significantly different between OCD patients and control subjects. All subtypes of SP were significantly more frequent and more severe in OCD than in control subjects. The “incompleteness” subtype of SP was associated with high scores on all dimensions of the FMPS, whereas the “just-right” subtype of SP was only associated with “doubts about action,” “personal standards,” and “organization” subscales of the FMPS. Conclusions Presence and severity of SP and specific elements of perfectionism clearly distinguish OCD patients from healthy control subjects. Some SP subtypes are associated with specific FPMS subscale scores, whereas others are not. These results emphasize the relevance of assessing different subtypes of perfectionism and SP in OCD patients as important subcomponents of the OCD phenotype.

Introdução: A Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) e os inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina (ISRS) são considerados os tratamentos de primeira linha para o Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC) nos ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). No entanto, a maior parte destes estudos exclui grande parte dos pacientes (em torno de 50%) por apresentarem comorbidades psiquiátricas. Ensaios clínicos pragmáticos e de efetividade, que costumam simular ambientes clínicos naturalísticos ao estudar amostras que representam melhor a população real comparando tratamentos ativos, são de grande importância para as decisões tomadas por um sistema de saúde e poucos têm sido feitos para avaliar a efetividade dos tratamentos para o TOC. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os tratamentos de primeira linha para o TOC em uma amostra mais próxima da população que procura atendimento e avaliar características clínicas associadas às respostas aos tratamentos. Metodologia: Pacientes de 18 a 65 anos de idade, com escore de linha de base da YBOCS de pelo menos 16 para obsessões e compulsões, ou pelo menos 10 apenas para obsessões ou compulsões e com possíveis comorbidades psiquiátricas adicionais foram alocados seqüencialmente para tratamento de TCC em grupo (TCCG; n = 70) ou para tratamento medicamentoso (ISRS; n = 88). A TCCG consistiu em doze sessões semanais de duas horas cada com grupos de 6 a 8 pacientes, baseadas em um manual validado (Cordioli, 2002). O medicamento utilizado foi a fluoxetina com dosagem máxima de 80mg/dia. Foram analisadas respostas aos tratamentos como variáveis contínua (redução percentual na YBOCS) e categórica (redução de pelo menos 35% na YBOCS e ICG 1 muito melhor ou 2 melhor. Resultados: Os escores da YBOCS reduziram 23,13% no grupo tratado com TCCG e 21,54% no grupo tratado com ISRS, sem diferença estatística entre os grupos de tratamento (p = 0,875). Foi encontrada em 33,3% dos pacientes de TCCG e 27,7% dos pacientes de ISRS a redução de pelo menos 35% no escore da YBOCS e resposta à ICG 1 ou 2 (p = 0,463). O número médio de comorbidades psiquiátricas por paciente foi 2,7; e 81,4% da amostra apresentou pelo menos uma comorbidade. A redução na YBOCS foi significativamente menor entre os pacientes com uma ou mais comorbidade psiquiátrica (21,15% e 18,73%, respectivamente) do que entre os pacientes com TOC puro (34,62%) (p = 0,034). Sexo masculino, apresentar um escore inicial mais alto na Beck-A, ter abandonado o tratamento e apresentar comorbidade com Transtorno Depressivo Maior ou Distimia foram associados com taxas mais baixas de resposta ao tratamento, independente do tratamento recebido. Os resultados sugeriram que em uma população mais heterogênea os tratamentos de primeira linha para o TOC são menos efetivos. É necessário o desenvolvimento de intervenções que sejam efetivas para uma população da prática clínica Introduction: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are considered the first line treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in randomized controlled trials (RCT). However, most of these trials exclude a great amount of patients (around 50%) for presenting psychiatric comorbidities. Pragmatical and effectiveness clinical trials simulate natural clinical environments and compare active treatments in samples that represent the real population. These trials are of great importance for decision makers of the health public system, and only a few trials have investigated the effectiveness of treatments to OCD. The aim of this study was to compare the first line OCD treatments in a sample closer to the OCD real population, and to evaluate clinical characteristics associated to responses to treatments. Methodoly: Patients (1865 years; baseline Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) scores 16; potentially presenting additional psychiatric comorbidities) were sequentially allocated for treatment with group CBT (GCBT; n=70) or pharmacological treatment (SSRI; n=88). GCBT consisted in twelve two hours weekly sessions with groups of 6 to 8 patients, based in a validated manual (Cordioli, 2002). Medication utilized in SSRI group was fluoxetine, 80mg/day. Response to treatment was analyzed as continuous variable (percent reduction on YBOCS) and as categorical variable (reduction of at least 35% on YBOCS and CGI 1 much better or 2 better. Results: Mean Y-BOCS scores fell by 23.13% in the GCBT and 21.54% in the SSRI group. Symptom reduction did not differ between groups (p = 0.875). A reduction of at least 35% in baseline Y-BOCS score and a CGI rating of 1 (much better) or 2 (better) was achieved by 33.3% of patients in the GCBT and 27.7% in the SSRI group (p=0.463). Patients presented 2.7 mean number of psychiatric comorbidity, and 81.4% showed at least one additional disorder. The YBOCS reduction was significantly lower in patients with one or more psychiatric comorbidities (21.15%, and 18.73%, respectively) than those with pure OCD (34.62%) (p = 0.034). Low responses to treatments were found to be associated to: being male, presenting a high initial Beck-A score, comorbid major depression, dysthymia and abandoning treatment, independently of the treatment received. The development of effective interventions to a real population is necessary

The purpose of this study was to investigate demographic and clinical factors associated with the long-term outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).A hundred ninety-six previously untreated patients with DSM-IV criteria OCD completed a 12-week randomized open trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) or fluoxetine, followed by 21 months of individualized, uncontrolled treatment, according to international guidelines for OCD treatment. OCD severity was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at different times over the follow-up period. Demographics and several clinical variables were assessed at baseline.Fifty percent of subjects improved at least 35% from baseline, and 21.3% responded fully (final Y-BOCS scoreor = 8). Worse prognosis was associated with earlier age at onset of OCD (P = 0.045), longer duration of illness (P = 0.001) presence of at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder (P = 0.001), comorbidity with a mood disorder (P = 0.002), higher baseline Beck-Depression scores (P = 0.011), positive family history of tics (P = 0.008), and positive family history of anxiety disorders (P = 0.008). Type of initial treatment was not associated with long-term outcome. After correction for multiple testing, the presence of at least one comorbid disorder, the presence of a depressive disorder, and duration of OCD remained significant.Patients under cognitive-behavioral or pharmacological treatment improved continuously in the long run, regardless of initial treatment modality or degree of early response, suggesting that OCD patients benefit from continuous treatment. Psychiatric comorbidity, especially depressive disorders, may impair the long-term outcome of OCD patients.

Background Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic condition that normally presents high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Depression, tic disorders and other anxiety disorders are among the most common comorbidities in OCD adult patients. There is evidence that the higher the number of psychiatric comorbidities, the worse the OCD treatment response. However, little is known about the impact of OCD treatment on the outcome of the psychiatric comorbidities usually present in OCD patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of exclusive, conventional treatments for OCD on the outcome of additional psychiatric disorders of OCD patients, detected at baseline. Methods Seventy-six patients with primary OCD admitted to the treatment protocols of the Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program between July 2007 and December 2009 were evaluated at pre-treatment and after 12 months. Data were analyzed to verify possible associations between OCD treatment response and the outcome of psychiatric comorbidities. Results Results showed a significant association between OCD treatment response and improvement of major depression and dysthymia (p-value = 0.002), other anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified) (p-value = 0.054) and tic disorders (p-value = 0.043). Limitations This is an open, non-blinded study, without rating scales for comorbid conditions. Further research is necessary focusing on the possible mechanisms by which OCD treatment could improve these specific disorders. Conclusions Our results suggest that certain comorbid disorders may benefit from OCD-targeted treatment.

Few case series studies have addressed the issue of treatment response in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and there are no prospective studies addressing response to conventional treatment in OCD patients with a history of trauma (HT). The present study aimed to investigate, prospectively, the impact of HT or PTSD on two systematic, first-line treatments for OCD. Two hundred and nineteen non-treatment-resistant OCD outpatients were treated with either group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT n = 147) or monotherapy with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI n = 72). Presence of HT and PTSD were assessed at intake, as part of a broader clinical and demographical baseline characterization of the sample. Severity and types of OCD symptoms were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and the Dimensional YBOCS (DYBOCS), respectively. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Both treatments had 12-week duration. Treatment response was considered as a categorical [35% or greater reduction in baseline YBOCS scores plus a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement rating of better (2) or much better (1)] and continuous variable (absolute number reduction in baseline YBOCS scores). Treatment response was compared between the OCD + HT group versus the OCD without HT group and between the OCD + PTSD group versus the OCD without PTSD group. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used when indicated. Data on HT and PTSD were available for 215 subjects. Thirty-eight subjects (17.67% of the whole sample) had a positive HT (OCD + HT group) and 22 subjects (57.89% of the OCD + HT group and 10.23% of the whole sample) met full DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. The OCD + HT and OCD without HT groups presented similar response to GCBT (60% of responders in the first group and 63% of responders in the second group, p = 1.00). Regarding SSRI treatment, the difference between the response of the OCD + HT (47.4%) and OCD without HT (22.2%) groups was marginally significant (p = 0.07). In addition, the OCD + PTSD group presented a greater treatment response than the OCD without PTSD group when treatment response was considered as a continuous variable (p = 0.01). The age when the first trauma occurred had no impact on treatment response. In terms of specific OCD symptom dimensions, as measured by the DYBOCS, OCD treatment fostered greater reductions for the OCD + PTSD group than for the OCD without PTSD group in the scores of contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions, collecting and hoarding and miscellaneous obsessions and related compulsions (including illness concerns and mental rituals, among others). The OCD + PTSD group also presented a greater reduction in anxiety scores than the OCD without PTSD group (p = 0.003). The presence of HT or PTSD was not related to a poorer treatment response in this sample of non-treatment-resistant OCD patients. Unexpectedly, OCD patients with PTSD presented a greater magnitude of response when compared with OCD without PTSD patients in specific OCD symptom dimensions. Future studies are needed to clarify if trauma and PTSD have a more significant impact on the onset and clinical expression of OCD than on the conventional treatment for this condition, and whether OCD stemming from trauma would constitute a subtype of OCD with a distinct response to conventional treatment.

Howard Kushner, one of the greatest historians on Tourette syndrome (TS) did an important review on the history of TS which served as the basis for this introduction (see Kushner, 1999, for review). He performed detailed research in which he personally translated several French documents, including the first article by Gilles de la Tourette, published in 1885 and which reports a case series of patients who presented a combination of multiple motor tics and “involuntary” vocalizations with the eventual appearance of eruptive cursing that he designated “coprolalia” (Tourette, 1885). Gilles de la Tourette labeled this disorder maladie des tics convulsifs avec coprolalie, insisting that it was distinct from choreas and hysterias. Based on nine patients’ case histories, Gilles de la Tourette concluded that, although its signs and symptoms might wax and wane, the disease ultimately resisted all interventions (Kushner, 1999). Many theories were postulated to explain the origin of this strange disease, such as psychologic (a type of hysteria), degenerative, infectious (a type of chorea, or rheumatic fever, or secondary to encephalitis), and hereditary. As a result, patients with similar medical histories and symptoms received different treatments depending on the philosophy and training of their particular physicians (Kushner and Howard, 2000).