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285 p. Estudio de la mitofagia y el estrés de retículo endoplasmático en respuesta a un programa de entrenamiento físico de fuerza como base para nuevas estrategias terapéuticas de envejecimiento saludable. = Aging is associated with an immunosenescence process, which manifests as a chronic sterile low-grade inflammation state (inflammaging). This inflammaging has been related to the biological aging process and aging-related diseases. The accumulation of cellular damage as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) with age appear to be the key to activate Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and star the inflammatory response through NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. The autophagic process, responsible for the elimination of damaged molecules and organelles, is closely linked to the inflammatory response, so that the deterioration of autophagic capacity experienced with age leads to an excessive accumulation of DAMPs in the cell cytosol, stimulating the inflammatory response. An important source of DAMPs in aging is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria, especially when they suffer alterations in their membrane potential and mitophagy is inhibited, such that damaged mitochondria accumulate. Moreover, the apoptosis process, also closely linked to inflammation, increase with age, especially in the thymus, increasing the alteration of the inflammatory response, as well as the quantity and quality of immune cells, and in the muscle, favoring the loos of muscular tissue, named sarcopenia. On the other hand, during aging there is an increase in misfolded or unfolded proteins, generating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). The age-relate ERS appears to be due to a failure of the folding systems - chaperones - as well as a decline in the main mediators of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, senescent cells secrete high levels of inflammatory mediators resulting in what is known as the somatic cell senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Along with an increase in cfDNA release, these SASP mediators include cytokines, proteases, growth factors or chemokines, as well as different types of microRNAs, such as the senescence- and inflammation-related mitochondrial miR-146a-5p. It is widely demonstrated that regular exercise provides benefits throughout the body. Specifically, it has been speculated that resistance exercise can, not only increase strength and stop the loss of muscle mass in aging, but also have great anti-inflammatory effects, either directly modifying the inflammatory response or indirectly through the regulation of autophagy, and mitophagy, apoptosis and UPR cellular processes or by modulating the age-associated biomarkers miR-146a-5p and cfDNA release into the circulation. Although in last decades it has been suggested that these systemic effects may be due to the release of myokines by the muscle, recent evidence seems to indicate that other cell types participate in the exercise-mediated release of charged molecules in extracellular vesicles, as exosomes. However, the evidence of the capacity of the resistance training in modifying the mentioned molecular and cellular processes in the elderly are very little or, in some cases, nonexistent. Therefore, the objective of the present Doctoral Thesis was to evaluate the effects of 8-week resistance exercise on NLRP3 inflammasome response, autophagy capacity and mitophagy initiation, apoptosis activation, UPR signaling, and miR-146a-5p, cfDNA and exosome release in healthy elderly individuals. Thirty-eight women and men were assigned to a strength training group (TG), who performed an 8-week resistance training program, or to a control group (CG), who continued with their daily routine. Before and after the intervention, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. On the one hand, protein expression of beclin-1, Atg12, Atg16 and LAMP-2 increased following the training program, while expression of p62/SQSTM1 and phosphorylation of ULK-1 at Ser757 were significantly lower. Resistance exercise also induced a decrease in NLRP3 expression and in the caspase-1/procaspase-1 ratio. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, as well as the Bad/BcL-2, ratio were reduced, and there was a significant decrease in the protein content of caspase-3. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of PERK and IRE1, as well as ATF4, and XBP1 protein expression, significantly increased following the training, while expression of BiP, AFT6 and CHOP remain without changes. Additionally, the intervention also induced an increase in PGC-1a and Mfn1 protein levels, while no changes were found in Drp1 expression. Finally, the resistance protocol was not able to activate PINK1/Parkin and Bnip3/Nix pathways. Finally, results showed no changes in plasma miR-146a-5p and cfDNA levels with training. Furthermore, the levels of exosome markers (Flot-1, CD9, and CD81) as well as exosome-carried proteins (CD14 and VDAC1) remained unchanged, whereas an attenuated CD63 response was found in trained group compared to the controls. The results indicate that the 8-week resistance exercise carried out is capable of decreasing the inflammatory response mediated by the NLRP3 inflammation, and that it confirms a lower expression of the pro-inflammatory exosomal marker CD63 in the group trained after exercise. However, no effect was observed on the expression of other exosomal markers, as well as on the release into plasma of the biomarkers miR-146a and cfDNA. In addition, resistance exercise is capable of promoting autophagy, without influencing mitophagy, as well as the processes of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion and UPR, decreasing the apoptosis process in elderly PBMCs. Although further research is needed to present decisive outcomes, the results of the present Doctoral Thesis suggest that the well-established interrelationship between inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, as well as the increase of the mitochondrial network and the activation of the UPR could be the underlying mechanisms involved. on the exercise-mediated systemic beneficial effects on the elderly and reinforces the idea that regular physical activity is one of the most powerful anti-aging treatments that exists, being the key in the healthy aging process.

Resumen basado en la investigación El síndrome metabólico está frecuentemente asociado a una gran variedad de condiciones médicas, y su patogénesis tiene múltiples orígenes, pero la obesidad y el estilo de vida sedentario combinado con una dieta desequilibrada, pueden producir este síndrome. El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la asociación que existe ente la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico e índice general de acondicionamiento físico en estudiantes de la Facultad de Nutrición campus Xalapa de la Universidad Veracruzana. Material y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de tipo transversal y descriptivo; por el tipo de asignación de la exposición o variable en estudio, no-experimental u observacional; por el número de mediciones que se realiza en cada sujeto para verificar la ocurrencia del evento: transversal ya que el cuestionario se aplicó por una única vez. Se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas, datos clínicos, evaluación antropométrica y de acondicionamiento físico. Resultados. La muestra estudiada fue de 324 estudiantes, que representa el 56.54 % del total de la población entre hombres y mujeres que aceptaron participar en el estudio. Los resultados de la prueba de Odds ratio demuestra que existe 4.7 veces más de riesgo de presentar uno o más componentes de SM si se tiene mal acondicionamiento físico en la población, ese riesgo pudiera ir desde 1.8 hasta 12, lo cual se confirma con el valor de P de 0.005, con un nivel de error de 0.5%. En el apartado de conclusiones destaca que más del 50% de la población estudiada no práctica ejercicio de manera regular. Castilla y León ESP

La ansiedad es un trastorno cada vez más común en nuestra sociedad. Su prevalencia e incidencia han experimentado un importante aumento en los últimos años a nivel mundial siendo la relación de la misma con el ejercicio físico, un tema sobre el que se han realizado gran cantidad de estudios. El objetivo de esta revisión ha sido recopilar y analizar varios de los más recientes para comprobar si la práctica de ejercicio físico influye en los niveles de ansiedad padecidos. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, una vez empleado el formato PICO con el fin de exponer y abordar la idea del trabajo, se han seleccionado 13 artículos científicos encontrados al consultar diversas bases de datos (Dialnet, Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science y Pubmed) utilizando los thesaurus correspondientes con el operador boleano AND (todos ellos con una antigüedad menor de 5 años y realizados en humanos). Al comparar los resultados se ha observado una disminución del nivel de ansiedad en sujetos sometidos a un periodo de entrenamiento, además de menores probabilidades de padecer ansiedad por parte de los individuos activos. Los resultados de estudios semejantes y diversos autores relacionados con este trastorno hablan también de esta tendencia y coinciden en que la práctica de ejercicio físico ayuda a disminuir los niveles de ansiedad padecidos, por lo que podría utilizarse como tratamiento coadyuvante de la misma.

El envejecimiento progresivo de la población española para las décadas venideras y el aumento de la esperanza de vida constituirán un problema sanitario y económico con graves efectos para la sociedad. Por ello, es de vital importancia buscar soluciones ante este envejecimiento poblacional y poder lograr que las personas de avanzada edad sean físicamente activas el mayor tiempo posible. El objetivo de este trabajo es adentrarse en la relación existente entre el acortamiento telomérico y una mayor propensión a padecer diversas enfermedades, y de igual manera, buscar terapias relacionadas con la práctica de ejercicio físico para paliar este desgaste telomérico. Tras una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica, se ha encontrado que, efectivamente, el ejercicio físico es una estrategia eficaz en la lucha contra el envejecimiento y el desgaste telomérico que se produce con este proceso fisiológico, y por ende, la actividad física reduciría el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades tales como cáncer o accidentes cardiovasculares. Por tanto, el ejercicio físico se postula como una terapia útil y de bajo coste para reducir los efectos negativos asociados a la edad.