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HPV vaccine uptake remains low in China, especially among girls. Recently, China has initiated a pilot program on HPV immunization for girls 9–14. From November to December 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of girls 9–14 in China through a web-based anonymous online questionnaire survey. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze parental acceptability. Hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling were to determine associated factors. A total of 5623 participants were included in the analysis. 21.2% girls had received HPV vaccine, and 94.3% parents intended to receive vaccination for their daughters, the Kappa values between them was −0.016. 31.9% of vaccinated mothers had received HPV vaccine for their daughters, vaccination history had a positive impact on behavior (β = 0.048). Attitude (β = 0.186), subjective norms (β = 0.148) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.648) had a positive impact on intention. Vaccination intention mediated the relationships between attitude (β = 0.044), subjective norms (β = 0.035), and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.154) with behavior. There is a gap between vaccination intention and behavior in parents of girls 9–14. Perceived behavior control had a strong association on HPV vaccination behavior.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Temporal changes in the odds ratios of pertussis under the effect of a) vaccine hesitancy, b) childhood vaccine hesitancy, and c) maternal vaccine hesitancy at all doses. Fig. S2. Sensitivity analysis of subgroup analyses pooled vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates between the maternal fully vaccinated and vaccine hesitancy groups. Fig. S3. Sensitivity analysis of subgroup analyses pooled vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates between the childhood fully vaccinated and vaccine hesitancy groups. Table S1. Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis. Table S2. Quality evaluation results of NOS included in the study. Table S3. Sensitive analyses of pooled meta-analysis estimates.

The soluble dietary fiber from Asparagus officinalis (ASDF) was successively prepared using enzymolysis combined with spray-drying technology. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that ASDF contained two polysaccharide fractions with the average molecular weight of 2.77 × 105 and 6.44 × 103 Da, and was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose with a molecular ratio of 19.93:1.02:1.94:32.17:1.00:1.91, respectively. ASDF showed potential in vitro antioxidant activities. The oral administration of ASDF significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HD-induced mice serum. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that ASDF significantly affected the composition of intestinal microbiota, especially reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidotetes ratio and the relative abundances of Desulfobacterota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and increasing that of Muribaculaceae, Bacteroides, and Alloprevotella. These results demonstrated that the intake of ASDF could regulate intestinal microbiota and serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemic conditions.

GOST, known as GOST-28147-89, was standardized as the Russian encryption standard in 1989. It is a lightweight-friendly cipher and suitable for the resource-constrained environments. However, due to the simplicity of GOST’s key schedule, it encountered reflection attack and fixed point attack. In order to resist such attacks, the designers of GOST proposed a modification of GOST, namely, 2-GOST. This new version changes the order of subkeys in the key schedule and uses concrete S-boxes in round function. But regarding single-key attacks on full-round 2-GOST, Ashur et al. proposed a reflection attack with data of 2 32 on a weak-key class of size 2 224 , as well as the fixed point attack and impossible reflection attack with data of 2 64 for all possible keys. Note that the attacks applicable for all possible keys need the entire plaintext space. In other words, these are codebook attacks. In this paper, we propose single-key attacks on 2-GOST with only about 2 32 data instead of codebook. Firstly, we apply 2-dimensional meet-in-the-middle attack combined with splice-cut technique on full-round 2-GOST. This attack is applicable for all possible keys, and its data complexity reduces from previous 2 64 to 2 32 . Besides that, we apply splice-cut meet-in-the-middle attack on 31-round 2-GOST with only data of 2 32 . In this attack, we only need 8 bytes of memory, which is negligible.

Waned vaccine-induced immunity and emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants with potential for immune escape pose a major threat to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we showed that humoral immunity components, including anti-S + N, anti-RBD IgG, and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), gradually waned and decreased the neutralizing capacity against emerging Omicron variants at 3 and 6 months after two inactivated COVID-19 vaccinations. We evaluated two boosting strategies with either a third dose of inactivated vaccine (homologous, I-I-I) or a recombinant subunit vaccine (heterologous, I-I-S). Both strategies induced the production of high levels of NAbs with a broad neutralizing capacity and longer retention. Interestingly, I-I-S induced 3.5-fold to 6.8-fold higher NAb titres than I-I-I, with a broader neutralizing capacity against six variants of concern, including Omicron. Further immunological analysis revealed that the two immunization strategies differ considerably, not only in the magnitude of total NAbs produced, but also in the composite pattern of NAbs and the population of virus-specific CD4+ T cells produced. Additionally, in some cases, heterologous boosted immunity induced the production of more effective epitopes than natural infection. The level of I-I-S-induced NAbs decreased to 48% and 18% at 1 and 3 months after booster vaccination, respectively. Overall, our data provide important evidence for vaccination strategies based on available vaccines and may help guide future global vaccination plans.

A fucoidan SFP, having novel structure, was extracted from Sargassum fusiforme. It had a molecular weight of 703 kDa and was composed of fucose and galactose with the ratio of 73.16:26.84 (mol%). Structural analyses showed that it mainly consisted of 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,3,4-linked-α-l-Fucp and 1,3-, 1,6-linked-β-d-Galp, with partial sulfation at C-4, C-3 of fucose units and C-6, C-3 of galactose units. The branches consisted of sulfated fucosyl and galactofucosyl oligosaccharides. The regulatory effects of SFP on the intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice were investigated. The high-dosage SFP exhibited good hypolipidemic effects, especially in regulating the high-densitylipoproteincholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid levels and lipase activity. It also significantly decreased the ratio of phyla Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (P 0.05). Besides, SFP had certain effects on the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota. Therefore, SFP exhibited novel structure and certain beneficial effects on the disorder of intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice.

An easy and low-temperature mixed-solvent method was developed for one-step fabrication of single-crystal β-Co(OH) 2 hexagonal microrings (MRs) by aging in situ generated β-Co(OH) 2 microsheets (MSs) at room temperature for 24–60 h. Dynamic factors (i.e., concentration, water-to-ethanol volume ratio δ , amount of water added, aging temperature, and aging time) were used to control the size and structure of the resulting MRs. β-Co(OH) 2 MRs were easily formed under conditions of low aging temperatures, appropriate δ (3:1–6:1), additional H 2 O, or extended aging. The morphological evolution from microsheets to microrings could be ascribed to the dissolution-diffusion-recrystallization behavior on the (001) facets. The proposed method is simple and environmentally benign. The unique as-obtained β-Co(OH) 2 MRs function as the modified electrode and exhibit excellent sensitivity to NO 2 − . The controllable synthesis of β-Co(OH) 2 MRs with exposed (001) plane offers an effective means for developing layered electrode materials with high sensitivity for detecting nitrite ions.

Genomic editing with CRISPR/Cas9 system can simultaneously modify multiple copies of theBnaFAD2 gene to develop novel variations in fatty acids profiles in polyploidy rapeseed. Fatty acid composition affects edible and processing quality of vegetable oil and has been one of the primary targets for genetic modification in oilseed crops including rapeseed (Brassica napus). Fatty acid desaturase 2 gene, FAD2, is a key player that affects three major fatty acids, namely oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, in oilseed plants. Previously, we showed that there are four copies of BnaFAD2 in allotetraploid rapeseed. In this study, we further established spatiotemporal expression pattern of each copy of BnaFAD2 using published RNA-seq data. Genomic editing technology based on CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to mutate all the copies of BnaFAD2 to create novel allelic variations in oleic acid and other fatty acid levels. A number of mutants at two targeting sites were identified, and the phenotypic variation in the mutants was systematically evaluated. The oleic acid content in the seed of the mutants increased significantly with the highest exceeding 80% compared with wild type of 66.43%, while linoleic and linolenic acid contents decreased accordingly. Mutations on BnaFAD2.A5 caused more dramatic changes of fatty acid profile than the mutations on BnaFAD2.C5 alleles that were identified with gene editing technique for the first time. Moreover, combining different mutated alleles of BnaFAD2 can even broaden the variation more dramatically. It was found that effects of different mutation types at BnaFAD2 alleles on oleic levels varied, indicating a possibility to manipulate fatty acid levels by precise mutation at specific region of a gene.

The publish/subscribe model has gained prominence in the Internet of things (IoT) network, and both Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) support it. However, existing coverage-based fuzzers may miss some paths when fuzzing such publish/subscribe protocols, because they implicitly assume that there are only two parties in a protocol, which is not true now since there are three parties, i.e., the publisher, the subscriber and the broker. In this paper, we propose MultiFuzz, a new coverage-based multiparty-protocol fuzzer. First, it embeds multiple-connection information in a single input. Second, it uses a message mutation algorithm to stimulate protocol state transitions, without the need of protocol specifications. Third, it uses a new desockmulti module to feed the network messages into the program under test. desockmulti is similar to desock (Preeny), a tool widely used by the community, but it is specially designed for fuzzing and is 10x faster. We implement MultiFuzz based on AFL, and use it to fuzz two popular projects Eclipse Mosquitto and libCoAP. We reported discovered problems to the projects. In addition, we compare MultiFuzz with AFL and two state-of-the-art fuzzers, MOPT and AFLNET, and find it discovering more paths and crashes.

We propose a FPGA-based real-time interference alignment (IA) verification system by combining multiple F-PGA from a software defined radio (SDR), where the high-level hardware description language (HDL) and the modular design are adopted. The system exhibits excellent scalability, utility and flexibility in the development of the IA verification system, and reduces the computational amount and complexity of implementing IA technology. Referring to IEEE 802.11a physical protocol data unit (PPDU) frame structure, this paper designs a unique physical frame structure to obtain the global channel status information (CSI). To demonstrating the IA verification system, this paper detailed describes the accomplished procedure based on the proposed system architecture at SDR.

In the present study, we developed a novel method to simultaneously detect eight classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP), in sediment and fish tissue samples. The samples were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) system, and the extracts were purified and fractionated into fraction1 and fraction2 with multi-layer silica gel column, followed by further fractionation using a basic alumina column (fraction1) and a Florisil column (fraction2), respectively. Finally, fractions were analyzed with different chromatographic columns and different detectors according to the properties of a chemical compound. The limit of detection for eight classes of POPs ranged from 1 to 30 pg/gdw in fish tissue samples, and from 1 to 33 pg/gdw in sediment samples, except for SCCPs (from 5.6 to 7.6 ng/g in fish tissue samples, and from 1.2 to 8.3 ng/gdw in sediment samples). The recoveries of eight classes of POPs spiked in fish tissue and sediment samples ranged from 43% to 120%, and from 45% to 115%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 25%. The accuracy of method was satisfactorily demonstrated by analysis of standard reference materials NIST SRM 1649b and WMF-01. In addition, the newly developed method was successfully applied for analysis of sediment and fish samples collected from the Baiyangdian Lake.

Based on the DMSP/OLS nighttime lighting data, the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of urbanization in Taihu Lake Basin from 1992 to 2010 were illustrated. In the meantime, the dynamic change characteristics of vegetation cover in Taihu Lake Basin from 1998-2010 were revealed according to the annual maximum ten-day normalized vegetation NDVI index and the corresponding vegetation coverage rate of SPOT in 1km × 1km resolution. Subsequently, the temporal and spatial response characteristics of vegetation cover factor to urbanization were also identified. The results showed that the urbanization process of the Taihu Lake Basin has been accelerated substantially since the beginning of the 1990s, and the intensity of nighttime and human activity has continuously increased. The urban built-up area has expanded extensively in the eastern part of the basin. Although the annual maximum ten-day normalized vegetation index NDVI and vegetation coverage in the whole basin over the past more than 10 years did not exhibit significant decline or class difference, there were significant negative temporal correlations of the annual maximum NDVI index and the vegetation coverage with the light intensity in the surrounding area and the corridors of main communication. As a result, the vegetation coverage in Puxi, Pudong, Yangcheng-Dianmao, and WuchengXiYu exhibited continued downward trends. At the same time, there was a close relationship between the spatial pattern of vegetation coverage and the pattern of urbanization in Taihu Lake Basin. On the spatial scale of 1km × 1km, there were significant negative correlations between NDVI and light intensity in the whole basin except for the Taihu Lake area over all the investigated years. Since the rapid urbanization of the Taihu Lake Basin has a significant effect on vegetation cover characteristics, it is necessary to reinforce the ecological protection, restoration and other measures to scientifically respond and prevent changes in vegetation cover caused by the ecological environment and hydrological risks.

The trains of 200 ms biphasic square pulses with the width of 9 ms delivered at 50 Hz were found to be the most suitable and effective mean as stimulation in FES system of restoring the blink function in unilateral facial nerve paralysis rabbit model. FES system is a reliable tool for these patients. Facial paralysis affects thousands of people every year. Many will have long term facial difficulties and the loss of the ability to blink the eye, which can lead to potential loss of the eye. Although many treatments exist, no one approach corrects all the deficits associated with the loss of orbicularis oculi function. FES is a means of providing movement in paralysed muscles to assist with practical activities and one possible way of restoring blink and other functions in these patients. Although some previous researches had investigated the effect of simple FES system on restoration of paralyzed facial muscles, there is still controversy about the appropriate details of the most effective stimulating pulses, such as the frequency, wave pattern and pulse width. Our aim is to find out the parameters of the most appropriate and effective stimulatin verify it by a simple FES system. 24 healthy adult male New Zealand white rabbits were accepted the surgery of right side facial nerve main trunk transaction under general anesthesia as the unilateral facial nerve paralysis models. The platinum tungsten alloy electrodes were implanted in orbicularis oculi muscle. The parameters of stimulus pulses were set to a 200 ms biphasic pulse with different waveforms (square, sine and triangle), different frequencies (25, 50, 100 Hz) and different widths from 1 to 9 ms. Next, we set up a simple FES system to verify the previous results as the stimulus signal. We observed the movement of the both sides of eyelid when eye blink induced by different kinds of pulses. In all animals, the three kinds of waveforms pulse with frequency of 25 Hz could not evoke the smooth blink movement. But the pulses with frequency of 50 and 100 Hz can achieve this effect. The voltage threshold of the square pulse was lower than that of the sine pulse and triangle pulse. With the increase of pulse width from 1 to 9 ms, the voltage threshold decreased gradually. The voltage threshold of the pulse with frequency of 100 Hz was obviously lower than that of 50 Hz. But the amount of total charge of the stimulation pulse of 100 Hz was significantly more than that of 50 Hz. In addition, when the FES system was turned on, the eye blink on the affected side with the stimulation pulses that were set by the previous step results was successfully aroused by the blink movement as a trigger on the contralateral.

VR shooting theaters are very popular now, and shooting recognition system is one of the important components. In this paper, we will introduce a new simulation gun and a novel shooting recognition system used in VR shooting theaters in which multi-players can moving freely, and describe how to improve the realistic experience of shooting actions in virtual worlds. We will also show one of its application in two-view VR shooting theaters in which players can see the different pictures rendered from different viewpoints.

Stereoscopic multi-view system can provide multiple users with individual views of a virtual environment. But the existed systems can only present n (n=6 currently) images, limited by its ratio to the refresh rate of display set, for users on a shared display set. To support more users, we propose two methods to cluster the users into k (k=n) groups, so that users can perceive different stereoscopic images in different regions and the same image in the same region. The first method subdivides the virtual space into k=n fixed regions by Centroidal Voronoi Diagram (CVD) in the preprocessing step, where the centroid positions of CVD regions are used as viewpoints to render corresponding images. It runs fast because it only need to trace the positions of users and compute in which CVD regions they are locating in the running time, and the viewpoints can stay stabilized at some time. But it may lead to different views for users who are located in different regions while close to each other. The other method is designed to dynamically divide the virtual space into k=n regions by k-means method in the running time, where the centroid positions of cluster blocks are used as viewpoints to render corresponding images. It can compute more effective viewpoints and more realistic images. As viewpoints are real-time computed according to the variable spatial-temporal information of users, the number of rendering images can be dynamic during the process, i.e., It is possible to be equal to or less than the maximum number of views the system can display, depending on the distribution of positions of moving users.

In traditional shooting theater system, only one single scene image can be presented to all the players, and the interaction based on simulation guns is limited. In this paper, we describe a novel shooting theater system for freely moving players, which is equipped with two-view projecting system, individual surround-stereo earphone and user-customized simulation gun. To provide friendly user interaction, a new-designed strategy of simulation gun is introduced. In the end, a tennis game system is given to show the extensibility and practicability of our system.

Groundwater in karst aquifer and porous aquifer always have close hydraulic connection. However, groundwater in karst aquifer always behaves as turbulent flow, while the porous groundwater flows in a laminar way. Due to the different flow properties, it is difficult to simulate the connection between the two types of groundwater simultaneously, in one model. This paper aims at designing a coupled model which is able to describe the hydraulic connection between the karst and porous groundwater system. The MODFLOW is applied on the porous groundwater modeling, while a tank model is employed to simulate the karst groundwater system. An Adapted General Head Boundary (AGHB) is designed to couple the MODFLOW and the tank model. The Taiyuan City is taken as the typical study case to evaluate the coupled model. The result shows: (1) the coupled model based on AGHB has satisfied performance for porous groundwater modelling; (2) with AGHB, the karst groundwater head (an unknown variant in general head boundary) could be modeled by the tank model according to the recharge and artificial discharge. The coupled model could simulate the head dynamic of karst groundwater and the lateral discharge automatically; (3) the computation cost of the coupled model is slightly larger than the pure porous model solved by MODFLOW.