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Background Polio eradication has been achieved in the world except for three countries due to the widespread use of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and the live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine. Following polio eradication, the IPV would be the only polio vaccine available. However, the mechanisms of the interactions between IPV and human antigen-presenting cells (APCs) remain largely unclear. Methods To investigate the involvement of the IPV in human monocytes, we downloaded the gene chip GSE44721 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the GEO2R analysis tool. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed for DEGs using the Metascape database. DEG-associated protein-protein-interactions (PPIs) were established by the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes website and visualized by Cytoscape. Results There were 240 DEGs (51 upregulated and 189 downregulated genes) identified from the GSE44721 data set, and they were significantly enriched in several biological processes, including antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib, adaptive immune response, and response to interferon-gamma. One hundred thirty-six nodes were screened from the DEG PPI network. There were six significant hub proteins (WDR36, MRTO4, RPF2, PPAN, CD40, and BMS1) that regulated the IPV in human monocytes. Conclusions In summary, using bioinformatical analysis, we have information for the immunization activated by the IPV in monocytes. Moreover, hormones and cytokines regulate the activation of APCs.

To analyze the effects of phenol red at various pH values on the Sabin type 2 inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV2), several biophysical techniques were used to evaluate the particle size and capsid protein for conformation. sIPV2's size was assessed via transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The effects of various pH values (from 4.0 to 7.0) on the biophysical characters of sIPV2 particles in solution were determined by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential. The results clearly indicated that aggregation and instability occurred in the solution of sIPV2 particles at a pH of 6.0. Under similar conditions, by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential, the virus particles in solution showed more dispersion and were stable with the addition of 0.05 mM phenol red. According to circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence data, it was observed that the secondary and tertiary structures of the sIPV2 particles were more stable with the protection of phenol red. At a pH below 6.0, the sIPV2 solution with phenol red had more D-antigen content, which was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rat experiments. These results strongly suggested that phenol red improved the pH stability of the sIPV2. The study indicated the potential of phenol red in preserving vaccine potency of the sIPV2 at various pH values.

Cephalosporin fermentation residue (CFR) is a byproduct of the pharmaceutical industry that may be disposed through land application. While this organic residue can improve soil physico-chemical properties, the possibility of CFR-induced antibiotic resistance in the native soil microbial community still needs to be investigated. In a lab-based incubation study, the CFR-induced selection for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including changes in the structure of native soil bacterial populations, antibiotic-induced selection and lateral transfer potential, was determined with quantitative PCR array and 16S amplicon sequencing. CFR amendment of soil increased the abundance of β-lactam resistance genes over time. There were higher abundance of β-lactam resistance genes in soil receiving raw CFR than treated CFR, indicating that antibiotics or metabolites contained in raw CFR contributed to the selection of resistant microorganisms. There were more mobile genetic elements in the raw CFR-amended soil, which is further evidence that bacterial responses contributed to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes within species in the bacterial community. Marked shifts in the native soil bacterial community composition were observed and several specific genera probably contributed to the resistance as representatives of corresponding phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, suggesting a phylogenetic basis for the increase of resistance genes in CFR-amended soil. These results imply the selection for β-lactam resistance genes at multiple levels following the application of CFR to arable soil.

Obtaining high quality syngas from sewage sludge (SS) means transferring a low-grade SS into a highgrade fuel or raw materials for chemical products. In this study, Fe is added to SS in form of Fe2(SO4)3 to produce an effective and self-sufficient catalyst in order to obtain more syngas and minimize liquid products from SS pyrolysis. The Fe-embedded sewage sludge chars (SSCs) were used as catalysts for volatile reforming at 600 °C. It has been found that the gas yield increases from 15.9 to 35.8 wt% of the SS and that of liquids decreases from 31.9 to 10.2 wt% after volatile reforming with Fe-embedded SSC when Fe was added equal to 7 % in the dried SS. In addition, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in the oily products decreased. After reforming with Fe-embedded SSC, the molar fractions of syngas combustible components, including H2, CH4 and CO, increase, and the higher heating value of the syngas increased to 17.0 MJ/Nm3 from the original 12.5 MJ/Nm3 obtained from SS pyrolysis at 550 °C. Moreover, the volatile reforming seems to reduce the level of some important syngas pollutants, like H2S, HCl and HCN, even though it was also observed an increase of the contents of SO2, NH3, NO2, HCNO and N2O. Obtaining high quality syngas from sewage sludge (SS) means transferring a low-grade SS into a high-grade fuel or raw materials for chemical products. In this study, Fe is added to SS in form of Fe2(SO4)3 to produce an effective and self-sufficient catalyst in order to obtain more syngas and minimize liquid products from SS pyrolysis. The Fe-embedded sewage sludge chars (SSCs) were used as catalysts for volatile reforming at 600 °C. It has been found that the gas yield increases from 15.9 to 35.8 wt% of the SS and that of liquids decreases from 31.9 to 10.2 wt% after volatile reforming with Fe-embedded SSC when Fe was added equal to 7 % in the dried SS. In addition, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in the oily products decreased. After reforming with Fe-embedded SSC, the molar fractions of syngas combustible components, including H2, CH4 and CO, increase, and the higher heating value of the syngas increased to 17.0 MJ/Nm3 from the original 12.5 MJ/Nm3 obtained from SS pyrolysis at 550 °C. Moreover, the volatile reforming seems to reduce the level of some important syngas pollutants, like H2S, HCl and HCN, even though it was also observed an increase of the contents of SO2, NH3, NO2, HCNO and N2O.