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Biotransformation and detoxification of xenobiotics, including drugs that enter the body, is provided by a metabolic system represented by a variety of specialized enzymes functioning according to the cascade principle. Genes that control the synthesis of the corresponding enzymes are called metabolism genes. The association of polymorphic gene variants with different individual sensitivity to drugs leads to the determination of the pathogenesis of the disease itself and the development of an optimal, effective treatment regimen, taking into account the biochemical individuality of the patient, which is the main concept of personalized medicine (1). One of the tasks of personalized medicine (PM) is the search for biomarkers that reflect gene changes, which can be proteins, enzymes, genetic rearrangements, and other substrates. Knowledge of the molecular level of the development of pathology allows finding out the subtle pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease and understanding what happens in a diseased cell, what mechanisms work in it and what can be a target, as well as a biomarker of the disease (2). Determining the genetic characteristics of patients makes it possible to predict the nature of the pharmacological response, which makes it possible to improve the efficacy and safety of the use of drugs (3).

© 2015 Karmin et al. It is commonly thought that human genetic diversity in non-African populations was shaped primarily by an out-of-Africa dispersal 50-100 thousand yr ago (kya). Here, we present a study of 456 geographically diverse high-coverage Y chromosome sequences, including 299 newly reported samples. Applying ancient DNA calibration, we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192-307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47-52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males.