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The subgenus Sarcophaga Meigen, 1824 (s. str.) currently comprises over 30 species distributed in the West Palearctic Region, the identification of which is normally based on characters of the male terminalia. Females of the three closely-related species Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758), S. (S.) subvicina Rohdendorf, 1937 and S. (S.) variegata (Scopoli, 1763), which are especially widespread and abundant in NW Europe, are considered morphologically indistinguishable by most authors. However, a few authors have proposed keys to separate females of these three species based on external and internal characters of the terminalia. Following a preliminary molecular identification using DNA barcode sequences (COI, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I), we herein revise the morphological characters used to differentiate female S. carnaria, S. subvicina and S. variegata in existing identification keys as well as search for additional diagnostic characters. Our results suggest that only one previously-proposed female character, namely the length to width ratio of abdominal sternite 7, can be used to separate S. subvicina from the other two species (Mann-Whitney U test: p

The faunistic knowledge of the Diptera of Morocco recorded from 1787 to 2021 is summarized and updated in this first catalogue of Moroccan Diptera species. A total of 3057 species, classified into 948 genera and 93 families (21 Nematocera and 72 Brachycera), are listed. Taxa (superfamily, family, genus and species) have been updated according to current interpretations, based on reviews in the literature, the expertise of authors and contributors, and recently conducted fieldwork. Data to compile this catalogue were primarily gathered from the literature. In total, 1225 references were consulted and some information was also obtained from online databases. Each family was reviewed and the checklist updated by the respective taxon expert(s), including the number of species that can be expected for that family in Morocco. For each valid species, synonyms known to have been used for published records from Morocco are listed under the currently accepted name. Where available, distribution within Morocco is also included. One new combination is proposed:Assuania melanoleuca(Séguy, 1941),comb. nov.(Chloropidae).

We present a key for the identification of males and females of 62 species of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) occurring in the British Isles, following the addition of several species to the British and Irish checklists in the last few years. Footnotes with characters for identification are given for an additional two (2) recently discovered species still awaiting publication, whereas a third species, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) tibialis Macquart, 1851, known only from a single record from the 1970s, is not included. The key is based on the study of approximately 10,000 specimens held in the research collections of the Natural History Museum, London and is supplemented by colour photographs of diagnostic characters. The key allows for the identification of all males and 88% of females, the latter without the need for any special preparation or dissection of specimens. Emphasis is placed on characters of the external morphology not requiring a full dissection of the specimens, with the objective of maximising identification accuracy and reaching a wider user base for application in ecological studies, biological recording and forensic investigations.

The hyperdiverse genus Sarcophaga Meigen, with about 890 valid species arranged within 169 subgenera, accounts for almost half of the diversity of the subfamily Sarcophaginae. Current phylogenetic hypotheses for this genus are poorly supported or based on small taxon sets, or both. Here, we use molecular data from the genes COI and 28S to reconstruct the phylogeny of Sarcophaga based on the most comprehensive sampling for the group to date: 144 species from 47 subgenera, including representatives from all regional faunas for the first time. Of the total sequences of Sarcophaga used in the present study, 94.7% were newly generated. The secondary structure of the D1-D3 expansion segments of 28S is presented for the first time for the family Sarcophagidae, and is used in a multiple sequence alignment. Branch support and tree resolution increased remarkably through rogue taxa identification and exclusion. Rogue behaviour was explained mostly as a missing data problem. The RogueNaRok web service and the algorithms chkmoves, IterPCR and prunmajor implemented in the computer program TNT were equally good at identifying critical rogue species, but chkmoves and IterPCR also identified rogue clades. Pruning rogues increased the number of monophyletic subgenera in consensus trees from one to six out of 19 subgenera with more than one representative species. Bayesian inference, maximum-likelihood and parsimony analyses recovered more monophyletic subgenera after the removal of rogue taxa, with parsimony showing the largest improvements in branch support and resolution. Although with low support, Nearctic taxa were found to be the earliest diverging lineages, followed by a subsequent diversification of Old World faunas, which is in agreement with currently available evidence of a New World origin and early diversification of Sarcophaga.

A new species of flesh fly, Sarcophaga karakoncolos sp. n., is described based on a single adult male from Turkey (Isparta Province, Anatolia), characterised by its very large size (almost 22mm in body length) and by a unique combination of morphological features. These, together with available molecular data, do not support inclusion of the new species in any of the currently recognised subgenera of Sarcophaga, and it is placed in a new subgenus, Hadroxena subg. n.

The genus Prochyliza Walker is recorded for the first time from the Afrotropical Region. A new species, Prochyliza ignifera sp. nov., is described from the Indian Ocean islands of Aldabra and La Réunion. The status of this species as possibly the most primitive in the genus Prochyliza is hypothesised and discussed, raising some questions about the taxonomy and the zoogeographical origin of the group. The holotype of Piophila viridicollis Macquart from La Réunion was studied and it is instated as a subjective junior synonym of Piophila casei (Linnaeus), syn. nov.

We describe five cases of myiasis of domestic cats, Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae), reported in 2016 in northern Italy and caused by three Diptera species: Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Sarcophagidae), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Calliphoridae). Three were cases of traumatic myiasis, one by S. argyrostoma and two by L. sericata, one was a case of auricular myiasis by C. vicina and one was a case of ophthalmomyiasis caused by an association of L. sericata and C. vicina. The myiasis by S. argyrostoma is the first reported case of this species in a cat, whereas the two myiases by C. vicina are the first reported cases in cats in Italy.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) commits its 196 nation parties to conserve biological diversity, use its components sustainably, and share fairly and equitably the benefits from the utilization of genetic resources. The last of these objectives was further codified in the Convention's Nagoya Protocol (NP), which came into effect in 2014. Although these aspirations are laudable, the NP and resulting national ambitions on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) of genetic resources have generated several national regulatory regimes fraught with unintended consequences (1). Anticipated benefits from the commercial use of genetic resources, especially those that might flow to local or indigenous communities because of regulated access to those resources, have largely been exaggerated and not yet realized. Instead, national regulations created in anticipation of commercial benefits, particularly in many countries that are rich in biodiversity, have curtailed biodiversity research by in-country scientists as well as international collaboration (1). This weakens the first and foremost objective of the CBD—conservation of biological diversity. We suggest ways that the Conference of the Parties (CoP) of the CBD may proactively engage scientists to create a regulatory environment conducive to advancing biodiversity science. Fil: Divakaran Prathapan, K.. Kerala Agricultural University; India Fil: Pethiyagoda, Rohan. Australian Museum; Australia Fil: Bawa, Kamaljit S.. University of Massachussets; Estados Unidos Fil: Raven, Peter H.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Rajan, Priyadarsanan Dharma. Ashoka Trust For Research In Ecology And The Environment; India Fil: Acosta, Luis Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Avila, Luciano Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Crespo, Francisco Antonio. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud. Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Endemo-epidémicas; Argentina Fil: Pérez González, Abel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Sidorchuk, Ekaterina. Russian Academy of Sciences; Rusia Fil: Svavarsson, Jörundur. University of Iceland; Islandia Fil: Twomey, Evan. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Vasudevan, Karthikeyan. Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology India; India Fil: Vences, Miguel. Technische Universität Braunschweig; Alemania Fil: de Voogd, Nicole. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Países Bajos Fil: Wang, Qiao. Massey University; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Watson, Gillian W.. California Department of Food and Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Weiner, Wanda M.. Polish Academy of Sciences; Argentina Fil: Wesener, Thomas. Zoological Research Museum A. Koenig; Alemania. Institute for Terrestrial Biodiversity; Alemania Fil: Whitmore, Daniel. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Wiklund, Helena. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Williams, Paul H.. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Winterton, Shaun L.. California Department of Food and Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Wood, Timothy S.. Wright State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Yen, Shen Horn. National Sun Yat-sen University Taiwan; República de China Fil: Zaher, Hussam. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Zhang, Z. Q.. Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Zhou, Hong Zhang. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is the main species responsible for traumatic myiasis in humans and warm-blooded vertebrates in the Mediterranean Basin, Central Europe and Central Asia. Despite recent reports, data on obligatory wound myiasis in domestic and farmed animals in Italy are still scarce. The case of wohlfahrtiosis presented here is the first reported from Calabria (southern Italy). Larvae of W. magnifica were found in an epidermoid cyst located in the abdominothoracic area of a domestic dog. A total of 98 third instar larvae were removed from inside the cyst and either preserved in ethanol or reared to the adult stage. In Italy, as well as in other areas endemic to wohlfahrtiosis, data about the seasonality, local distribution and patterns of infestation of W. magnifica are very useful to veterinarians and farmers to understand infestation mechanisms and improve control strategies.

Sarcophaga Meigen is one of the megadiverse genera of true flies, with approximately 850 valid species worldwide. The genus is divided into about 160 subgenera, the validity of a vast majority of which has never been verified using cladistic methods. This paper deals with the mainly Palaearctic subgenus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, which comprises 89 species and is thus the largest subunit of Sarcophaga. We performed a cladistic analysis of the group based exclusively on male morphological characters. Parsimony analyses were run on a matrix of 84 characters for 88 species. Species of the subgenera Discachaeta Enderlein and Notoecus Stein were also included in the matrix. A further analysis was carried out using a subset of characters from the terminalia alone (70 characters). The results show that the clade formed by Heteronychia, Discachaeta, and Notoecus is monophyletic, with Discachaeta emerging as polyphyletic whereas Sarcophaga (Notoecus) longestylata Strobl is nested within the Sarcophaga filia-group. Character states supporting Heteronychia and the few well-supported species-groups are discussed in detail. The following synonymies are proposed: Discachaeta = Heteronychia (syn. nov.) and Notoecus = Heteronychia (syn. nov.). The paper also includes a historical background of the taxon in relation to the classification of the genus Sarcophaga over the past two centuries, as well as a terminological review of the male terminalia, particularly of the distiphallus.

The genus Prochyliza Walker is recorded for the first time from the Afrotropical Region. A new species, Prochyliza ignifera sp. nov., is described from the Indian Ocean islands of Aldabra and La Réunion. The status of this species as possibly the most primitive in the genus Prochyliza is hypothesised and discussed, raising some questions about the taxonomy and the zoogeographical origin of the group. The holotype of Piophila viridicollis Macquart from La Réunion was studied and it is instated as a subjective junior synonym of Piophila casei (Linnaeus), syn. nov.

The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a relevant species in waste and pest management, but is also of forensic and medical importance. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the antennae of both sexes of H. illucens is presented here for the first time. The antenna is composed of three regions: the scape, the pedicel, and the flagellum. The first two regions are single segments, whereas the third region, the longest one, is composed of eight flagellomeres. The scape and pedicel have microtrichia, chaetic sensilla, and rounded perforations. The flagellum is covered by different microtrichia, the morphology of which is described in detail. Two types of sensory pit are found on flagellomeres 1 to 6. An oval depression with trichoid sensilla extends from flagellomeres 4 to 6. On both sides of flagellomere 8 is a lanceolate depression covered by hair-like microtrichia. Morphometric and morphological analyses revealed some sex-related differences. The results of the SEM investigations are compared with those obtained on other species of the family Stratiomyidae and other brachyceran Diptera. The possible role of sensilla in sensory perception is also discussed in comparison with nondipteran species.

Two new species of Bactrocera Macquart, namely Bactrocera (Calodacus) harrietensis RamaniDavid, sp. nov. and Bactrocera (Calodacus) chettalli DavidRanganath, sp. nov., are described from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Karnataka, India, respectively. Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) semongokensis DrewRomig is recorded for the first time from India.

We analysed the canopy and understorey communities of flies in the family Tachinidae, the most diverse group of parasitoid Diptera, in a small and iso- lated temperate plain forest in northern Italy. Our objective was to assess whether and how these communities differ from one another, and how species distribution relates to forest structure, host distribution, mating sites, and season. 2. The study was carried out in 2008 with 14 Malaise traps installed between April and November in an equal number of sites randomly selected inside the forest, seven on the ground and seven in the tree canopy. 3. Overall species richness, abundance, and turnover were greater in the understo- rey traps, but most diversity metrics indicate greater overall diversity and evenness in the canopy traps. Community ordination and estimates of beta diversity indicate that the two habitat-associated communities are distinct and should both be consid- ered in assessments of insect diversity and community structure. Indicator species values revealed the presence of a number of species that were effective indicators of canopy and understorey habitats. No strong male bias in canopy traps was observed across species; however, the only significant sex ratio biases in the canopy were towards males. Both male and female biases were observed in understorey traps, depending upon the species.

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An account is given of the species of Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826 subgenus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 known from the island of Sardinia (Italy). Most of the nearly 1,400 specimens examined were collected in the SW part of the island during 2003–2006 as part of a project investigating the arthropod diversity of the Monti Marganai and Montimannu areas (respectively Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano provinces). The study resulted in the finding of eight species of Heteronychia, six of which are recorded from Sardinia for the first time. Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) penicillata Villeneuve, 1907, previously mentioned in the literature, is excluded from the fauna of the island. Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) thirionae (Lehrer, 1976) is recorded for the first time from Europe and North Africa (Algeria). One species, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) gabrielei sp. nov., from various sites in the limestone massif of Marganai, is described as new. Previously unpublished records from other Italian regions and from other countries (Algeria, Canary Islands, Greece) are also given for several species. Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) schnabli Villeneuve, 1911 is recognized as a junior synonym of S. (H.) consanguinea Rondani, 1860 syn. nov. The possible synanthropy of Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) is briefly discussed. A key to males and females of all known Sardinian and Corsican species of Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) is provided.

Sarcophaga bezziana Böttcher, 1913 and S. infixa Böttcher, 1913 are redescribed and their male terminalia are illustrated with SEM images; their subgeneric affiliation and affinities with related species are discussed. A lectotype is designated for Sarcophaga bezziana Böttcher. This species is compared to the closely related S. amita Rondani, 1860 and transferred from subgenus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 to subgenus Discachaeta Enderlein, 1928, comb. nov. Sarcophaga infixa Böttcher sp. rev. is removed from synonymy with S. haemorrhoides Böttcher, 1913. A new species, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) gallica sp. nov., closely related to S. (H.) infixa, is described from southern France.

We describe here a rare case of traumatic myiasis occurred in August 2014, caused by an association of 2 Diptera species, Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in a domestic cat in northern Italy. Species identification was based on adult male morphology. The present case is the first report of S. tibialis as an agent of myiasis in Italy, and also the first ever report of myiasis caused by an association of S. tibialis and L. sericata. The cat developed an extensive traumatic myiasis in a large wound on the rump, which was treated pharmacologically and surgically. The biology, ecology, and distribution of S. tibialis and L. sericata are also discussed. A literature review is provided on cases of myiasis caused by S. tibialis, and cases of myiasis by L. sericata involving cats worldwide and humans and animals in Italy.

The Diptera genus-group names of Charles Henry Tyler Townsend are reviewed and annotated. A total of 1506 available genus-group names in 12 families of Diptera are listed alphabetically for each name, giving author, year and page of original publication, originally included species, type species and method of fixation, current status of the name, family placement, and a list of any emendations of it that have been found in the literature. Remarks are given to clarify nomenclatural and/or taxonomic information. In addition, an index to all the species-group names of Diptera proposed by Townsend (1595, of which 1574 are available names) is given with bibliographic reference (year and page) to each original citation. An appendix with a full bibliography of almost 650 papers written by Townsend is presented with accurate dates of publication. Two new replacement names are proposed for preoccupied genus-group names and both are named to honor our good friend and colleague, James E. O'Hara, for his decades of work on tachinids: Oharamyia Evenhuis, PontWhitmore, n. name, for Lindigia Townsend, 1931 [Tachinidae] (preoccupied by Karsten, 1858); Jimimyia Evenhuis, PontWhitmore, n. name, for Siphonopsis Townsend, 1916 [Tachinidae] (preoccupied by Agassiz, 1846). Earlier dates of availability are found for the following: Eucnephalia Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Gabanimyia Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Incamyia Townsend, 1912 [Tachinidae]; Muscopteryx Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Philippolophosia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Pseudokea Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]. Corrected or clarified included species and/or corrected or clarified type-species and methods of typification are given for: Alitophasia Townsend, 1934 [Tachinidae]; Almugmyia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Arachnidomyia Townsend, 1934 [Sarcophagidae]; Austenina Townsend, 1921 [Glossinidae]; Austrohartigia Townsend, 1937 [Sarcophagidae]; Awatia Townsend, 1921 [Muscidae]; Azygobothria Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Brachymasicera Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Calocarcelia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Cnephalodes Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Cyacyrtoneura Townsend, 1931 [Muscidae]; Cyrtoneuropsis Townsend, 1931 [Muscidae]; Cyrtosoma BrauerBergenstamm, 1893 [Tachinidae]; Epiphyllophila Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Eucalodexia Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Eumesembrina Townsend, 1908 [Muscidae]; Eumyobia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Eusisyropa Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Gabanimyia Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Galactomyia Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Girschneria Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Gymnochaetopsis Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Himantostomopsis Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Incamyia Townsend, 1912 [Tachinidae]; Lithoexorista Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Muscopteryx Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Myocuphocera Townsend, 1931 [Tachinidae]; Myxexoristops Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Neojurinia Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Newsteadina Townsend, 1921 [Glossinidae]; Ommasicera Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Ophirion Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Ophiriodexia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Ophiriosturmia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Opsozelia Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Paleotachina Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Palexorista Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Phasiatacta Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Philippolophosia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Phrissopolia Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Pseudokea Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Pygocalcager Townsend, 1935 [Tachinidae]; Trichobius Townsend, 1891 [Hippoboscidae]; Villeneuvia Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Zonoepalpus Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Zygosturmia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]. The following names previously treated as available are shown to be unavailable.-Genera: Denatella Townsend, 1931, n. stat. [Calliphoridae]; Epseudocyptera Townsend, 1927, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Eustomatodexia Townsend, 1892, n. stat. [Tachinidae].-Species: Epseudocyptera epalpata Townsend, 1927, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Eustomatodexia insulensis Townsend, 1892, n. stat. [Tachinidae]. The following genus-group names, not listed in previous regional catalogs, are treated here: Arabisca Townsend, 1935 [Sarcophagidae]; Eupeleteria Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Macropatelloa Townsend, 1931 [Tachinidae]; Neohypostena Townsend, 1915 [Tachinidae]; Neometapodia Townsend, 1892 [Sarcophagidae]; Tricyclopsis Townsend, 1916 [Calliphoridae]; Trongia Townsend, 1916 [Calliphoridae]. Previous First Reviser actions for multiple original spellings that were overlooked by other workers are given for the following: Genus-group names-Microchaetona Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Neopodomyia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Opsophytopsis Townsend, 1918 [Sarcophagidae]; Prohypotachina Townsend, 1933 [Tachinidae]; Rhinomyodes Townsend, 1933 [Tachinidae]; Servilliodes Townsend, 1926 [Tachinidae]; Tephromyiella Townsend, 1918 [Sarcophagidae]; Thelairochaetona Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Xanthopteromyia Townsend, 1926 [Tachinidae]. Species-group names-Brachybelvosia brasiliensis Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Neocraspedothrix nova Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]. The following nominal genera enter into new synonymies: Bathytheresia Townsend, 1915 under Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Brachycoma BrauerBergenstamm, 1889 under Brachicoma Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Chaetolyga Brauer, 1880 under Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chaetoprosopa Marschall, 1873 under Choeteprosopa Macquart, 1851, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chlororhynchomyia Senior-White, AubertinSmart, 1940 under Metallea Wulp, 1880, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Chrysomyia Macquart, 1835 under Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Echinomyia Fischer von Waldheim, 1808 under Echinomya Latreille, 1805, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Euhypochaetopsis Townsend, 1928 under Campylocheta Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Graphomyia Macquart, 1834 under Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Kurintjimyia Townsend, 1926 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Labidigaster Macquart, 1844 under Labigastera Macquart, 1834, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Mellanactia Guimarães, 1971 under Oxynops Townsend, 1912, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ochromia Townsend, 1935 under Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Pachyrrhina Osten Sacken, 1881 under Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tipulidae]; Procraspedothrix Townsend, 1932 under Phytomyptera Rondani, 1844, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Pseudogymnosoma Townsend, 1918 under Neomyia Walker, 1859, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Pseudoservillia Townsend, 1916 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Rhymosia Mik, 1886 under Rymosia Winnertz, 1863, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Rhynchomyia Macquart, 1835 under Rhyncomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Servillioides Townsend, 1926 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Servilliopsis Townsend, 1916 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Stephanostoma Cole, 1923 under Bercaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Stomatorhinia Townsend, 1935 under Stomorhina Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Toxorrhina Osten Sacken, 1869 under Toxorhina Loew, 1850, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Trichoneura Townsend, 1935 under Stevenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhinophoridae]; Trichopticus Schnabl, 1889 under Thricops Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Tricyclopsis Townsend, 1916 under Paracalliphora Townsend, 1916, n. syn. [Calliphoridae].

It was the late summer of 2003 when we first travelled to Sardinia to set up traps in the forest of Marganai, an area owned by the regional administration, in the south-western part of the island. Our Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale in Verona—a research institute of the Italian State Forestry Service—had been entrusted with the assessment of arthropod diversity in permanent monitoring sites of the ICP Forests network, a European body for long-term research in forest ecosystems (Mason et al. 2006). The project included a total of twelve forests in Italy, and we were setting up a standard sampling design at each site.

The identity of the nominal taxon Taxigramma pseudaperta Séguy, 1941 [type locality: France, Corse] is revised and an improved circumscription based partly on reared material of both sexes is presented through comparison with the very similar and sympatric species T. multipunctata (Rondani, 1859). A table is provided to separate first instars, puparia, males and females of these two taxa.

Two new species of Bactrocera Macquart, namely Bactrocera (Calodacus) harrietensis Ramani & David, sp. nov. and Bactrocera (Calodacus) chettalli David & Ranganath, sp. nov., are described from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Karnataka, India, respectively. Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) semongokensis Drew & Romig is recorded for the first time from India.

This paper presents new data on Sarcophaga (Heteronychia). Six species are described as new: Sarcophaga (Heterony- chia) anatolica sp. nov. from Asiatic Turkey, S. (H.) lejlekensis sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan, S. (H.) mediterranea sp. nov. from mainland Italy, Sicily and Croatia, S. (H.) rosellensis sp. nov. from central Italy, S. (H.) tetrix sp. nov. from Sicily, and S. (H.) tunisiae sp. nov. from Tunisia. Two new replacement names are proposed: Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) hellenica, nom. nov. for S. (H.) vervesi (Povolný, 1996) (junior secondary homonym of Kozlovea vervesi Nandi, 1993), and S. (H.) tangerensis, nom. nov. for S. (H.) amica (Peris et al., 1998) (junior secondary homonym of Phallosphaera amica Ma, 1964). Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) belanovskyi (Verves, 1973), S. (H.) helenae (Trofimov, 1948) and S. (H.) nanula (Povolný, 1999) are resurrected as valid, and the last (originally proposed as a subspecies) is given species rank. Sarcophaga amita Rondani, 1860 and S. bezziana Bottcher, 1913 are transferred from subgenus Discachaeta Enderlein to subgenus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, subg. comb. nov. Thirty-nine new synonymies are established: Shoachaeta Lehrer, 1997 with Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, syn. nov.; Ashlaiana Lehrer, 1998 with Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, syn. nov.; Heteronychia iubita Lehrer, 1999 with Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) ancilla Rondani, 1865, syn. nov.; Spatulapica lucentina Lehrer & Martinez-Sanchez, 2001 with S. (H.) ancilla Rondani, 1865, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) povolnyi Mihalyi, 1975 with S. (H.) belanovskyi (Verves, 1973), syn. nov.; Sarcophaga benaci var. tenuiforceps Bottcher, 1913 with S. (H.) benaci Bottcher, 1913, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) vachai Povolný, 1987 with S. (H.) benaci Bottcher, 1913, syn. nov.; Shoachaeta cornogranda Lehrer, 2009 with S. (H.) bezziana Bottcher, 1913, syn. nov.; Pierretia (Pandelleola) taurica Rohdendorf, 1937 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Pandelleola) gaspari Lehrer, 1977 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia bodediana Lehrer, 1998 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Ashlaiana shakrana Lehrer, 1998 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Pandelleola caraormana Lehrer, 2008 with S. (H.) boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) morenita Peris, Gonzalez-Mora & Mingo, 1998 with S. (H.) chiquita (Peris, Gonzalez-Mora & Mingo, 1998), syn. nov.; Heteronychia cullottorum Povolný, 2005 with S. (H.) consanguinea Rondani, 1860, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) spatulifera Chen & Lu, 1981 with S. (H.) curvifemoralis (Li, 1980), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Spatulapica) kovalae Verves, 1979 with S. (H.) depressifrons Zetterstedt, 1845, syn. nov.; Heteronychia dimioniphalla Lehrer, 1996 with S. (H.) dissimilis Meigen, 1826, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) macedonica Povolný, 1996 with S. (H.) enderleini Jacentkovský, 1937, syn. nov.; Devriesia weberi Lehrer, 1995 with S. (H.) ferox Villeneuve, 1908, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (As- celoctis) perplexa Peris, Gonzalez-Mora & Mingo, 1996 with S. (H.) ferox Villeneuve, 1908, syn. nov.; Pandelleola resnikae Lehrer, 1996 with S. (H.) filia Rondani, 1860, syn. nov.; Heteronychia fugitiva Povolný, 2001 with S. (H.) haemorrhoa Meigen, 1826, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Spatulapica) fraterna Lehrer, 1977 with S. (H.) helenae (Trofimov, 1948), syn. nov.; Spatulapica delicata Lehrer, 2000 with S. (H.) helenae (Trofimov, 1948), syn. nov.; Heteronychia dayani Lehrer, 1996 with S. (H.) kerteszi Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Salemea sororia Povolný, 2004 with S. (H.) kerteszi Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) helanshanensis Han, Chao & Ye, 1985 with S. (H.) kozlovi (Rohdendorf, 1937), syn. nov.; Sarcophaga thalhammeri Bottcher, 1913 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Sarcophaga zhelochovtzevi Rohdendorf, 1925 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heter- onychia) cepelaki Povolný & Slameckova, 1970 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia histriops Lehrer, 2008 with S. (H.) lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) brachystylata Chao & Zhang, 1988 with S. (H.) plotnikovi Rohdendorf, 1925, syn. nov.; Heteronychia lednicensis Povolný in Povolný & Verves, 1986 with S. (H.) proxima Rondani, 1860, syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Heteronychia) drenskiana Lehrer, 1977 with S. (H.) pseudobenaci (Baranov, 1942), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) peckae Verves, 1977 with S. (H.) shnitnikovi (Roh-dendorf, 1937), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Eupierretia) tenupenialis Chao & Zhang, 1988 with S. (H.) shnitnikovi (Rohdendorf, 1937), syn. nov.; Heteronychia (Pandelleola) volcanoaetnica Povolný, 2002 with S. (H.) sicilia Pape, 1996, syn. nov.; Hartigia anastrenua Baranov, 1942 with S. (H.) vagans Meigen, 1826, syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for the following nominal taxa: Mehria pseudobenaci Baranov, 1942, Pierretia (Pierretia) boettcheriana Rohdendorf, 1937, Pierretia (Pierretia) obscurata Rohdendorf, 1937, Sarcophaga benaci Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga benaci var. tenuiforceps Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga boettcheri Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga ferox Villeneuve, 1908, Sarcophaga fertoni Villeneuve, 1911, Sarcophaga kerteszi Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga lacrymans Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga metopina Villeneuve, 1908, Sarcophaga monspellensia Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga porrecta Bottcher, 1913, Sarcophaga setinervis var. mutila Villeneuve, 1912, Sarcophaga thalhammeri Bottcher, 1913 and Sarcophaga tricolor Villeneuve, 1908. Sarcophaga smithiana Pape, 1996 is removed from subgenus Heteronychia and considered as incertae sedis within Sarcophaga. New country or regional records are provided for Sarcophaga (H.) benaci (Spain), S. (H.) boettcheri (Serbia), S. (H.) croca (Croatia), S. (H.) depressifrons (Greece, Spain), S. (H.) ferox (Algeria), S. (H.) filia (Crete, Macedonia, Morocco, Tunisia), S. (H.) kataphygionis (Poland), S. (H.) kerteszi (Crete), S. (H.) minima (Crete), S. (H.) monspellensia (Sicily, Tunisia), S. (H.) mutila (Italy), S. (H.) nanula (France, Macedonia) and S. (H.) proxima (Sicily).

The Diptera genus-group names of Charles Henry Tyler Townsend are reviewed and annotated. A total of 1506 available genus-group names in 12 families of Diptera are listed alphabetically for each name, giving author, year and page of original publication, originally included species, type species and method of fixation, current status of the name, family placement, and a list of any emendations of it that have been found in the literature. Remarks are given to clarify nomenclatural and/or taxonomic information. In addition, an index to all the species-group names of Diptera proposed by Townsend (1595, of which 1574 are available names) is given with bibliographic reference (year and page) to each original citation. An appendix with a full bibliography of almost 650 papers written by Townsend is presented with accurate dates of publication. Two new replacement names are proposed for preoccupied genus-group names and both are named to honor our good friend and colleague, James E. O’Hara, for his decades of work on tachinids: Oharamyia Evenhuis, Pont & Whitmore, n. name, for Lindigia Townsend, 1931 [Tachinidae] (preoccupied by Karsten, 1858); Jimimyia Evenhuis, Pont & Whitmore, n. name, for Siphonopsis Townsend, 1916 [Tachinidae] (preoccupied by Agassiz, 1846). Earlier dates of availability are found for the following: Eucnephalia Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Gabanimyia Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Incamyia Townsend, 1912 [Tachinidae]; Muscopteryx Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Philippolophosia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Pseudokea Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]. Corrected or clarified included species and/or corrected or clarified type-species and methods of typification are given for: Alitophasia Townsend, 1934 [Tachinidae]; Almugmyia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Arachnidomyia Townsend, 1934 [Sarcophagidae]; Austenina Townsend, 1921 [Glossinidae]; Austrohartigia Townsend, 1937 [Sarcophagidae]; Awatia Townsend, 1921 [Muscidae]; Azygobothria Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Brachymasicera Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Calocarcelia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Cnephalodes Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Cyacyrtoneura Townsend, 1931 [Muscidae]; Cyrtoneuropsis Townsend, 1931 [Muscidae]; Cyrtosoma Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 [Tachinidae]; Epiphyllophila Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Eucalodexia Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Eumesembrina Townsend, 1908 [Muscidae]; Eumyobia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Eusisyropa Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Gabanimyia Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Galactomyia Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Girschneria Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Gymnochaetopsis Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Himantostomopsis Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Incamyia Townsend, 1912 [Tachinidae]; Lithoexorista Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Muscopteryx Townsend, 1892 [Tachinidae]; Myocuphocera Townsend, 1931 [Tachinidae]; Myxexoristops Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Neojurinia Townsend, 1914 [Tachinidae]; Newsteadina Townsend, 1921 [Glossinidae]; Ommasicera Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Ophirion Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Ophiriodexia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Ophiriosturmia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Opsozelia Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Paleotachina Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Palexorista Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Phasiatacta Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]; Philippolophosia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Phrissopolia Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Pseudokea Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Pygocalcager Townsend, 1935 [Tachinidae]; Trichobius Townsend, 1891 [Hippoboscidae]; Villeneuvia Townsend, 1921 [Tachinidae]; Zonoepalpus Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Zygosturmia Townsend, 1911 [Tachinidae]. The following names previously treated as available are shown to be unavailable.—Genera: Denatella Townsend, 1931, n. stat. [Calliphoridae]; Epseudocyptera Townsend, 1927, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Eustomatodexia Townsend, 1892, n. stat. [Tachinidae].—Species: Epseudocyptera epalpata Townsend, 1927, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Eustomatodexia insulensis Townsend, 1892, n. stat. [Tachinidae]. The following genus-group names, not listed in previous regional catalogs, are treated here: Arabisca Townsend, 1935 [Sarcophagidae]; Eupeleteria Townsend, 1908 [Tachinidae]; Macropatelloa Townsend, 1931 [Tachinidae]; Neohypostena Townsend, 1915 [Tachinidae]; Neometapodia Townsend, 1892 [Sarcophagidae]; Tricyclopsis Townsend, 1916 [Calliphoridae]; Trongia Townsend, 1916 [Calliphoridae]. Previous First Reviser actions for multiple original spellings that were overlooked by other workers are given for the following: Genus-group names— Microchaetona Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Neopodomyia Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Opsophytopsis Townsend, 1918 [Sarcophagidae]; Prohypotachina Townsend, 1933 [Tachinidae]; Rhinomyodes Townsend, 1933 [Tachinidae]; Servilliodes Townsend, 1926 [Tachinidae]; Tephromyiella Townsend, 1918 [Sarcophagidae]; Thelairochaetona Townsend, 1919 [Tachinidae]; Xanthopteromyia Townsend, 1926 [Tachinidae]. Species-group names— Brachybelvosia brasiliensis Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]; Neocraspedothrix nova Townsend, 1927 [Tachinidae]. The following nominal genera enter into new synonymies: Bathytheresia Townsend, 1915 under Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Brachycoma Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 under Brachicoma Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Chaetolyga Brauer, 1880 under Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chaetoprosopa Marschall, 1873 under Choeteprosopa Macquart, 1851, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chlororhynchomyia Senior-White, Aubertin & Smart, 1940 under Metallea Wulp, 1880, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Chrysomyia Macquart, 1835 under Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Echinomyia Fischer von Waldheim, 1808 under Echinomya Latreille, 1805, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Euhypochaetopsis Townsend, 1928 under Campylocheta Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Graphomyia Macquart, 1834 under Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Kurintjimyia Townsend, 1926 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Labidigaster Macquart, 1844 under Labigastera Macquart, 1834, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Mellanactia Guimaraes, 1971 under Oxynops Townsend, 1912, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ochromia Townsend, 1935 under Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Pachyrrhina Osten Sacken, 1881 under Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tipulidae]; Procraspedothrix Townsend, 1932 under Phytomyptera Rondani, 1844, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Pseudogymnosoma Townsend, 1918 under Neomyia Walker, 1859, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Pseudoservillia Townsend, 1916 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Rhymosia Mik, 1886 under Rymosia Winnertz, 1863, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Rhynchomyia Macquart, 1835 under Rhyncomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Servillioides Townsend, 1926 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Servilliopsis Townsend, 1916 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Stephanostoma Cole, 1923 under Bercaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Stomatorhinia Townsend, 1935 under Stomorhina Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Toxorrhina Osten Sacken, 1869 under Toxorhina Loew, 1850, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Trichoneura Townsend, 1935 under Stevenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhinophoridae]; Trichopticus Schnabl, 1889 under Thricops Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Tricyclopsis Townsend, 1916 under Paracalliphora Townsend, 1916, n. syn. [Calliphoridae].

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The identity of the nominal taxon Taxigramma pseudaperta Seguy, 1941 [type locality: France, Corse] is revised and an improved circumscription based partly on reared material of both sexes is presented through comparison with the very similar and sympatric species T. multipunctata (Rondani, 1859). A table is provided to separate first instars, puparia, males and females of these two taxa.

A lectotype is designated for Pterella eleonorae (Venturi, 1957), which is recognized as a junior synonym of Pterella grisea (Meigen, 1824), syn. nov. The Italian distribution of P. grisea is updated., Fragmenta Entomologica, Vol. 40 No. 2 (2008)

Whitmore, Daniel, Richet, René, Pape, Thomas, Blackith, Ruth M. (2009): Redescription of Sarcophaga (Discachaeta) bezziana Böttcher and Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) infixa Böttcher, and description of a new Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm from southern France (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Zootaxa 1993: 27-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185607