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We study the multiplier algebras $A(\mathcal{H})$ obtained as the closure of the polynomials on certain reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces $\mathcal{H}$ on the ball $\mathbb{B}_d$ of $\mathbb{C}^d$. Our results apply, in particular, to the Drury-Arveson space, the Dirichlet space and the Hardy space on the ball. We first obtain a complete description of the dual and second dual spaces of $A(\mathcal H)$ in terms of the complementary bands of Henkin and totally singular measures for $\operatorname{Mult}(\mathcal{H})$. This is applied to obtain several definitive results in interpolation. In particular, we establish a sharp peak interpolation result for compact $\operatorname{Mult}(\mathcal{H})$-totally null sets as well as a Pick and peak interpolation theorem. Conversely, we show that a mere interpolation set is $\operatorname{Mult}(\mathcal{H})$-totally null., 44 pages; minor changes

We study the isomorphism problem for the multiplier algebras of irreducible complete Pick kernels. These are precisely the restrictions $\mathcal M_V$ of the multiplier algebra $\mathcal M$ of Drury-Arveson space to a holomorphic subvariety $V$ of the unit ball $\mathbb{B}_d$. We find that $\mathcal M_V$ is completely isometrically isomorphic to $\mathcal M_W$ if and only if $W$ is the image of $V$ under a biholomorphic automorphism of the ball. In this case, the isomorphism is unitarily implemented. This is then strengthend to show that, when $d, Comment: 39 pages. It has come to light that a result of Davidson and Pitts, that the fibre of the maximal ideal space of the multiplier algebra over a point in the open ball consists only of point evaluation, is not true for $d = \infty$. Version 5 addresses this with some minor changes to the $d=\infty$ case. To appear in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc

If $\alpha$ is the endomorphism of the disk algebra, $\AD$, induced by composition with a finite Blaschke product $b$, then the semicrossed product $\AD\times_{\alpha} \bZ^+$ imbeds canonically, completely isometrically into $\rC(\bT)\times_{\alpha} \bZ^+$. Hence in the case of a non-constant Blaschke product $b$, the C*-envelope has the form $ \rC(\S_{b})\times_{s} \bZ$, where $(\S_{b}, s)$ is the solenoid system for $(\bT, b)$. In the case where $b$ is a constant, then the C*-envelope of $\AD\times_{\alpha} \bZ^+$ is strongly Morita equivalent to a crossed product of the form $ \rC(\S_{e})\times_{s} \bZ$, where $e \colon \bT \times \bN \longrightarrow \bT \times \bN$ is a suitable map and $(\S_{e}, s)$ is the solenoid system for $(\bT \times \bN, \, e)$ ., Comment: 7 pages

We take a new look at dilation theory for nonself-adjoint operator algebras. Among the extremal (co)extensions of a representation, there is a special property of being fully extremal. This allows a refinement of some of the classical notions which are important when one moves away from standard examples. We show that many algebras including graph algebras and tensor algebras of C*-correspondences have the semi-Dirichlet property which collapses these notions and explains why they have a better dilation theory. This leads to variations of the notions of commutant lifting and Ando's theorem. This is applied to the study of semicrossed products by automorphisms, and endomorphisms which lift to the C*-envelope. In particular, we obtain several general theorems which allow one to conclude that semicrossed products of an operator algebra naturally imbed completely isometrically into the semicrossed product of its C*-envelope, and the C*-envelopes of these two algebras are the same.

This report describes preliminary results from the BANGEX 5 field exercise which occurred at the China Lake Test Range JCIF facility 3 -- 5 June, 2008. The goal of this research is to improve our forces ability to detect improvised explosive devices (IEDs) from aircraft. Considerable progress has been made toward this goal as a result of this exercise. A variety of surface environmental measurements were performed to characterize the conditions associated with IEDs and the accompanying changes to the local soil conditions. These were complimented by operational aircraft imaging measurements (movies) of various simulated IED and non-IED targets. These measurements will be used to improve the physics used in IED detection numerical models. Although analysis of these data are just beginning, the authors and collaborators have already verified that IED locations can be detected from high-flying aircraft sensors by the thermal and visible signatures of disturbed soil and other changes in the local environment. The measurements described here will form the basis of the follow-up studies that will be presented in future reports and in the thesis of Capt. Bieger. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

An analysis is given of $*$-representations of rank 2 single vertex graphs. We develop dilation theory for the non-selfadjoint algebras $\A_\theta$ and $\A_u$ which are associated with the commutation relation permutation $\theta$ of a 2 graph and, more generally, with commutation relations determined by a unitary matrix $u$ in $M_m(\bC) \otimes M_n(\bC)$. We show that a defect free row contractive representation has a unique minimal dilation to a $*$-representation and we provide a new simpler proof of Solel's row isometric dilation of two $u$-commuting row contractions. Furthermore it is shown that the C*-envelope of $\A_u$ is the generalised Cuntz algebra $\O_{X_u}$ for the product system $X_u$ of $u$; that for $m\geq 2 $ and $n \geq 2 $ contractive representations of $\Ath$ need not be completely contractive; and that the universal tensor algebra $\T_+(X_u)$ need not be isometrically isomorphic to $\A_u$., Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures

The authors participated in four Tactical Network Topology Marine Interdiction Operations (TNT MIOs) during FY 2007. The overall goals of the authors TNT MIO studies were (1) to provide military and law enforcement personnel with real time and future information on how the environment will affect marine interdiction operations and (2) to develop, verify and improve models and procedures used in (1) by comparing predictions with actual in situ observations. Similar to earlier TNT MIO experiments, the authors addressed how environmental factors affect the transmission of radiation in the visible and radio bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. But, unlike the earlier experiments, more emphasis was placed on other environmental effects such as winds, sea state, tides and other weather factors. By developing a system to provide the relevant personnel with this information we hope to (1) enhance overall situational awareness, (2) enhance mission planning and safety and (3) provide an advantage over any potential adversaries who might not consider these atmospheric effects. For this project we made in situ measurements of atmospheric conditions as and also incorporated a large amount of outside information to give a better picture of the environmental conditions that affected the MIO. In addition to providing weather briefings in the mornings of the operations, several environmental products were made available via the experimental networks. These products included results of visibility and radar range model predictions developed especially for these experiments as well as more general products downloaded from the World Wide Web. The data collection efforts were successful and allowed verification and improvement of the effects models. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The purpose of the atmospheric effects support efforts during Tactical Network Topology (TNT) 05-4 project was to provide environmental situational awareness in a battlefield simulation. In particular, we quantified the effects of the atmosphere on radar and visual detection ranges. In an actual battlefield situation, this information would be used by forces in the field and command centers to assess the situational awareness capabilities of both friendly and enemy forces. This report discusses the efforts and accomplishments that were made to achieve this goal. All of the planned measurements, data transmission systems, real-time modeling and displays operated successfully for both of the TNT05-4 phases. The optical model predictions were significantly better than the previous TNT project. This is not surprising for the optical range predictions because modifications were made to the model based on the previous comparison results. The radar range predictions were also more accurate, even though the same models were used. The real time atmospheric effects guidance provided during TNT05-04 were accurate and valuable products suitable for use in special forces operations. p. i. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Optimizing situational awareness on the battlefield requires knowledge of the radar, communication and optical detection ranges for both friendly and enemy units. One of the goals of TNT 05-3 was to demonstrate the capability of providing this information in real time to forces in the field and command centers. This report discusses the efforts and accomplishments that were made to achieve this goal. All of the planned measurements, data transmission systems, real-time modeling and displays operated successfully for the entire TNT05-3 period (17-18 May, 2005). There were no periods when the radar and visibility predictions were not available to the command center. This demonstrates that providing special operations personnel with information on radar, communications and target detection ranges in real time is feasible, as long as basic information (temperature, humidity, wind speed) is available near the surface in the area of operations. This was the first time for the TNT project that the radar and optical models were quantitatively compared and analyzed using actual field tests. Not surprisingly, the model predictions were not accurate to the high degree needed for an operational special forces situation. The radar ranges were under-predicted. The visibility predictions were greatly improved from the previous TNT projects, due to the inclusion of human eye factors in addition to atmospheric effects. However, the ranges were still over-predicted by a factor of two. p. i. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

For a quasi-free module over a function algebra $A(\Omega)$, we define an analogue of the Berezin transform and relate this to the quotient of the C*-algebra it generates modulo the commutator ideal., Comment: 29 pages

P6.5

In recent years researchers have spent much effort towards gaining an understanding of the complex physical mechanisms through which the atmosphere and ocean interact with each other. This is due to the fact that knowledge of air-sea exchanges is important for a wide range of applications, such as the diverse topics of global climate modeling and near-horizon electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation assessment and prediction. EM propagation through the atmosphere is highly dependent upon the vertical profiles of air temperature and humidity and the horizontal variations in these profiles. It is well known that under most conditions these near-surface scalar profiles depend upon the turbulent air-sea fluxes. Traditional Monin-Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory has been used to successfully predict near-surface profiles over the ocean for most, but not all, stability conditions. It is also becoming increasingly clear that ocean waves influence near-surface profiles, although an understanding of the exact mechanisms through which this occurs and parameterizations to describe these processes so far have remained elusive (e.g. Hare et al. 1997; Hirstov et al. 1998).

The Roughness and Evaporation Duct (RED) experiment was designed to relate the effect of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) features as well as ocean surface roughness to near-surface high frequency electromagnetic propagation. For this, ABL and ocean surface data, as well as propagation data, were collected at mid-path locations in August and September 2001 off the windward coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego (SSC-SD) performed collaborative atmospheric surface layer (NPS) and propagation (SSC-SD) measurements to identify the state of understanding of the atmosphere influence.

Both the faculty and staff from the Departments of Meteorology and Aeronautics evaluated the integration of components for a near-real time decision aid designed to enable small units to respond in a focused way to a ChemBio attack. This effort included the field-testing of an atmospheric dispersion prediction model, an instrumented UAV for collecting meteorological data, and the means for linking the UAV data to real-time dispersion prediction. The primary modeling effort focused on an adaptation of the 'Wind On Constant Streamline Surfaces' (WOCSS) model developed to run on a small computer with input from an external mesoscale model (MM5). The combined models were run for approximately one month for the region surrounding Camp Roberts, CA. In situ meteorological data were collected at the Camp Roberts airfield from 2 October to 5 November 2002 to validate the model predictions. The model results showed promise in capturing the diurnal evolution of near-surface temperatures that drive the local circulations in the warm season. Linking WOCSS with the atmospheric mesoscale model forecasts showed no significant improvement in wind forecasts when compared to the mesoscale model wind forecasts alone. Linking WOCSS to the trajectory visualization code revealed that vertical wind component estimates needed to be improved. The linked model/UAV demonstration of 7-9 October 2002 tested the synthesis of UAV measurements and dispersion model predictions. Although a UAV mishap occurred soon after the demonstration began, the instrumented UAV performance during this early period and in preliminary flight tests indicate that the hardware/software architecture for UAV data collection and its linkage with real-time dispersion prediction will be successful. Overall, the demonstration proved the feasibility of linking a coarse grid mesoscale model to a fine-scale diagnostic wind model for producing fine resolution forward and backward trajectories. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In this paper we give a criterion for an ideal of a TAF algebra to be meet irreducible. We show that an ideal $J$ of $A$ is meet irreducile if and only if the C$^*$-envelope of the quotient $A/J$ is primitive. In that case, A/J admits a nest representation which extends to a *-representation of the C$^*$-envelope for $A/J.$ We also characterize the meet irreducible ideals as the kernels of nest representations; this settles the question of whether the n-primitive and meet irreducible ideals coincide., Comment: 8 pages; accepted in JFA

The Boundary Layer Studies Group (BLSG) of the Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), deployed its 'Flux' buoy in Monterey Bay in July-November 2000 as part of the MUSE collaborative research project. the Flux buoy (FB) is a 2 m diameter disk buoy instrumented with sensors to measure mean environmental parameters, atmospheric turbulence quantities and spectral wave data. This data report provides details of the flux buoy and specific information on the MUSE deployment. The details of the flux buoy MUSE deployment are presented in section 2. The buoy measurements are described in section 3 and the data processing and analysis methods are described in section 4. Finally, the format of the data files is presented in section 5. (from the Introduction) Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Infrared scintillation measurements were obtained along a 7-km path over San Diego Bay concurrently with meteorological measurements obtained from a buoy at the midpoint of the path. Bulk estimates of the refractive index structure parameter C2 were computed from the buoy data and compared with scintillation-derived C2 n n values. The bulk C2 estimates agreed well with the scintillation measurements in unstable conditions. In stable n conditions the bulk C2 estimates became increasingly higher than the scintillation values as the air–sea temperature n difference increased. This disagreement may be due to enhanced wave-induced mixing of the lower atmosphere that decreases the vertical temperature and humidity gradients in stable conditions from the assumed Monin– Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory forms, resulting in bulk C2 values that are too high. The bulk C2 estimates n n decrease rapidly when the absolute air–sea temperature difference approaches small positive values. These predicted decreases in C2 were not observed in either the path-averaged scintillation measurements or in single- n point turbulence measurements, indicating that bulk models for estimating scalar structure parameters based on mean air–sea scalar differences are not valid when the mean air–sea difference approaches zero. The authors believe that the most promising means toward improving the bulk C2 model is to obtain a better understanding n of the MOS functions over the ocean for a wide stability range, and particularly of the role of ocean waves in modifying near-surface vertical gradients and turbulence characteristics.

Paper presented at the RTO SET Symposium on “E-O Propagation, Signature and System Performance Under Adverse Meteorological Conditions Considering Out-of-Area Operations”, held at the Italian Air Force Academy, Naples, Italy, 16-19 March 1998, and published in RTO MP-1. During the Electra-Optical Propagation Assessment in a Coastal Environment (EOPACE) experiment of August-September 1997, infrared transmission measurements were obtained along a 7 km path over San Diego Bay. This work was funded by the U. S. Office of Naval Research, program managers Dr. Scott Sandgathe and Dr. Ronald Ferek.

Prepared for: Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Monterey, California 93940 Overwater measurements of mean and fluctuating parameters have been made coincident with optical scintillation measurements. These data have been used to verify the NPS bulk aerodynamic model for calculating the index of refraction structure function, CN²· The average disagreement between calculated and measured values was 33% verifying the validity of the model. IR measured sea surface temperatures cannot be used in the model and this is discussed. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

No abstract available.

NPS meteorologists hope one day the U.S. fleet will be able to operate as reoutincly in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of tpe Arctic Ocean as it does in the tropics. Office of Naval Research

Understanding the annual and inter-annual variability of the Fram Strait/Greenland Sea Marginal Ice Zone (described by Bourke and Paquette' in this issue) is of scientific interest because of its impact on increasing military and civilian activities in this area . Until the ONR-sponsored Marginal Ice Zone Experiments (MIZEX), no comprehensive meteorology research had been done in marginal ice zones (MIZ). Limited meteorological studies were conducted in the Bering Sea MIZ (MIZEX-WEST 1983).2-5 However, our meteorological understanding of this area has been minimal.

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710946010 Low elevation aerosol spectra, ocean whitecap cover and 10m wind speeds measured during the 1978 JASIN experiment have been inter‐related and compared with previously published observations. The positive dependence of aerosol concentration upon whitecap cover was found to increase with droplet radius reflecting the expected higher correlation of the concentration of larger droplets, which have shorter effective residence time in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, with the immediate whitecap cover, which reflects the instantaneous rate of aerosol generation at the sea surface. The power‐law wind dependence, Uγ of the low elevation concentration of droplets larger than 8γm radius was determined to be similar to the wind dependence of whitecap cover, with γ values of 3.23 and 3.31 resulting from the respective application of the robust bi‐weight fitting technique. This observation is consonant with an aerosol generation model in which the instantaneous rate of production is simply proportional to the immediate whitecap cover. The large droplet end of the JASIN low elevation aerosol spectrum is seen to undergo a marked enhancement when the wind speed exceeds 10ms¯1. This is a consequence of the onset at that speed of supplementary droplet production via the mechanical disruption of wave crests. The observed growth, with increasing wind speed, in the disparity in amplitude of near‐sea‐surface and near‐cloud‐base aerosol spectra is in part a consequence of the fact that the larger droplets, produced in relative abundance at the higher wind speeds, fall out before they can be mixed effectively through the boundary layer. Office of Naval Research Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 370) NOOO14-81-WR-10135 NOOO14-78-G-0052

An analysis is given of $*$-representations of rank 2 single vertex graphs. We develop dilation theory for the non-selfadjoint algebras $\A_\theta$ and $\A_u$ which are associated with the commutation relation permutation $\theta$ of a 2-graph and, more generally, with commutation relations determined by a unitary matrix $u$ in $M_m(\bC) \otimes M_n(\bC)$. We show that a defect free row contractive representation has a unique minimal dilation to a $*$-representation and we provide a new simpler proof of Solel's row isometric dilation of two $u$-commuting row contractions. Furthermore it is shown that the $C^*$-envelope of $\A_u$ is the generalised Cuntz algebra $\O_{X_u}$ for the product system $X_u$ of $u$; that for $m\geqslant 2 $ and $n \geqslant 2 $ contractive representations of $\Ath$ need not be completely contractive; and that the universal tensor algebra $\T_+(X_u)$ need not be isometrically isomorphic to $\A_u$.

This is a study of abnormal refractive layer occurrence over the Amazon region and possible effects on radar and ESM systems, ground or airborne based. Climatologic data from three stations in that region are analyzed using computations from the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), soundings and satellite imagery. The GTE data provide monthly occurrences and seasonality of atmospheric ducts and superrefractive layers. Further, individual soundings from the March-June 2003 period and the Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction Systems (AREPS) 2.1 software are used in a case study that analyzed these layers and, in addition, subrefractive and multiple layers. Selected soundings were used in simulations to explain the effects of different types of abnormal layers on the electromagnetic propagation. Although abnormal layers did not affect ground systems, airborne ones were. For radar, a region with low or no detection is created when an abnormal layer refracts the electromagnetic energy upwards or downwards. Some combinations of multiple layers may cause effects even stronger. It is concluded that knowledge of the abnormal layers occurrence is important for operations in the Amazon region. Further, airborne radar platforms should measure local refractive conditions, if possible. A comprehensive study in time and space is recommended to provide forecasting. http://archive.org/details/refractivecondit10945851 Lieutenant Colonel, Brazilian Air Force Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

ic profiles for use as input into tactical decision aids; provide a real-time assessment of the boundary layer and refractive layers overland; and compare high resolution numerical model data with radiosonde upper air profiles in the data sparse environment. Results validate AREPS as a Tactical Decision Aid and tool for network administrators and operators for RF signal propagation; determine a negligible statistical significance of refractivity condition impact even though in situ meteorological data captured nonstandard refractivity gradients; show that the atmosphere is not a significant contributor to anomalous signal propagation at the operating wavelength and transmission distances; and conclude that the radiation heating of the network equipment remains as the likely factor to impact the transmission signal and equipment. http://archive.org/details/atmosphericeffec109453958 US Navy (USN) author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This study addresses the support of non-acoustic ASW operations by timely atmospheric and ocean surface descriptions on features that impact radar and electrooptical sensor systems. The first part of this study is an analysis of meteorology and oceanography (METOC) data collected off Wallops Island, VA. The second part is a description of data and procedures applied in a "Proof of Concept" for a Radar Performance Surface developed and executed at NPS for the Pacific Fleet exercise Valiant Shield 2007 for periscope detection. In both field experiments NPS employed METOC instruments and personnel in theater to collect in situ "truth" data for the ocean and atmosphere. The sensitivities of the parameters that serve as the input to the performance surface are evaluated. Surface parameters as predicted by the Navy's Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) are compared to in-situ data to assess the sensitivities of air-sea temperature differences and relative humidity errors on predictions of ducting, super and sub-refractive conditions. Atmospheric measurement techniques, use of climatology and numerical modeling as the input to the Radar Performance Surface are addressed. This study evaluates the degree of which mesoscale models can accurately predict the true predicted propagation conditions based on comparisons with in situ data. A statistical summary shows COAMPS® data has sufficient skill when compared to in situ data. http://archive.org/details/estimationsoftmo109453130 US Navy (USN) author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Possible improvements to the minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) entered into TAWS are considered. FLIR92 is modified to include atmospheric turbu- lence that depends on height in the atmosphere. Resultant MRTDs are compared to the operational FLIR92 MRTD predictions excluding atmospheric turbulence. The difference in the MRTD is only apparent in the higher frequency regime and is less than 0.05% of the MRTD values for a typical test case. MRTD is calculated by FLIR92 and NVThermIP over desert and marine locations and the resultant MRTDs entered into TAWS to compare maximum detection range. NVThermIP yielded a larger maximum detection range by up to 1.5% over the desert and 2% over water. http://archive.org/details/sensormodelrequi109453289 US Air Force (USAF) author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

e the fluctuations and provide a clear understanding of the phenomena. This thesis utilized high speed measurements of the atmospheric humidity, temperature and wind speed collected on a tower 10 m above ground level at a coastal location. The humidity data were collected with a high speed infrared humidity sensor. A three axis sonic anemometer provided the wind fluctuation data and a fine wire temperature sensor as well as the sonic anemometer provided atmospheric temperature. All the data were sampled at 20 Hz. This study examined a subset of 251 days of data collected at the Marina, California airport to determine the relative variations of the optical and RF magnitudes of Cn 2 and the underlying atmospheric phenomena that produced the results. http://archive.org/details/opticalndradiofr109453565 US Air Force (USAF) author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Target Acquisition Weapons Software (TAWS) Version 3.4 is a joint Tactical Decision Aid (TDA) used to predict performance of electro-optic and electro-magnetic (EM/EO) munitions and navigation systems. TAWS is the USAF and USN mission-planning standard for laser-guided, infrared, and TV munitions and navigation systems TDAs. As TAWS continues to deploy through the mission planning community there is a need to establish a systematic approach to assessing TAWS accuracy. This study was an operational assessment of TAWS Infrared (IR) model performance and consisted of two parts: a comparison of model predictions to pilot observations of IR detection range of a static tank target and an assessment of physical temperature predictions. Limiting factors of this project are similar to those encountered in real world utilization of TAWS mission planning TDAs. This evaluation found TAWS predicted detection ranges and target scene model output were representative forecasts of observed values. The TDA provided a good description of background thermal behavior and highlighted the necessity of careful evaluation of the target scene because of component facet complexity and the geometry of facets exposed to the sensor view. The resulting component analysis illuminated the benefit of focusing new TAWS development on improving the target physical model. http://archive.org/details/operationalssess109452884 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

In Littoral Warfare (LW), naval operations face a whole new range of missions and types of threats. In such situations, Electronic Warfare (EW) systems are extremely important, yet constantly challenged to perform faster and more accurate detection and recognition of potential threats. However, meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) factors can severely modify the effectiveness of EW systems, particularly against low detectable targets in warm waters. Therefore, this thesis analyzes the effects of tropical littoral environments in the expected performance of generic RF and IR systems when used under these scenarios. It analyzes the outputs of propagation models included in the software suites AREPS and TAWS when using actual data from different sources in the Yucatan Channel. The results of this study demonstrated how radically the environmental conditions can change, clearly modifying the efficiency of surveillance and detection systems in shipborne platforms. Further, several issues related to the need of valuable data and additional research are addressed, while providing useful insights to operational commanders and decision makers for the use of EW systems and available Tactical Decision Aids (TDAs) at the typical scenarios of Littoral Warfare in tropical waters. http://archive.org/details/effectsofmetocfa109451329 Lieutenant Commander, Mexican Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Current U.S. Navy Special Warfare and submarine concepts of operations (CONOPS) dictate that in-situ environmental data collection is limited or not possible. Therefore, predicted data from operational models, such as the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), are essential to estimate the impacts of environmental conditions on the detection of enemy targets and counter-detection by radar and optical sensors. This study compares the use of high-resolution COAMPS data and in-situ shipboard and rawinsonde measurements for detection prediction purposes. The evaluation is based on data from Fleet Exercise SILENT HAMMER conducted off the Southern California coast near San Clemente Island in October 2004. An instrumented vessel was used for continuous surface layer data collection and frequent rawinsonde launches. COAMPS meteorological predictions were obtained at 3- and 9-km resolutions. The shipboard and COAMPS data provided refractivity profiles that were then used with propagation models within the BUILDER and AREPS graphical user interfaces to obtain signal-to-noise and propagation loss versus range diagrams. An increase in the horizontal resolution of COAMPS from 9 to 3 km did not significantly improve the prediction of meteorological variables within the lower marine boundary layer. However, counter-intuitively, the higher resolution did slightly improve detection range estimates. http://archive.org/details/analysisofhighre109452052 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This study evaluated the sensitivity of TAWS detection range calculations to the spatial resolution of scenario backgrounds. Sixteen independent sites were analyzed to determine TAWS background. Multispectral satellite data were processed to different spatial resolutions from 1m to 8km. The resultant imagery was further processed to determine TAWS background type. The TAWS background type was refined to include soil moisture characteristics. Soil moisture analyses were obtained using in situ measurements, the Air Force's Agricultural-Meteorological (AGRMET) model and the Army's Fast All-seasons Soil Strength (FASST) model. The analyzed imagery was compared to the current default 1o latitude by 1o of longitude database in TAWS. The use of the current default TAWS background database was shown to result in TAWS ranges differing from the 1m standard range by 18-23%. The uncertainty was reduced to 5% when background resolution was improved to 8km in rural areas. By contrast, in urban regions the uncertainty was reduced to 14% when spatial resolution was reduced to 30m. These results suggest that the rural and urban designations are important to the definition of a background database. http://archive.org/details/theimpactofbackg109452232 First Lieutenant, United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The Royal Navy and the United States Navy emphasise utilising the environment to achieve a tactical edge. Such approaches are outlined in Sea Power 21. This thesis recognises accurate characterisation of the physical battlespace as vital to concepts of both self-defence (Sea Shield) and strike (Sea Strike). Electromagnetic (EM) propagation is presented as a vital factor in the performance of a wide variety of ship, land, and airborne sensors and weapon systems. Atmospheric influences on EM propagation are related to gradients of temperature and humidity within the atmosphere. It is emphasised that modern maritime warfare is increasingly concentrated in the coastal theatre, an area in which atmospheric variability is often at maxima in both the vertical and horizontal. This thesis examines, using currently available technology and operational methods, how well the physical EM battlespace is described. Propagation models from the UK and US are used to evaluate the propagation environment within the coastal zone, using measured data, collected from the East Coast of the USA, at Wallops Island during 2000, as a comparison. The main findings relate to the large potential errors, due the inability to measure and characterise the variability of the coastal environment under simulated, operational scenarios. http://archive.org/details/evaluationofempr109456291 Lieutenant, Commander, Royal Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Tactical Environmental Processor (TEP) is a through-the-sensor technique that converts radar returns from the AN/SPY-1 into environmental information known as spectral moments. TEP was installed aboard the USS Normandy (CG 60) in May 2000 to support a Limited Objective Experiment during Joint Task Force Exercise (JTFEX) 00-2. On 15 May, TEP observed severe weather associated with a line of passing thunderstorms. These weather events proved serious enough to suspend mid-cycle flight operations for the USS George Washington (CVN 73) during its simulated wartime scenario. TEP is a significant benefit to nowcast weather forecasting and supports at-sea METOC and warfighters in two primary areas: improved situational awareness and optimization of sensors, weapons and tactics. Results from this case study demonstrate the importance of TEP as a Doppler at-sea weather radar in support of naval operations. http://archive.org/details/utilityoftactica109455850 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A method for inferring evaporative duct refractivity profiles from radar clutter was introduced by Rogers et al. (2000) called Refractivity from Clutter (RFC). Climatological data from three tactical ocean areas of interest were used to investigation the RFC method using a numerical simulation of an S-band radar. The magnitude of the error introduced by inferring a neutrally equivalent refractive profile from one parameter (radar clutter) was compared against the traditional bulk method which calculates the profile based on environmental measurements. A benchmark for the simulated RFC error was determined by applying measurement errors to the simulated environment and by then calculating refractive profiles using the bulk method. Results of the simulation show that the error introduced by the RFC method is comparable to the error caused by measurement errors for the traditional method. The neutral equivalent profile inferred by RFC exhibited slightly increasing error with height and more than twice the error with frequency when applied to X-band propagation. Finally, a method for investigating tactical impacts of using refractive profiles against low flying anti-ship missiles was developed. Results show that the simulated RFC method determined the detection range of several hypothetical missiles within five percent of the actual predicted range. http://archive.org/details/assessingeffects109456070 Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Using visible wavelength radiance data obtained from the spaceborne Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia (ACE-Asia), an analysis of aerosol optical depth (AOD) was completed by modification to the NPS AOD Model previously compiled for NOAA geosynchronous- and polar-orbiting satellites. The objective of the analysis was to calibrate the linearized, single-scatter algorithm, estimated bi-directional surface reflectance, and phase function parameters. The intent of the study was to provide enhanced temporal AOD coverage with the addition of the orbiting SeaWiFS eight-channel radiometer to the established NOAA constellation of five-channel AVHRR-equipped satellites. The work has operational significance in providing timely, accurate remote information to military operators of identification and targeting systems. Possible applications include detection and warning of international treaty violation or reducing the adverse public health effects by weapons of mass destruction or pollution advection on global weather patterns. http://archive.org/details/aerosolopticalde109456091 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The marine environment strongly affects the use of naval weapons and sensor systems. The ducting of electromagnetic energy is one of the most important influences in modern systems. The ability to describe the atmosphere is the first step in producing a realistic forecast. This study shows that in the eastern Mediterranean Sea the observed soundings appear to have a systematic error in the lower sections of the mixed layer. This, coupled with the synoptic scale changes in the atmosphere, causes single station forecasting scheme to fail. The thesis emphasizes two points: 1) the need for an accurate description of the atmosphere is paramount to any forecast. 2) the users of any single station forecast must use their knowledge of the models and compare the model results to the other information on hand to determine whether or not the prediction is reliable. http://archive.org/details/singlestationass1094541330 US Navy (USN) author Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.