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In aviation history, accidents during landing are more frequent compared to other phases of flight and in most cases the aircraft is forced to make an emergency belly landing when landing gear malfunctions. This study aims to analyse the energy absorption of a typical composite aircraft fuselage section under such crash belly landing. A finite element model of this composite fuselage section was created and analyzed using LS-Dyna finite element software and the effects of different composite materials on the energy absorption of fuselage section were studied. Four different composite materials that are commonly used in aerospace application were selected for the purpose of the present study namely glass/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, Kevlar/epoxy, and boron/epoxy. An impact velocity of 7 m/s against rigid ground was considered. Results showed that frames and skin contribute the most in energy absorption while the passenger floor and strut contribute the least. Moreover, it was found that fuselage skin made of glass/epoxy absorbed more energy compared to other materials and it had the highest specific energy absorption.

Introduction The USA is a diverse society with representation from different ethnic and racial backgrounds, resulting in under-represented minorities (URMs) in various specialties of medicine. Our objective was to find the statistical ratio of URMs in the academic faculty of neurology. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of the American Association of Medical College database. The database covered neurology faculty members from 2006 to 2017. Results This study shows a significant change in racial representation in faculty ranks over the last 12 years. At chairperson rank, white people decreased from 86.4% to 79.8% whereas Asian, Hispanic and multiple races (non-Hispanic) simultaneously increased from 6.4% to 9.3%, 0.9% to 3.1% and 1.8% to 4.7%, respectively. At the professor rank, white people decreased from 87.4% to 81.6%, while Asians and Hispanics increased from 7.1% to 10.5% and from 0.7% to 2.1%, respectively. At the rank of associate professor, white people decreased from 81.1% to 68.3% whereas Asians, Hispanics and unknown races increased from 10.3% to 19.0%, 1.6% to 3.1% and from 2.1% to 3.5%, respectively. For the rank of assistant professor, white people decreased from 64.7% to 56.9% and Asians increased from 20.5% to 25.9%. Gender differences (men vs women) for the ranks of chairperson, professor, associate professor, assistant professor and instructors were 90.3% and 9.7%, 83.1% and 16.9%, 67.1% and 32.9%, 56.8% and 43.2%, and 48.1% and 51.9%, respectively. Conclusion Over a period of 12 years the racial proportion in academic neurology has changed, but it is not proportionate to their respective increase in the population of the USA. Moreover, the portion of female faculty increased, but they are still under-represented in leadership roles. This racial and gender disparity can be addressed by well-planned interventions.

The importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the Saudi oil sector, like other countries in the world, which is considered one of the important and complementary sources of domestic investment, is very important. FDI is no longer only about the transfer of capital, but is also a necessary source of knowledge transfer in modern management. The transfer of advanced technology, the training and development of local technical cadres and the creation of more jobs for citizens. However, there is a decline in the degree of openness of the legislative environment attractive to foreign direct investment in terms of transparency, in spite of the available legal and administrative legislation in Saudi Arabia, as the volume of foreign investment flowing into the Saudi oil sector has fluctuated and instability of annual decay rates for several reasons, The rate of change in GDP during the period 1990-2000 was only increasing in some years as a result of the first Gulf crisis, depriving Iraq of the oil resource and increasing the production of Saudi Arabia to compensate for the shortage in the oil market and so the increase was after the second Gulf war in 2003 The rate of change has increased steadily due to the shortage after the United Nations exported The importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the Saudi oil sector, like other countries in the world, which is considered one of the important and complementary sources of domestic investment, is very important. FDI is no longer only about the transfer of capital, but is also a necessary source of knowledge transfer in modern management. The transfer of advanced technology, the training and development of local technical cadres and the creation of more jobs for citizens. However, there is a decline in the degree of openness of the legislative environment attractive to foreign direct investment in terms of transparency, in spite of the available legal and administrative legislation in Saudi Arabia, as the volume of foreign investment flowing into the Saudi oil sector has fluctuated and instability of annual decay rates for several reasons, The rate of change in GDP during the period 1990-2000 was only increasing in some years as a result of the first Gulf crisis, depriving Iraq of the oil resource and increasing the production of Saudi Arabia to compensate for the shortage in the oil market and so the increase was after the second Gulf war in 2003 The rate of change has increased steadily due to the shortage after the United Nations exported Iraqi oil in the oil-for-food agreement, in addition to the rising oil prices, which led to an increase in Saudi oil production and consequently increased the rate of change in GDP, In the estimated model in the eighth phase of Table 3, the data were tested by the COOKS DISTANCE TEST, indicating that the normal values ​​and abnormal values ​​were close to the distance and less than 20%, which is recommended by the statistical world COOKS, which is estimated by the estimated model of 12% The data for the eighth stage is stable, while most of the stages were different in the data and the estimated distance by the test is more than 20%. Therefore, this model is considered the best of the models and therefore it will be chosen to represent the relation between the ratio of change in GDP and investment. Iraqi oil in the oil-for-food agreement, in addition to the rising oil prices, which led to an increase in Saudi oil production and consequently increased the rate of change in GDP, In the estimated model in the eighth phase of Table 3, the data were tested by the COOKS DISTANCE TEST, indicating that the normal values ​​and abnormal values ​​were close to the distance and less than 20%, which is recommended by the statistical world COOKS, which is estimated by the estimated model of 12% The data for the eighth stage is stable, while most of the stages were different in the data and the estimated distance by the test is more than 20%. Therefore, this model is considered the best of the models and therefore it will be chosen to represent the relation between the ratio of change in GDP and investment.

ObjectiveThe premise of our study was to investigate the characteristics of family medicine (FM) manuscripts that influence citation rate, capturing features of manuscript construction that are discrete from the study design.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional study of published articles (n = 199), from January to June 2008, from 6 major FM journals with the highest impact factor. Annals of Family Medicine (IF = 1.864), British Journal of General Practice (1.104), Journal of American Board of Family Medicine (1.015), Family Practice (0.976), Family Medicine (0.936), and BMC Family Practice (0.815). Citation counts for these articles were retrieved using Web of Science filter on SCImago and 25 article characteristics were tabulated manually. We then predicted the citation rate by performing univariate analysis, spearman rank-order correlation, and multiple regression model on the collected variables.ResultsUsing spearman rank-order correlation, we found the following variables to have significant positive correlation with citations: number of references (rs and p-value, 0.31 and 0.001 respectively), total words (0.36, 0.001), number of pages (0.33, 0.001), abstract word count (0.17, 0.010) and abstract character count (0.16, 0.010). In a multivariate linear regression model: number of references (p-value = 0.010, R2 = 0.06) and multi-institutional (p-value = 0.050, R2 = 0.01) had a significant effect on citation rates.ConclusionEditors and authors of FM can enhance the impact of their journals and articles by utilizing this bibliometric study when assembling their manuscript.

This paper sought to examine whether Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) can become a predictor model for exchange rate. We try to determine whether at least some variant of the PPP-oriented rule may be used in Malaysia as a basis for exchange rate policy. Two methods are used to examine whether longrun PPP holds. The first method is testing whether or not the real exchange rate follows a random walk. The second is the Johansen procedure to test for a long-run relationship between real exchange rate and real economic shocks. It is found that the ringgit real exchange rate follows a random walk, which means PPP does not hold. However, supportive evidence is also seen that there is a long-run relationship between ringgit real exchange rate with current account balance and government spending. The policy implication of this important finding is that some variant of the PPP-oriented rule may be used in Malaysia as a basis for exchange rate policy. Government spending and current account balance can be used as a guide to determine the movement of real exchange rate. The error-correction model shows that real exchange rate, government spending and current account all adjusted to long-run equilibrium. It has a very important policy implication. Fiscal policy, which controls government expenditure, can be used as a tool to manage exchange rate. Measures have to be taken to increase export while at the same time import has to be reduced to maintain the current account balance to be in surplus. This will strengthen the ringgit, thus helping to stabilize the ringgit exchange rate.

Background and purpose Extensive research has been conducted to find neuroimaging biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. This study aimed at identifying trends of the 100 most highly cited articles on neuroimaging in primary psychiatric disorders. Methods The most highly cited original research articles were identified and analyzed, following searches of MEDLINE and Web of Science All Databases. Results The top 100 articles ranked by yearly citation (from 137.5 to 31.1) were published between 1989 and 2017. Depressive disorders (30 articles), schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (27), autism spectrum disorder (17), substance-related and addictive disorders (7), and post-traumatic stress disorder (7) were among the most studied conditions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (42), structural magnetic resonance imaging (30), and positron emission tomography (22) were the most utilized neuroimaging modalities. While 85 articles investigated the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders (including 7 focusing on developmental changes and 1 on genetic susceptibility), 15 articles studied the impact of treatment, including antidepressants (6), deep brain stimulation (4), antipsychotics (3), behavior therapy (3), and exercise (1). The analysis also identified the most contributing authors, countries (the United States: 71 articles, the United Kingdom: 8, Canada: 5, and China: 5), and journals (JAMA Psychiatry: 20 articles and Biological Psychiatry: 17). Ninety-eight studies were prospective, and two were retrospective. The sample size ranged from 3 to 1,188 (median: 21). Conclusions Our study identified intellectual milestones in the utility of neuroimaging in investigating primary psychiatric disorders. The historic trends could help guide future research in this field.

Damping devices are made up of ferrofluids which aid in strong magnetization and contribute greatly to minimizing magnetic vibrations. The most important and traditional applications of damping devices are used by ferrofluids and Nano magnetic materials. The combined effect of damping devices and ferrofluid materials show improved vibration minimization ratio. Here, it is observed that the basic damping device with ferrofluid materials consists of isolators, dampers, and absorbers. Moreover, novel dynamic isolation with absorption techniques is introduced in this paper. To obtain improved performance and efficiency of damping devices the use of isolators and vibration absorbers is suggested.

In this research, the more important spectral properties of vibration HSiI3 molecule have been studied and calculated by using the semi-empirical theoretical program (HyperChem) method (MNDO-PM3) (Use the RHF wave function for close - shell systems, the spins are paired). The calculated vibration modes for Triiodosilane (SiHI3) were nine modes in the region (63-1815) cm−1, which is located in the far and middle infrared region. Total energy, dipole moment, energy gap, Core-core repulsion, Ionization potential and electron affinity (E.A.) have been calculated. Other properties are also plotted in two and three dimensions, such as electrostatic potential and charge density. In addition, the values of the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals were calculated.

Pure and Barium doped Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) thin films are grown by the chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique. The films are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The XRD shows that pure and doped films are polycrystalline. The average grain of films was found to increase with Barium doping. The optical investigation shows a small decrease in bandgap value for the doped films. The pure and 2% and 4% Ba doped films were found to have a bandgap of 2.43eV and 2.5 eV respectively.

Extensive research has been conducted to find neuroimaging biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. This study aimed at identifying trends of the 100 most highly cited articles on neuroimaging in primary psychiatric disorders.The most highly cited original research articles were identified and analyzed, following searches of MEDLINE and Web of Science All Databases.The top 100 articles ranked by yearly citation (from 137.5 to 31.1) were published between 1989 and 2017. Depressive disorders (30 articles), schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (27), autism spectrum disorder (17), substance-related and addictive disorders (7), and post-traumatic stress disorder (7) were among the most studied conditions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (42), structural magnetic resonance imaging (30), and positron emission tomography (22) were the most utilized neuroimaging modalities. While 85 articles investigated the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders (including 7 focusing on developmental changes and 1 on genetic susceptibility), 15 articles studied the impact of treatment, including antidepressants (6), deep brain stimulation (4), antipsychotics (3), behavior therapy (3), and exercise (1). The analysis also identified the most contributing authors, countries (the United States: 71 articles, the United Kingdom: 8, Canada: 5, and China: 5), and journals (JAMA Psychiatry: 20 articles and Biological Psychiatry: 17). Ninety-eight studies were prospective, and two were retrospective. The sample size ranged from 3 to 1,188 (median: 21).Our study identified intellectual milestones in the utility of neuroimaging in investigating primary psychiatric disorders. The historic trends could help guide future research in this field.

In this study we investigated the characteristics of psychiatry manuscript that influence its citation rate. We conducted a cross-sectional study of published articles (n = 545), from January to June 2007, from 6 major psychiatry journals with the highest 5-year impact-factor. Citation count for these articles was retrieved from Web Of Science (by Clarivate Analytics) and 22 article characteristics were tabulated manually. We then predicted the citation rate by performing univariate analysis, spearman rank-order correlation, and multiple regression model on the collected variables. Using spearman rank-order correlation, we found the following variables to have significant positive correlation with citations: abstract character count (rs and p-value, 0.22 and 0.001 respectively), number of references (0.2, 0.01), abstract word count (0.17, 0.0005), number of pages (0.15, 0.003), open access (0.06, 0.05), study design reported in title (0.04, 0.0001), total number of words (0.03, 0.01) and structured abstract (0.03, 0.0009). In a multivariate linear regression model, the following variables predicted increased citation rates (p

Nuclear waste in Iraq has three major sources; spent nuclear fuel from the old Iraqi Atomic Energy Organization in Al-Twitha site, waste from radioactive isotopes used in medicine and waste generated by the nuclear weapons used in the war against Iraq in 2003. These waste need to storage until becomes safety. Therefore in this study nuclear wastes (strontium oxides) were stored by vitrification methods in two types of borosilicate glass (glass and glass-ceramics) and the effect of beta ray on the immobilized waste was done. Then the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of borosilicate glass contain strontium oxide before and after irradiated by beta ray were investigated. It found that the leaching was not affected by beta-ray and neutrons.

Dawood M1, 2 and Efferth T1* 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany 2Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Aljamhoria Street, Khartoum, Sudan *Corresponding Author: Efferth T, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Tel: +49-6131-3925751; Fax: +49-6131-23752; E-mail: efferth@uni-mainz.de Received date: Oct 01, 2015, Accepted date: Oct 05, 2015, Published date: Oct 07, 2015

This paper presents an empirical test of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) applied to the Malaysia ringgit for the period from 1973 (CPI) and 1984 (WPI) to 1997. Consistent with other research findings, it is detected that real exchange rate follows a random walk. Using multivariate cointegration methodology for the long-run relationship between real exchange rate and certain macro-economic variables, the study provides evidence supporting a long-run relationship between the real exchange rate and the current account balance and government spending, the last two variables have been not included in previous studies of this economy. The causality test between real exchange rate with the current account balance and government spending, however, does not receive support from the error-correction model. This suggests that both government spending and current account balance are not adequate to explain the changes in ringgit real exchange rate.

The objective of this article is to empirically incorporate the effect of seasonality in examining the causal relationship between quarterly government revenue and government expenditure in Malaysia for the period 1970.1-1994.4. The seasonal integration and cointegration tests developed by Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo (1990) and extended by Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee (1993) are applied prior to determination of causality. Evidence of seasonal cointegration of biannual frequency is found. The seasonal error correction model results indicate a unidirectional causal influence from government expenditure to government revenue, supporting the spend-and-tax hypothesis in the short run, i.e. higher government spending leads to higher taxes. The implication of this result is that the size and growth of the public sector and consequential tax burden as well as fiscal deficit in Malaysia are largely determined by the spending decision. I. Introduction In the contemporary era, after World War II, the rapidly increasing size of the public sector in most economies inspired a number of theoretical and empirical studies in explaining the causes of such growth through quantitative analysis. Basically, this type of research was prompted by the need to devise appropriate measures in order to reduce the U.S. federal budget deficit (Manzini and Nejadan 1995). Besides, causality links between government expenditure and revenue have unique significance for developing countries in making budgetary decisions. Governments in developing countries often face greater budgetary constraints. Usually, the government has to make a choice between two possibilities: either to raise taxes or to reduce expenditure in order to contain the fiscal deficit through necessary adjustments in its fiscal operations. This linkage issue is crucial in understanding the causes and consequences of budgetary deficit, which is commonly observed in most countries. On a theoretical plane, there is no consensus among the economists on the issue of causal relations between government expenditure and tax revenue. Three alternative hypotheses have been advanced in perceiving the intertemporal budgetary links between taxation and government spending: (1) Spend-and-tax hypothesis (2) Taxand-spend hypothesis, and (3) Fiscal synchronization hypothesis. According to the spend-and-tax hypothesis, government starts spending first, and then determines how to finance the expenditure through additional taxes at a later date, so that causation runs from expenditure to revenue. Such a view is explored by Peacock and Wiseman (1967) who argue that external shocks (such as the Great Depression, World War II, oil shocks) which require temporary increases in government spending can lead to a permanent increase in taxes. The proposition that taxes adjust to changes in government expenditure is also substantiated in a study by Barro (1974), a supporter of the Ricardian Equivalence proposition, who argues that increases in taxes are the results of higher levels of fiscal expenditure; hence:, causality runs from expenditure to revenue with no feedback. The tax-and-spend hypothesis, contrary to the previous hypothesis, posits the reverse relationship. It is argued that changes in taxes lead to changes in government spending. This hypothesis earned its popularity with the supply-side economists. Economists, such as Friedman (1982), argued that increases in taxes only result in increased expenditure, and not in deficit reduction. This view suggests a causal relationship from revenue to expenditure. The fiscal synchronization hypothesis, on the other hand, postulates that governments change expenditure and revenue simultaneously. According to this hypothesis, governments decide on the desired expenditure and taxes, by comparing the marginal benefits and costs of any balanced budget change. …

Introduction: Statistic distribution of Kennedy's classifications and tooth loss among general population are important reasons to assess the dentures needs and impact of preventive dentistry in any society. Aim: To determine the frequency and pattern of Kennedys classification among Jazan population in relation to different age group, gender, sites and causes of tooth loss. Material and methods: The data was collected between May 2014 and May 2015 from patients who required removable partial dentures. Clinical intra-oral and radiographic examinations were done, then the data were registered and the Kennedy classes and causes of teeth loss were recorded. The number of subjects participated were 339 male and 240 female. They were divided into five groups, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years respectively. All relevant data were entered into SPSS program and analyzed accordingly using Fisher exact test. Results: The highest number of patients among males and females were in age group of 50-59 year. Kennedy’s class III was the highest among all age groups. In males, class III Kennedy classification was the highest in both arches, while class I was the highest in female. Periodontal disease was the major cause of tooth loss in both genders, followed by dental caries. A combination of both causes was founded in less than 10% of subjects. There were significant differences between all groups. The obtained P values were statistically significant (p

IP protection is of major importance for a semiconductor company and only limited information is made available for device debugging for the product outsourced to a foundry. In order to position ourselves better in the ever competitive semiconductor industry, with the consideration of IP protection, we have to provide the customers with the Si debugging capability and device/chip verification services in foundry. This paper explores the Si debugging methodology and technique in a foundry. Two case studies are presented and discussed. The first case illustrates the isolation of the failure location by InGaAs microscopy, upon which the failure was identified to be caused by a latch-up issue. In the second case, due to confidentiality considerations from the customer, full information could not be provided to the foundry for silicon debugging. The paper illustrates the ability to effectively debug a failure despite being constrained by limited information from the customer.

1170 Iraqui women from the Basrah governate in southern Iraq were asked questions on their age and parity length of gestation family income education and consanguinity to determine how these factors related to the birth weight of their children. Only women who fit the following criteria were chosen for the study: those who knew the last date of their menstrual period; those who delivered term babies with the gestational period of 259 days or more; and those whose antenatal history did not suggest evidence of preeclampsia eclampsia urinary tract infection hypertension or diabetes. All women were Iraquis married to Iraquis. The average birth weight was found to be 3.32 plus or minus 0.41 kg (3.38 plus or minus 0.46 kg for males and 3.26 plus or minus 0.33 for females) comparing favorably with the birthweights of British infants. Birthweights increased significantly with an increase in gestational period in the mother slightly declining from 41 weeks onward. It was found that up to age 36 the older the mother the heavier the baby. Birthweight also increased consistently with parity up to 5. Those women who had no blood ties to their husbands gave birth to infants with higher birth weights. No significant differences were found in relation to the height education or family income of the mother. Birth weight had no significant relation to prenatal or nutritional supplements taken during the pregnancy. It should be noted that respondents in the study were a select group who showed no antenatal complications.

The incidence and characteristics of injury within a population of South African male youth football players from an elite academy was determined. A cross-sectional epidemiological study design including 63 male youth footballers, aged 14-19 years, selected for the squad of an elite South African academy for the 2017 football season. A pre-season baseline demographic questionnaire was administered. All injuries were recorded throughout the 2017 competitive season using the FIFA F-MARC Injury Questionnaire. The total injury incidence was 36.4 injuries per 1000 exposure-hours. Match and training incidences were 39.6 and 34.7 injuries per 1000 exposure-hours respectively. The Under-17 team recorded the highest injury incidence, with the Under-19 team recording the lowest. Injuries most commonly occurred in the lower leg and ankle with contusions and muscle strains/ruptures being the most common. The majority of match injuries occurred due to contact with another player and most training injuries were overuse injuries. Age and previous football academy experience did not influence injury incidence in this population. Further research on larger study populations is required to determine if these results are representative of the South African elite male youth football population.

A detailed study has been made of the extraction and separation of uranium and neodymium by poly(hydroxamic acid) resin and tributyl phosphate (TBP) from solutions containing mixtures of these elements. Satisfactory separation schemes were achieved after determining the ion-exchange capacity of the resin for both elements in addition to the distribution coefficient of the elements between TBP and the aqueous solution. After separation, uranium was measured potentiometrically or spectrophotometrically and neodymium was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.