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Précis Cet article s'interroge sur la manière dont le procès des responsables et complices des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 s'inspire de l'héritage du procès de Nuremberg, qui a été filmé et a accueilli la projection régulière d'images comme témoignages et comme preuves. Cette problématique, qui est caractéristique des sociétés dans lesquelles les images sont l'objet d'un intérêt académique comme judiciaire, conduit à questionner ce qu'elles apportent dans un tribunal, en termes de « vérité », et comment elles sont reçues par les protagonistes du procès et les sociétés dans lesquelles elles ont été produites.

Based on socio-historical research of domestic violence treatment in the cantons of Vaud and Geneva, this article analyses how the co-presence of many actors and approaches has affected the definition of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Switzerland. IPV policies centred on gender and then reframed to define violence as a complex issue. We show what the consequences of framing complexity for policy are.

El desplazamiento del centro de gravedad de la economía mundial hacia Asia; la transición geopolítica hacia un sistema multipolar cuya principal variable es la rivalidad entre Estados Unidos y China por el dominio del Asia marítima; y el desafío que plantea a la identidad universalista europea el auge de un continente cuyos valores culturales y concepción de la política se apoyan en otras perspectivas, sitúan a Europa ante un escenario inédito que condicionará en buena medida su futuro. El ascenso de Asia reduce el peso relativo de Europa, pero le obliga asimismo a reorientar su estrategia económica y geopolítica si no quiere verse marginada en la reconfiguración en curso del orden internacional.

Conditional value at risk (CVaR) is widely used to account for the preferences of a risk-averse agent in extreme loss scenarios. To study the effectiveness of randomization in interdiction problems with an interdictor that is both risk- and ambiguity-averse, we introduce a distributionally robust maximum flow network interdiction problem in which the interdictor randomizes over the feasible interdiction plans in order to minimize the worst case CVaR of the maximum flow with respect to both the unknown distribution of the capacity of the arcs and the interdictor’s own randomized strategy. Using the size of the uncertainty set, we control the degree of conservatism in the model and reformulate the interdictor’s distributionally robust optimization problem as a bilinear optimization problem. For solving this problem to any given optimality level, we devise a spatial branch-and-bound algorithm that uses the McCormick inequalities and reduced reformulation linearization technique to obtain a convex relaxation of the problem. We also develop a column-generation algorithm to identify the optimal support of the convex relaxation, which is then used in the coordinate descent algorithm to determine the upper bounds. The efficiency and convergence of the spatial branch-and-bound algorithm is established in numerical experiments. Further, our numerical experiments show that randomized strategies can have significantly better performance than optimal deterministic ones. History: Accepted by David Alderson, Area Editor for Network Optimization: Algorithms & Applications. Funding: The first author’s research is supported by a Group for Research in Decision Analysis postdoctoral fellowship and Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Nature et Technologies postdoctoral research scholarship [Grants 275296 and 301065]. The second author acknowledges support from the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Canada Research Chair program [Grants RGPIN-2016-05208, 492997-2016, and 950-230057]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2022.1257 . The data file and codes are posted on GitHub ( https://github.com/Utsav19/Value-of-Randomization ).

By tracing the transformations of gender-based violence policies in France, this article highlights how they reflect neoliberal feminist dynamics. While the notion of ‘neoliberal feminism’ was developed to focus on the cultural and symbolic arena to analyse the changing representations of feminism, as well as the norms and subjectivities that were shaped by both a managerial and an egalitarian ethos, the role of the state in these processes was left aside. Therefore, the article aims at putting the state back into the analysis of neoliberal feminism by showing how state feminism has been driven in part by a neoliberal rationale when designing policies and has progressively excluded a structural perspective on the problem of gender-based violence.

Utility-based shortfall risk measures effectively captures a decision maker's risk attitude on tail losses. In this paper, we consider a situation where the decision maker's risk attitude toward tail losses is ambiguous and introduce a robust version of shortfall risk, which mitigates the risk arising from such ambiguity. Specifically, we use some available partial information or subjective judgement to construct a set of plausible utility-based shortfall risk measures and define a so-called preference robust shortfall risk as through the worst risk that can be measured in this (ambiguity) set. We then apply the robust shortfall risk paradigm to optimal decision-making problems and demonstrate how the latter can be reformulated as tractable convex programs when the underlying exogenous uncertainty is discretely distributed.

The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is evaluated in simulations of historical climate from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and phase 6 (CMIP6) models, showing a modest improvement in the simulation of South Pacific precipitation (spatial pattern and mean bias) in CMIP6 models but little change in the overly zonal position of the SPCZ compared with CMIP5 models. A set of models that simulate a reasonable SPCZ are selected from both ensembles, and future projections under high emissions (RCP8.5 and SSP5–8.5) scenarios are examined. The multimodel mean projected change in SPCZ precipitation and position is small, but this multimodel mean response obscures a wide range of future projections from individual models. To investigate the full range of future projections a storyline approach is adopted, focusing on groups of models that simulate a northward-shifted SPCZ, a southward-shifted SPCZ, or little change in SPCZ position. The northward-shifted SPCZ group also exhibit large increases in precipitation in the equatorial Pacific, while the southward-shifted SPCZ group exhibit smaller increases in equatorial precipitation but greater increases within the SPCZ region. A moisture budget decomposition confirms the findings of previous studies: that changes in the mean circulation dynamics are the primary source of uncertainty for projected changes in precipitation in the SPCZ region. While uncertainty remains in SPCZ projections, partly due to uncertain patterns of sea surface temperature change and systematic coupled model biases, it may be worthwhile to consider the range of plausible SPCZ projections captured by this storyline approach for adaptation and planning in the South Pacific region. Significance Statement The South Pacific convergence zone is a band of intense rainfall that influences the weather and climate of many Pacific Island communities. Future changes in the SPCZ will therefore impact these communities. We examine climate model representations of future climate to find out how the SPCZ might change in a warmer world. While the models disagree on future changes in the SPCZ, we suggest that it may be useful to consider groups of models with common “storylines” of future change. The changes in the position of the SPCZ in a warmer world correlate strongly to the amount of rainfall change locally. Some models suggest a northward movement of the SPCZ, while others suggest a southward movement. Consideration of the full range of possible future behavior of the SPCZ is needed to better prepare for the impacts of a warmer climate.

Patients with hidradenitis suppurativa experience significant life impact related to their disease. Younger age, Black race, high BMI, active smoking, flares, depression, anxiety, high comorbidity burden, disability, and difficult access to a dermatologist adversely influence life impact related to having hidradenitis suppurativa. Attention to these factors, particularly modifiable ones, may reduce overall impact of disease.

Objective: This project aimed to train nurses on an oncology unit in hypnotic communication to reduce treatment-related pain and anxiety in their patients. A pilot study was conducted to assess changes in hypnotic communication behaviors associated with the training. Methods: Nurses were recruited and their interactions during a simulated patient admission for treatment (before and after training) were recorded. Hypnotic communication skills were assessed by independent reviewers using a training checklist listing different hypnotic communication techniques and a validated assessment scale (Sainte-Justine Hypnotic Communication Assessment Scale, SJ-HCAS). Results: Seven nurses were evaluated. Wilcoxon paired-sample tests (pre–post) reported significant improvement with large effect sizes in the total score of the training grid (P = 0.034, r = 0.832) and significant improvement with large effect sizes in the relational (P = 0.018, r = 0.930) and total (P = 0.021, r = 0.903) scores of the SJ-HCAS. Conclusion: This pilot study shows promising results regarding the effectiveness of hypnotic communication training for nurses. These acquired skills could translate into improved treatment experience with patients and could be transferred to other professionals and settings in the health care system.

Although the stochastic optimization paradigm exploits probability theory to optimize the tradeoff between risk and returns, robust optimization has gained significant popularity by reducing computation requirements through the optimization of the worst-case scenario in a set. An appealing alternative to stochastic and robust optimization consists in optimizing decisions using the notion of regret. Although regret minimization models are generally perceived as leading to less conservative decisions than those produced by robust optimization, their numerical optimization is a real challenge in general. In “Adjustable Robust Optimization Reformulations of Two-Stage Worst-case Regret Minimization Problems,” M. Poursoltani and E. Delage show how to reduce a two-stage worst-case absolute/relative regret minimization problem to a two-stage robust optimization one. This opens the way for taking advantage of recent advanced approximate and exact solution schemes for these hard problems. Their experiments corroborate the high-quality performance of affine decision rules as a popular polynomial-time approximation scheme, from which, under mild conditions, one can even expect exact regret-averse decisions.

Iron overload (IO) reflected by elevated ferritin is associated with increased mortality in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), however, ferritin is an imperfect metric. Elevated labile plasma iron correlates with clinical outcomes and transferrin saturation (TSAT) >80%, but is not readily measurable. The trajectory of TSAT, and its association with clinical outcomes remain undefined. Canadian MDS registry patients were evaluated. Mean TSAT, mean ferritin and transfusion dose density (TDD) were determined. Survival was evaluated by TSAT and ferritin (80%), (≤500 μg/L, 501-800 μg/L, >800 μg/L). In 718 patients, median age was 74 years; 12%, 31%, 29%, 15% and 13% were IPSS-R very low, low, intermediate, high and very high. TSAT and ferritin were moderately correlated (r=0.63, P80% trended with inferior cardiac death-free survival (P=0.053). In univariate analysis, age, IPSS-R, blast percentage by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, frailty, Charlson Comorbidity Index, iron chelation (Y/N), TDD, TSAT and ferritin were significantly associated with inferior OS. By multivariable analysis, TSAT >80% (P=0.007) remained significant for OS (R2 30.3%). In MDS, TSAT >80% and ferritin >800 μg/L portended inferior OS, PFS and LFS. TSAT may indicate the presence of oxidative stress, and is readily measurable in a clinical setting. The relationship between TSAT and cardiac death-free survival warrants further study.

Microglia, brain resident immune cells, modulate development, activity, and plasticity of the central nervous system. Mechanistically implicated in numerous neurological pathologies, microglia emerge as strong contenders for novel neurotherapies. Shifting away from merely an attenuation of excessive microglial inflammatory and phagocytic activities, current therapies aim toward targeting the complex context-dependent microglial heterogeneity, unveiled by large-scale genetic studies and emerging single-cell analyses. Although lacking the necessary selectivity, initial therapies attempting to target specific state-associated microglial properties and functions (e.g., inflammatory activity, phagocytosis, proliferation, metabolism, or surveillance) are currently under pre- or even clinical (Phase I-IV) investigation. Here, we provide an update on current microglial therapeutic research and discuss what the future in the field might look like.

Le Double Cursus Santé Sciences (DCSS) permet de former précocement les futurs acteurs de santé à la recherche. La profonde transformation du système de santé et l’avènement de nouvelles techniques analytiques et numériques ont conduit à reconsidérer la place de la recherche dans la pratique clinique. L’expérience internationale de ce type de programme de formation, notamment aux États-Unis, a révélé le rôle prépondérant que jouent les acteurs de santé ayant acquis une double compétence, médicale et scientifique. En France, un DCSS précoce, pendant les études médicales, a été mis en place dans les années 2000. Cette formation reste cependant disparate et hétérogène, et ne concerne pas toutes les universités. En 2016, l’UFR Santé de Rouen a constaté que le nombre d’étudiants engagés dans ce double cursus était très faible, voire nul selon les années. Aussi, en 2017, un accompagnement institutionnel a été introduit. Celui-ci a abouti à la création d’un tutorat étudiant dédié à cette formation. Il a permis une augmentation du nombre de candidats intéressés et la reconnaissance institutionnelle de ce double parcours. Nous présentons ici les contours de cette formation impliquant étudiants et institution.

Most observational data sequences in geophysics can be interpreted as resulting from the interaction of several physical processes at several timescales and space scales. In consequence, measurement time series often have characteristics of non-linearity and non-stationarity and thereby exhibit strong fluctuations at different timescales. The application of decomposition methods is an important step in the analysis of time series variability, allowing patterns and behaviour to be extracted as components providing insight into the mechanisms producing the time series. This study introduces empirical adaptive wavelet decomposition (EAWD), a new adaptive method for decomposing non-linear and non-stationary time series into multiple empirical modes with non-overlapping spectral contents. The method takes its origin from the coupling of two widely used decomposition techniques: empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and empirical wavelet transformation (EWT). It thus combines the advantages of both methods and can be interpreted as an optimization of EMD. Here, through experimental time series applications, EAWD is shown to accurately retrieve different physically meaningful components concealed in the original signal.

Faraday rotation is a magneto-optical effect central to a number of commercial technologies including optical isolation and magneto-optical imaging. Today, the performance needs of these technologies are met by inorganic materials containing paramagnetic heavy elements. However, organic thin films are increasingly being evaluated as replacement materials, promising higher magneto-optical performance and facile fabrication of structures that enable expanded applications. Despite being an object of research for more than 175 years, our understanding of the Faraday effect in solid-state organic materials remains incomplete, hindering our attempts to methodically improve magneto-optical performance. This Perspective aims to place several recent advances in the field of thin-film organic Faraday rotators within the well-established theoretical framework developed by solution-state magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopists: the Faraday A, B, and C terms. Through careful consideration of these quantum mechanical mechanisms in example molecules, an intuitive understanding of the impact of chemical structure in thin-film Faraday rotators can be achieved, including the critical roles of molecular symmetry, rigidity, absorptivity, and magnetism. Future work seeking to maximize the magneto-optical performance of organic thin films may more readily evaluate candidate chromophores based on the Faraday A, B, and C term framework presented herein.

Geophysical observations will provide key information about the inner structure of the planets and satellites and understanding the internal structure is a strong constraint on the bulk composition and thermal evolution of these bodies. Thus, geophysical observations are a key to uncovering the origin and evolution of the Moon. In this article, we propose the development of an autonomous lunar geophysical experiment package, composed of a suite of instruments and a central station with standardized interface, which can be installed on various future lunar missions. By fixing the interface between instruments and the central station, it would be possible to easily configure an appropriate experiment package for different missions. We describe here a series of geophysical instruments that may be included as part of the geophysical package: a seismometer, a magnetometer, a heat flow probe, and a laser reflector. These instruments will provide mechanical, thermal, and geodetic parameters of the Moon that are strongly related to the internal structure. We discuss the functionality required for future geophysical observations of the Moon, including the development of the central station that will be used commonly by different payloads.

A detailed investigation has been conducted of the interaction between a Martian regolith simulant and the foot of a seismometer (SEIS) recently deployed on the surface of Mars within the NASA InSight mission. A specific device used to investigate the SEIS/ground interaction was improved to provide accurate measurements of low forces and displacements, with a higher system stiffness and appropriate thermal insulation. A series of tests was carried out with a 60 mm dia. disc and the SEIS foot (disc with a spike at its centre). The maximum disc penetration in the loose sand used as simulant under the SEIS weight (10 N) was between 400 and 600 μm, with a tiny effect of the spike. Load cycles under various forces were performed to investigate the elastic interaction, with good reversibility and a linear change of the Young's modulus with respect to the average vertical stress. The tests provided comparable values, showing that the Young's modulus was around 20 MPa – which is compatible with that of loose terrestrial sands – and agreed well with the seismic wave velocities at the surface (from laboratory experiments and from measuring on the surface of Mars the travel times of waves received by the SEIS seismometer).

In Québec (Canada), the donation deferral for men who have sex with men (MSM) has recently been shortened to 3 months. Whether this change impacted compliance with pre-donation screening is unknown. We assessed compliance with the disclosure of male-to-male sex and other behavioural risk factors for HIV amid this change.Québec residents who donated from 14 July 2020 to 30 November 2020 were invited to participate in an online survey. Donors were informed that the survey was optional and anonymous. Survey questions were those used for routine pre-donation screening. Rates of reported non-compliance were weighted based on several characteristics.Of 21,918 contacted donors, 7113 (32.45%) participated. Among male participants (N = 3347), six (0.27% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09%-0.44%]) were not compliant with a 3-month MSM deferral. Among female participants (N = 3766), two (0.06% [95% CI = 0.00%-0.13%]) were not compliant with a 3-month deferral for sex with a man who had male-to-male sex ≤12 months. Other risk factors exhibited similar or lower rates of reported non-compliance.Reported non-compliance with a 3-month MSM deferral and the disclosure of other HIV behavioural risk factors was low. These results warrant the investigation of behavioural donor risk assessment approaches to further improve the inclusiveness of blood donation.

The pore size, shape and orientation of an illite-dominant clay were mapped during one-dimensional compression, using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption. The total porosity was found to spread over the three International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry classes of pores sizes: micropores (below 2 nm), mesopores (2–50 nm) and macropores (above 50 nm), and all three pore classes were observed during the compression. The clay structure is aggregated, with visible inter-aggregate pores (about 80% of the total porosity), and the remaining intra-aggregate pores of size approximately equal to the thickness of illite platelets (50–100 layers). During compression the largest pores first collapsed, followed by a progressive collapse, in an orderly manner, of smaller and smaller pores. MIP data suggest that the macroscopic deformation mainly translates at the pore scale into changes of inter-aggregate porosity, while intra-aggregate pores spread over the micro- to mesopore size range. Gas adsorption tests show that the volume of intra-aggregate pores decreases with loading, probably due to rearrangement of particles composing the aggregates, while the specific surface area reduces. Examination of the pores’ orientation on both vertical and horizontal planes confirms a preferential orientation of pores normal to the loading direction, with a gradual flattening of the pores.

Females tend to be more anxious than males while engaging in mathematics, which has been linked to lower math performance and higher math avoidance. A possible repercussion of this gender difference is the underrepresentation of females in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and math), as math competencies are an essential part of succeeding in such fields. A related, but distinct, area of research suggests that males tend to outperform females in tasks that require spatial processing (i.e., the ability to mentally visualize, rotate, and transform spatial and visual information). Interestingly, factors from the spatial processing domain (spatial ability and spatial anxiety) are important in explaining gender differences in math anxiety. Here, we examined three types of spatial anxiety and ability (imagery, navigation, and manipulation), as well as math ability, as mediators of gender differences in math anxiety. Undergraduate students (125 male; 286 female) completed assessments of their general level of anxiety, their math anxiety, and their spatial anxiety. They also completed a series of tasks measuring their mathematical skill, their spatial skills, and basic demographics. Results suggest that manipulation anxiety and ability, navigation anxiety, and math ability explained the gender difference in math anxiety, but manipulation anxiety was the strongest mediator of this relation. Conversely, all other measures did not explain the gender difference in math anxiety. These findings help us better understand the gender difference in mathematics, and this is important in reducing the gender gap in STEM fields. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Three small-scale mock-up tests were carried out on artificially fractured Opalinus Clay samples from the lower sandy facies of Mont Terri site, the first with the synthetic water of neutral pH and at an osmotic suction of 1 MPa, the second with a highly {NaNO}_3 saline solution with a neutral pH and at osmotic suction of 34\ MPa\ and the third with a hyper-alkaline solution at pH=13.5 and at osmotic suction of 1.16\ MPa. The radial swelling pressure was monitored using a total pressure sensor along with the fracture opening using a displacement transducer. The tests ran for over 290 days. After that, the three tests were dismantled. A detailed petro-physical characterization of 45 subsamples was conducted, and the pore size distribution was determined at different positions. X-ray diffractometry measurements were also conducted to identify any mineralogical changes. Results show that, in the case of the synthetic water and the alkaline solution, the friction forces exerted by the lid and the base on the sample were significant and probably hampered the self-sealing of the fracture. Saline solutions affect the self-sealing process of claystones. Indeed, even though increasing the salinity caused the contraction of the diffuse double layer and generated additional fractures within the sample, which increased the permeability and thus accelerated the hydration process, a complete self-sealing of the fracture opening was not observed.