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Electrostatic charge of solid particles can cause problems in many handling processes and need to be evaluated in terms of charge levels and charge polarity. An inductive charge sensor is suitable for the evaluation of both levels and distributions of particle charges at the same time. However, the performance of charge sensing is critically subject to its signal process, which can result in huge errors. One of error sources is drifting of the baseline tracked, which leads raw signals generated by the sensor to be distorted. Especially in determining polarity and quantity of bipolar charges, the distorted signal leads to significant biases and errors in charge measurements, when the number of particles measured is big. Currently, the existing correction algorithms cannot produce a satisfied result in baseline tracking. In this paper, the baseline drifting problem for the charge signals has been explored according to the types of charge polarity. For unipolar charge signals, charge polarity and quantity are determined directly by a poles-pairing method without any further baseline correction. For bipolar charge signals, a new method in baseline tracking and correction has been developed based on dynamic time warping algorithm. Further optimization by a double-check process is used to remove the ‘small hump’ errors in the signal. With the results of the charge measurements, this new method shows significant advantages on accuracy and efficiency of charge detection compared to the other existing methods.

In this paper, a new species of the genus Rosa from China, Rosa tomurensis L. Luo, C. Yu & Q. X. Zhang, is described and illustrated. In the past, R. tomurensis was considered as a variety of Rosa laxa. After years of field investigation, introduction and cultivation, comparison and measurement of plant specimens, our research team found that R. tomurensis has stable characters, and its morphological characteristics, sporopollen, chromosome karyotype and genome are obviously different from R. laxa. Therefore, it is confirmed that R. tomurensis is an independent species in Rosa.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major poultry pathogen that can induce Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in chickens, causing serious economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) act as a vital role in resisting microbial pathogenesis and maintaining cellular mechanism. Our previous miRNAs sequencing data showed gga-miR-24-3p expression level was significantly increased in MG-infected chicken lungs. The aim of this study is to reveal the cellular mechanism behind the MG-HS infection. We found that gga-miR-24-3p was significantly upregulated and Ras-related protein-B (RAP1B) was downregulated in chicken fibroblast cells (DF-1) with MG infection. Dual luciferase reporting assay and rescue assay confirmed that RAP1B was the target gene of gga-miR-24-3p. Meanwhile, overexpressed gga-miR-24-3p increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and significantly inhibited cell proliferation as well as promoted MG-infected DF-1 cell apoptosis, whereas inhibition of gga-miR-24-3p had the opposite effect. More importantly, the results of overexpression and knockdown of target gene RAP1B demonstrated that the presence of RAP1B promoted cell proliferation and it saved the reduced or increased cell proliferation caused by overexpression or inhibition of gga-miR-24-3p. Furthermore, the overexpression of gga-miR-24-3p could significantly inhibit the expression of MG-HS adhesion protein. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that DF-1 cells can resist MG-HS infection through gga-miR-24-3p/RAP1B mediated decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, which provides a new mechanism of resistance to MG infection in vitro.

Rosa tomurensis L. Luo, C. Yu & Q. X. Zhang (Figures 3, 4, 5) Type: — CHINA. Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Akesu Prefecture, Wensu County, Tuomuerfeng Natural Preservation Areas, in river valleys, ca. 1800m, 10 June 2017, L. Luo, C. Yu, Y. J. Sui, F. Yang & S. Zhao 171022 (holotype BJFC00107674!). Diagnosis: — R. tomurensis is different from R. laxa in the following characteristics: prickles are rare, single prickles are larger, and the tip of prickles is not curved significantly; leaf blade apex serrate only, subbase one-third entire; flowers often solitary, and single flowers are larger than R. laxa; receptacles purplish red, occasionally green; pedicels very long, purplish red or green; sepals are purplish red or green; hips are larger than R. laxa, often pendulous, hip apex without short neck; hip pedicels slightly inflated at base; sepals abaxially, receptacle and pedicel glandular or glandless together, the glands in the pedicel sometimes shed at anaphase. (Table 2). Description: —Shrubs, erect, 2.5–3 m tall, basal branching. Branchlets slender, brownish red; branchial spines are rare, scattered, rarely opposite, pale yellow and white, unequal in length, slender, broad at base, apex slightly downward curved. Leaflets 5–9, usually 7, elliptic, obovoid, ovoid or oblong, 0.6–2 × 0.5–1 cm, abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially smooth; leaf margin simple serrate, often entire subbase one-third. Stipules usually wider, base mostly adnate to petiole, free portion ovate, triangulate, margin glandular spot. Flowers often solitary, sometimes 2–3 in corymbose cymes, (3) 3.5–6.5 (7) cm in diam; pedicel 1.5–3.5 cm, pedicel and calyx tube glabrous or tomentose and sparsely glandular hairs; bracts ovate, margin glandular teeth, abaxially with distinct midrib and lateral veins; sepals long lanceolate, margin entire, apex elongated widened into appendages, abaxially glandular and densely tomentose, adaxially densely pubescent, margin more densely; petals white, sparse pink,or pale pink, at bud stage, petal tips are often pink or pale pink. Hip subglobose or ovoid, red, shiny, 1–2.1cm in diam, 1.5–2 cm long, sepals persistent and spreading; fruit pedicel straight or bent. Distribution and habitat: —This species is produced in the Tuomuerfeng Natural Preservation Areas of Wensu County in Aksu Perfecture, the Pamir Plateau Mountain Area of Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Tajik Autonomous County of Taxkorgan in Kashgar Prefecture and the south slope of Duku Highway, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It borns in arid mountains, river valleys and riparian thickets, at elevations between 1700 m and 3000 m. The associated woody plants in this area are R. laxa, R. albertii, Berberis sp., Caragana sp., etc. Phenology: —Flowering from June to July, fruiting from August to October. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the distribution where the new species was first discovered. Paratypes: — CHINA. Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Akesu Prefecture, Wensu County, Tuomuerfeng Natural Preservation Areas, in river valleys, ca. 1800m, 24 September 2017, L. Luo, C. Yu, Y. J. Sui, F. Yang & S. Zhao 171023 (BJFC00107688!); the same locality, 8 June 2017, L. Luo, C. Yu, Y. J. Sui, F. Yang & S. Zhao 171024 (BJFC00107671!). Conservation status: —Based on currently available data, the species should be assigned to the ‘Data Deficient’ (DD) category of IUCN (2022). There is little human interference in this species’ distribution areas, so these populations are not easy to be destroyed., Published as part of Deng, Tong, Luo, Le, Yu, Chao, Zhang, Qi-Xiang, Liu, Xue-Sen & Deng, Ze-Yi, 2022, Rosa tomurensis, a new species of Rosa (Rosaceae) from China, pp. 169-177 in Phytotaxa 556 (2) on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6965990, {"references":["IUCN Standards and Petitions committee (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https: // nc. iucnredlist. org / redlist / content / attachment _ files / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 15 March 2022)"]}

Measuring immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), can rely on antibodies, reactive T cells and other factors, with T-cell-mediated responses appearing to have greater sensitivity and longevity. Because each T cell carries an essentially unique nucleic acid sequence for its T-cell receptor (TCR), we can interrogate sequence data derived from DNA or RNA to assess aspects of the immune response. This review deals with the utility of bulk, rather than single-cell, sequencing of TCR repertoires, considering the importance of study design, in terms of cohort selection, laboratory methods and analysis. The advances in understanding SARS-CoV-2 immunity that have resulted from bulk TCR repertoire sequencing are also be discussed. The complexity of sequencing data obtained by bulk repertoire sequencing makes analysis challenging, but simple descriptive analyses, clonal analysis, searches for specific sequences associated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, motif-based analyses, and machine learning approaches have all been applied. TCR repertoire sequencing has demonstrated early expansion followed by contraction of SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes, during active infection. Maintenance of TCR repertoire diversity, including the maintenance of diversity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 response, predicts a favourable outcome. TCR repertoire narrowing in severe COVID-19 is most likely a consequence of COVID-19-associated lymphopenia. It has been possible to follow clonotypic sequences longitudinally, which has been particularly valuable for clonotypes known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 peptide/MHC tetramer binding or with SARS-CoV-2 peptide-induced cytokine responses. Closely related clonotypes to these previously identified sequences have been shown to respond with similar kinetics during infection. A possible superantigen-like effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been identified, by means of observing V-segment skewing in patients with severe COVID-19, together with structural modelling. Such a superantigen-like activity, which is apparently absent from other coronaviruses, may be the basis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome and cytokine storms in COVID-19. Bulk TCR repertoire sequencing has proven to be a useful and cost-effective approach to understanding interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the human host, with the potential to inform the design of therapeutics and vaccines, as well as to provide invaluable pathogenetic and epidemiological insights.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Comparison of 16S sequencing data volume between the two groups. Table S2 Enrichment table of metabolism pathway.

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. 16S sequencing results of gut microbiota and gut microbiome composition at phylum level. Fig. S2 Quality control of LC-MS/MS (a-c: positive ion, d-f: negative ion). Fig. S3 BPH may induce variation in intestinal metabolites. Fig. S4 BPH leads to changes in metabolic pathways. Fig. S5 Association of intestinal differential metabolites with gut microbiota.

Additional file 3. Table of Enablers for guideline implementation in all respondents.

Additional file 2. Table of Knowledge scores of key methodology for developing guidelines.

Additional file 1. The survey questionnaire.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Information of NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. Table S2. Information of selected alcohol dehydrogenase. Table S3. The mutation sites of the PROSS mutants. Table S4. Thermal stability of the recombinant LkADH. Table S5. Activity half-life of the recombinant CbADH-6M. Figure S1. Multiple sequence alignment of alcohol dehydrogenases. Figure S2. SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein expression of the alcohol dehydrogenases. Figure S3. SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein expression at different inducing temperatures. Figure S4. SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein expression at different IPTG concentration. Figure S5. CbADH activity of molecular chaperones co-expression strains. Fig S6. SDS-PAGE analysis of protein expression of molecular chaperones co-expression strains. Fig S7. Multiple sequence alignment of CbADH mutant. Fig S8. SDS-PAGE analysis of protein expression of PROSS mutants. Fig S9. Protein purification of PROSS mutants. Fig S10 HPLC spectrum of (S)-1-phenylethanol. Fig S11. HPLC spectrum of (S)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanol. Fig S12. HPLC spectrum of (S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanol. Fig S13. HPLC spectrum of (S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol. Fig S14. HPLC spectrum of (S)-1-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)ethanol.

Additional file 2. Search resources and Websites.

Additional file 2. Experience and lessons in hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections.

Additional file 1. Appendix 1 Questionnaire.

Additional file 1. Conflict of Interest Statement form.

Additional file 7. Recommendations list.

Additional file 6. Evidence summary tables.

Additional file 3. Search strategies.

Additional file 1. A successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia patient.

Additional file 9. Recommendations of side effects and contraindication of BCG. The recommendations of side effects and contraindication of BCG were synthesized and presented as a table in Additional file 9.

Additional file 7. Recommendations of immediate postoperative instillation. To demonstrate differences between the identified guidelines, the key recommendations for the management of NMIBC were extracted and summarized. The recommendations of immediate postoperative instillation were synthesized and presented as a table in Additional file 7.

Additional file 1. Search strategy on PubMed. An exhaustive search was performed in the PubMed using a combination of text-free terms and their corresponding MeSH terms. The search strategy on PubMed is outlined in Additional file 1.

Additional file 2. A list of the websites with potential NMIBC guidelines. We searched the websites of guideline development organizations and professional societies. A list of the websites with potential NMIBC guidelines are outlined in Additional file 2.

Additional file 3. A composite grading system for ranking evidence and recommendations in NMIBC guidelines. Various grading systems have been used to evaluate the LOE and SOR in different guidelines, for the convenience of statistics, we discussed and reached a consensus on a composite grading system generated as a table in Additional file 3 for presenting the evidence and recommendations.

Additional file 8. Recommendations of measures for optimizing chemotherapy administration. The recommendations of measures for optimizing chemotherapy administration were synthesized and presented as a table in Additional file 8.

The action between imidazolinyl-quaternary-ammonium-salt (IQAS) molecule and Fe atom was studied, and the influence of the alkyl group connected with N atom of imidazoline ring on corrosion inhibition efficiency was explored. Quantum chemical methods, HF/6–31 G and HF/Lan L2 dz, were applied successively to calculate the parameters such as front molecular orbit energy of IQAS I–IV and chemical adsorption for IQAS I–IV and Fe atom. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was measured with the weight loss method of carbon steel samples in acidic solution and oil field sewage. Based on the theoretical analyses and experimental results, it is concluded that N-Fe coordination bond is formed between IQAS molecule and Fe atom, corrosion inhibition efficiency is decreased in the following order (from large to small): IQAS IV, IQAS III, IQAS II, IQASI.

To understand the genetic polymorphism of DC-SIGN's and DC-SIGNR's neck regions in normal Chinese Han population, and to obtain the genetic data of the two loci in Chinese Han population.The genotypes and alleles of repeat sequences of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR neck region were typed by PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Polymorphism information content (PIC) of DC-SIGNR was calculated.DC-SIGN genetic polymorphism was rare. Allele 7 was most and its frequency was 0.9808. 4-, 5-, 6- and 8- alleles were also found, although their frequencies were very low. Caucasians had only 6- and 8- allele mutants; DC-SIGNR genetic polymorphism was high, its PIC was 0.5312, 4-,5-,6-,7-,8-,9- alleles and 16 genotypes were found in normal Chinese Han population. The differences of 6/5,7/4,7/5,7/6,7/7,9/5,9/7,9/9 genotypes distribution and 5-,6-,7-,9- alleles frequency between normal Chinese Han population and Caucasian population were all extremely distinct (P0.01). The inserted mutation seemed more in Chinese Hans than Caucasian population.DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR genotypes and alleles distribution in Chinese Han population are significantly different from Caucasian population and with Chinese own population genetic characteristics, compared with Caucasians.