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1. Attractor hopping between polarization dynamical states in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser subject to parallel optical injection

Author

Florian Denis-le Coarer, Luis Pesquera, Angel Valle, Miguel A. Rodríguez, Krassimir Panajotov, Ana Quirce, Marc Sciamanna, Methuselah Foundation, Research Foundation - Flanders, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes ( LMOPS ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Chaire Photonique, CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria ( IFCA ), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Instituto de Física de Cantabria ( CSIC-UC ), Instituto de Física de Cantabria, E-Content, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] ( TONA ), Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), Applied Physics and Photonics, Brussels Photonics Team, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)-CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Subjects
VCSELs, Stochastic dynamical systems, 02 engineering and technology, Power law, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Laser dynamics, Polarization, Attractor, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [ SPI ] Engineering Sciences [physics], Spontaneous emission, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], ON-OFF INTERMITTENCY, SINGLE-MODE VCSELS, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, NONLINEAR DYNAMICS, MULTISTABILITY, COMPLEXITY, OPERATION, NOISE, PARAMETERS, MECHANISM, Multistability, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], [ NLIN ] Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Polarization (waves), Transverse mode, Fluctuations & noise, Chaos & nonlinear dynamics, Atomic physics, Coherence (physics)
Abstract

We present experimental and theoretical results of noise-induced attractor hopping between dynamical states found in a single transverse mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) subject to parallel optical injection. These transitions involve dynamical states with different polarizations of the light emitted by the VCSEL. We report an experimental map identifying, in the injected power-frequency detuning plane, regions where attractor hopping between two, or even three, different states occur. The transition between these behaviors is characterized by using residence time distributions. We find multistability regions that are characterized by heavy-tailed residence time distributions. These distributions are characterized by a -1.83±0.17 power law. Between these regions we find coherence enhancement of noise-induced attractor hopping in which transitions between states occur regularly. Simulation results show that frequency detuning variations and spontaneous emission noise play a role in causing switching between attractors. We also find attractor hopping between chaotic states with different polarization properties. In this case, simulation results show that spontaneous emission noise inherent to the VCSEL is enough to induce this hopping., This work has been funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER, UE), Spain under project TEC2015-65212-C3-1-P. A.Q. acknowledges FWO for support from a Postdoc fellowship and K.P. is grateful to the Methusalem Foundation for financial support.

Published
2018
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2. Polarization dynamics induced by parallel optical injection in a single-mode VCSEL

Author

Florian Denis-le Coarer, Hugo Thienpont, Ana Quirce, Luis Pesquera, Angel Valle, Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Airbus, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes ( LMOPS ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Chaire Photonique, CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria ( IFCA ), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Instituto de Física de Cantabria ( CSIC-UC ), Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] ( TONA ), Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)-CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Applied Physics and Photonics, and Brussels Photonics Team

Subjects
VCSELs, chaos, Spontaneous emission, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, FREQUENCY, DIODE, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, 010309 optics, nonlinear dynamics, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, [ SPI ] Engineering Sciences [physics], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], [PHYS]Physics [physics], Semiconductor lasers, Physics, RESOLVED DYNAMICS, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, business.industry, [ NLIN ] Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Single-mode optical fiber, Biasing, locking, Polarization (waves), Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Injection locking, Nonlinear system, Diode Lasers, business, subject
Abstract

We report an experimental study of the polarization nonlinear dynamics in a 1550 nm single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) subject to parallel optical injection. Experimentally measured stability maps identifying regions of different nonlinear dynamics for various values of bias current are reported. We show that VCSELs with more than a 35 dB polarization mode suppression ratio can have rich nonlinear dynamics in both linear polarizations, including periodic and chaotic behaviors appearing simultaneously in both polarization modes., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (TEC2015-65212-C3-1-P); Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (ANR-12-JS03-005); Prefecture de Region Grand-Est (Chair in Photonics, FEDER [PHOTON, APOLLO], FNADT[APOLLO, PIANO]); AIRBUS-GDI Simulation; Metz Metropole; Conseil Departemental de Moselle; Conseil Regional Grand-Est.

Published
2017
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3. Injection locking and polarization switching bistability in a 1550 nm VCSEL subject to parallel optical injection

Author

Pablo Pérez, Florian Denis-le Coarer, Marc Sciamanna, Hugo Thienpont, Luis Pesquera, Angel Valle, Ana Quirce, Krassimir Panajotov, Applied Physics and Photonics, Brussels Photonics Team, Laboratoire matériaux organiques à propriétés spécifiques ( LMOPS ), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces ( LEPMI ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Chaire Photonique, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes ( LMOPS ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centro de estudios e investigaciones laborales del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas de Argentina ( CEIL-PIETTE DEL CONICET ), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires], Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria ( IFCA ), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Instituto de Física de Cantabria ( CSIC-UC ), Instituto de Física de Cantabria, CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] ( TONA ), Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)-CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centro de estudios e investigaciones laborales [Buenos Aires] (CEIL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Subjects
VCSELs, Materials science, Bistability, bistability, Optical bistability, 02 engineering and technology, Laser mode locking, Semiconductor laser theory, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [ SPI ] Engineering Sciences [physics], [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Semiconductor lasers, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], business.industry, Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, [ NLIN ] Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Optical polarization, injection-locked lasers, Optical coupling, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Transverse mode, Injection locking, Optoelectronics, business, Optical attenuators, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Abstract

We present experimental and theoretical results of bistable polarization switching in a single transverse mode 1550 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) subject to parallel optical injection. We focus our analysis on the bistability induced by power variation of the master laser found on the recently observed state of simultaneous injection locking of the parallel polarization mode and excitation of the orthogonal polarization mode, IL+PS. Experimental stability maps identifying, in the injected power-frequency detuning plane, where this state is observed, and corresponding bistable regions are reported for several bias currents. We find bistability between the IL+PS state and the single polarization mode injection locked solution. We also find bistability between the IL+PS and different periodic dynamics in the parallel polarization mode. The width of the hysteresis cycle increases when increasing the bias current or when increasing the wavelength of the optical injection beyond the solitary VCSEL wavelength. We theoretically confirm these types of bistability by numerically simulating the spin-flip model and by performing a linear stability analysis for the different stable states. Excellent agreement is found between experimental and theoretical results.

Published
2017
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4. Nonlinear dynamics of a laser diode with an injection of an optical frequency comb

Author

Yaya Doumbia, Delphine Wolfersberger, Tushar Malica, Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Chaire Photonique, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)-CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels Photonics Team, and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Materials science, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Parameter space, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, LOCKING, CHAOS, GENERATION, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Laser diode, laser diode, business.industry, Nonlinear Laser Dynamics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Injection locking, Nonlinear system, Semiconductor, Amplitude, 0210 nano-technology, business, Optical Frequency Combs
Abstract

International audience; We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the variety of the nonlinear dynamics exhibited by a single frequency semiconductor laser subjected to optical injection from a frequency comb. The injection parameters (the detuning and the injection strength) and the comb properties (comb spacing and the amplitude of the injected comb lines) are varied to unveil several dynamics such as injection locking, wave-mixing, chaotic dynamics, and unlocked time-periodic dynamics corresponding to new comb solutions. The asymmetry of the injected comb is shown to modify the size of the injection locking region in the parameter space, as well as the common properties between the new comb solutions observed and the injected comb.

Published
2020
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5. Molecules in confinement in clusters, quantum solvents and matrices: general discussion

Author

Ingo Fischer, Martin Dracinsky, Anne Zehnacker-Rentien, Majdi Hochlaf, Claudine Crépin, Zlatko Bačić, Ad van der Avoird, David M. Benoit, Halima Mouhib, Irena Kratochvílová, Jun Miyazaki, F. A. Gianturco, David C. Clary, Malgorzata Biczysko, Timothy A. H. Burd, Joel M. Bowman, Jeremy O. Richardson, Peter M. Felker, Thierry Stoecklin, Chun Mei Liu, Karel Kouril, Krzysztof Szalewicz, Petr Slavíček, Anne B. McCoy, Gilberte Chambaud, Stephen E. Bradforth, Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Mathématiques et Calcul Scientifique (CERMICS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle (MSME), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SYSIPHE, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [UCLA] (UCLA-CS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Key Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy and Material Processing, University of Shanghai [Shanghai], Institute of Physical Chemistry [Aachen] (IPC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), University of Chemistry and Technology Prague (UCT Prague), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), U.Delaware, University of Delaware [Newark], Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University (RWTH), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Radboud University [Nijmegen]

Subjects
Physics, Chemical physics, Molecule, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, 01 natural sciences, Quantum, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Faraday Discussions, 212, ISSN:1359-6640, ISSN:1364-5498

Published
2018
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6. Analysis of the polarization of single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers subject to parallel optical injection

Author

Angel Valle, Luis Pesquera, Krassimir Panajotov, Hugo Thienpont, Alexandra Popp, Marc Sciamanna, Yanhua Hong, Florian Denis-le Coarer, Ana Quirce, Pablo Pérez, Research Foundation - Flanders, Université de Lorraine (France), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Rutgers University [Camden], Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Applied Physics and Photonics, and Brussels Photonics Team

Subjects
bistability, chaos, Physics::Optics, Optical power, 02 engineering and technology, injection locked, DIODE, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, PARAMETERS, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, vcsels, 0103 physical sciences, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Spontaneous emission, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Physics, Semiconductor lasers, business.industry, Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, Single-mode optical fiber, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, dynamics, locking, Polarization (waves), SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Injection locking, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, Bistability, business
Abstract

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the polarization switching found in single-transverse-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) when subject to parallel optical injection. Our analysis focuses on a recently observed state in which injection locking of the parallel polarization and excitation of the free-running orthogonal polarization of the VCSEL are obtained. A simple nonlinear dependence between the power of both linear polarizations and the frequency detuning is found. Also, the total power emitted by the VCSEL is constant and independent of the injected optical power and the frequency detuning. We check these results experimentally for a variety of frequency detunings and bias currents applied to the device. We report experimental and theoretical stability maps in the injected power-frequency detuning plane for different bias currents, identifying the regions in which the state is observed. A simple analytical expression that describes the map boundary for large and negative frequency detunings is obtained. This provides a simple method to extract the linear dichroism of the device., Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (ANR-12-JS03-005); Ser Cymru National Research Network in Advanced Engineering and Materials; Prefecture de Lorraine and SGAR (APOLLO [FEDER/FNADT], PHOTON project [FEDER]); Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER, UE) (TEC2015-65212-C3-1-P).

Published
2017
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7. Vertical electro-absorption modulator design and its integration in a VCSEL

Author

Stephane Calvez, Krassimir Panajotov, Hugo Thienpont, Guilhem Almuneau, Alexandre Arnoult, Ludovic Marigo-Lombart, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Applied Physics and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Brussels Photonics Team, Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Optical communication, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, VCSEL, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, law, Electro-absorption modulator, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Figure of merit, QCSE, Quantum well, business.industry, SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, PEROT REFLECTION MODULATORS, QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES, WAVE-GUIDE MODULATORS, OPTICAL MODULATION, CAVITY LASER, THRESHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, REFRACTIVE-INDEX, GAAS, OPTIMIZATION, modulator, electro-absorption, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, CMOS, Modulation, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; Electro-absorption modulators, either embedded in CMOS technology or integrated with a semiconductor laser, are of high interest for many applications such as optical communications, signal processing and 3D imaging. Recently, the integration of a surface-normal electro-absorption modulator into a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser has been considered. In this paper we implement a simple quantum well electro-absorption model and design and optimize an asymmetric Fabry–Pérot semiconductor modulator while considering all physical properties within figures of merit. We also extend this model to account for the impact of temperature on the different parameters involved in the calculation of the absorption, such as refractive indices and exciton transition broadening. Two types of vertical modulator structures have been fabricated and experimentally characterized by reflectivity and photocurrent measurements demonstrating a very good agreement with our model. Finally, preliminary results of an electro-absorption modulator vertically integrated with a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser device are presented, showing good modulation performances required for high speed communications.

Published
2018
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8. Transverse Mode Switching and Locking in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Subject to Orthogonal Optical Injection

Author

Angel Valle, Krassimir Panajotov, Ignace Gatare, Marc Sciamanna, Applied Physics and Photonics, Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Subjects
POLARIZATION PROPERTIES, LIGHT INJECTION, semiconductor lasers, 02 engineering and technology, optical switches, 01 natural sciences, Optical bistability, Semiconductor laser theory, light polarisation, surface emitting lasers, 010309 optics, MECHANISMS, GENERATION, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, optical bistability, DYNAMICS, VCSELS, FEEDBACK, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, laser cavity resonators, laser modes, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Linear polarization, BEHAVIOR, TRANSMISSION, Optical polarization, laser mode locking, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Transverse mode, Injection locking, Transverse plane, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, business
Abstract

©2007 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.; In this paper, we report on theoretical and experimental investigation on polarization and transverse mode behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) under orthogonal optical injection as a function of the injection strength and of the detuning between the injection frequency and the free-running frequency of the solitary laser. As the injection strength increases the VCSEL switches to the master laser polarization. We find that the injection power necessary to obtain such polarization switching is minimum at two different values of the frequency detuning: the first one corresponds to the frequency splitting between the two linearly polarized fundamental transverse modes, and the second one appears at a larger positive frequency detuning, close to the frequency difference between the first-order and the fundamental transverse modes of the solitary VCSEL. We show theoretically that both the depth and the frequency corresponding to the second minimum increase when the relative losses between the two transverse modes decrease. Bistability of the polarization switching is obtained for the whole frequency detuning range. Such a bistability is found for the fundamental mode only or for both transverse modes, depending on the value of the detuning. The theoretical and experimental optical spectra are in good agreement showing that the first-order transverse mode appears locked to the external injection.

Published
2007
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9. Mapping of the Dynamics Induced by Orthogonal Optical Injection in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

Author

Hugo Thienpont, Ignace Gatare, J.B. Altes, Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Applied Physics and Photonics, and Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Subjects
Materials science, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Optical chaos, 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, 010309 optics, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Nonlinear optics, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, Polarization (waves), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Transverse mode, Injection locking, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, the output characteristics of an oxide-confined AlGaAs-As quantum well vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) under orthogonal optical injection are mapped as a function of the strength of the optical injection and the detuning between the injection frequency and the free-running frequency of the solitary laser, for a very large range of frequency detuning (from -82 to 89 GHz). The injection light is polarized orthogonally with respect to the solitary VCSEL output light. As the injection strength increases the VCSEL switches to the master laser polarization. Polarization switching is accompanied by a rich nonlinear dynamics, including limit cycle, wave mixing, subharmonic resonance and period doubling route to chaos. Polarization switching is found with but also without injection locking. Injection locking occurs with the slave fundamental transverse mode or, for large positive detunings, with the first-order transverse mode.

Published
2006
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10. Physical random bit generation from chaotic solitary laser diode

Author

Marc Sciamanna, Martin Virte, Emeric Mercier, Krassimir Panajotov, Hugo Thienpont, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Brussels Photonics Team, and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Random number generation, Chaotic, Optical communication, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Optical chaos, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Entropy (information theory), Randomness, Physics, Laser diode, business.industry, SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, Laser, Nonlinear Sciences - Chaotic Dynamics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, DYNAMICS, AMPLIFICATION, FEEDBACK, SYSTEMS, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD), business, Optics (physics.optics), INJECTED SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, Physics - Optics
Abstract

We demonstrate the physical generation of random bits at high bit rates (> 100 Gb/s) using optical chaos from a solitary laser diode and therefore without the complex addition of either external optical feedback or injection. This striking result is obtained despite the low dimension and relatively small bandwidth of the laser chaos, i.e. two characteristics that have been so far considered as limiting the performances of optical chaos-based applications. We unambiguously attribute the successful randomness at high speed to the physics of the laser chaotic polarization dynamics and the resulting growth rate of the dynamical entropy., 14 pages, 3 figures, submitted

Published
2014
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11. Introduction to the special issue of Optical and Quantum Electronics related to the workshops 'PHysics and Applications of SEmiconductor LASERs' (PHASE 2007) and 'Instabilities, Patterns and Spatial SOlitons' (IPSSO 2007)

Author

Delphine Wolfersberger, Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Institut of the Solid State Physics (ISSP), and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS)

Subjects
Quantum optics, Physics, business.industry, Nanophotonics, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Phase (combat), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Field (geography), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Acronym, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Quantum information science, Telecommunications, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

This special issue of Optical and Quantum Electronics is related to the workshops PHASE 2007 and IPSSO 2007, which took place in Supelec, Metz (France) on March 28–30, 2007. The acronym PHASE stands for “PHysics and Applications of SEmiconductor LASERs”. The acronym IPSSO stands for “Instabilities, Patterns and Spatial SOlitons”. The workshops brought together the photonics community in Europe and the scientific program was built to both acknowledge recent advances and emphasize modern trends in this field. The workshop PHASE 2007 was organized in the framework of the European Action COST 288 “Nanoscale andUltrafast Photonics”. COST is the acronym (in French) for “European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research”. It is a framework for international research and development cooperation, allowing for coordination of national research at European level. The main objective of the COST 288 Action is to advance the application of ultrafast nanophotonics to develop high capacity photonic communication infrastructures, as well as to provide a forum to bring forward advanced research on novel topics such as advanced optical signal processing and optical logic, microwave photonics and exploratory technologies (based on nanophotonics) such as quantum communication. PHASE 2007 was a continuation of the workshop PHASE 2005 which also took place at

Published
2008
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12. Two-mode nonlinear dynamics of quantum dot semiconductor laser

Author

Krassimir Panajotov, Lukasz Olejniczak, Marc Sciamanna, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), and Brussels Photonics Team

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Elliptical polarization, Laser, 01 natural sciences, no keywords, Self-pulsation, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, 010309 optics, Quantum dot laser, Quantum dot, law, Excited state, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, business, Lasing threshold
Abstract

International audience; We report on experimental and theoretical results showing how mode competition in quantum dot semiconductor lasers can result in new nonlinear dynamics. A first example is a competition between non-orthogonal elliptically polarized modes that manifests itself in a polarization switching at a given injection current and in a polarization mode hopping dynamics at different time-scales. A second example is a pulsating dynamics in a quantum dot laser with optical injection, which originates from the simultaneous lasing in the ground and excited modes.

Published
2011
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13. Design and Stability of Discrete-Time Quantum Filters with Measurement Imperfections

Author

C. Sayrin, Igor Dotsenko, Pierre Rouchon, Abhinav Somaraju, Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)-Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Lhomond)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB [Collège de France]), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Centre Automatique et Systèmes (CAS), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris)

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Quantum decoherence, Equations, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Quantum mechanics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic measurements, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, Mathematical model, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control theory, Quantum state, 0103 physical sciences, Kernel adaptive filter, Applied mathematics, 010306 general physics, Cavity resonators, Mathematical Physics, Mathematics, Quantum Physics, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Adaptive filter, Filter design, Photonics, Error analysis, Filter (video), Recursive filter, Ensemble Kalman filter, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

This work considers the theory underlying a discrete-time quantum filter recently used in a quantum feedback experiment. It proves that this filter taking into account decoherence and measurement errors is optimal and stable. We present the general framework underlying this filter and show that it corresponds to a recursive expression of the least-square optimal estimation of the density operator in the presence of measurement imperfections. By measurement imperfections, we mean in a very general sense unread measurement performed by the environment (decoherence) and active measurement performed by non-ideal detectors. However, we assume to know precisely all the Kraus operators and also the detection error rates. Such recursive expressions combine well known methods from quantum filtering theory and classical probability theory (Bayes' law). We then demonstrate that such a recursive filter is always stable with respect to its initial condition: the fidelity between the optimal filter state (when the initial filter state coincides with the real quantum state) and the filter state (when the initial filter state is arbitrary) is a sub-martingale., Comment: Submitted to the American Control Conference 2012

Published
2011
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14. Threshold photoelectron spectroscopy of the methyl radical isotopomers, CH3, CH2D, CHD2 and CD3: synergy between VUV synchrotron radiation experiments and explicitly correlated coupled cluster calculations

Author

Peter Botschwina, Stéphane Douin, Bastian Noller, Bérenger Gans, Gustavo A. Garcia, Jan Zabka, Patrick Hemberger, Christian Alcaraz, Luiz A. Vieira Mendes, Héloïse Soldi-Lose, Mohamed Elhanine, Barbara Cunha de Miranda, Ingo Fischer, Séverine Boyé-Péronne, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique D'Orsay (LCPO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade Federal Fluminense [Rio de Janeiro] (UFF), J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Georg-August-University [Göttingen]

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], 010304 chemical physics, Chemistry, Infrared spectroscopy, Methyl radical, Synchrotron radiation, Configuration interaction, Photon energy, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Isotopomers, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coupled cluster, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Chemical Physics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atomic physics
Abstract

Threshold photoelectron spectra (TPES) of the isotopomers of the methyl radical (CH(3), CH(2)D, CHD(2), and CD(3)) have been recorded in the 9.5-10.5 eV VUV photon energy range using third generation synchrotron radiation to investigate the vibrational spectroscopy of the corresponding cations at a 7-11 meV resolution. A threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectrometer based on velocity map imaging and Wiley-McLaren time-of-flight has been used to simultaneously record the TPES of several radical species produced in a Ar-seeded beam by dc flash-pyrolysis of nitromethane (CH(x)D(y)NO(2), x + y = 3). Vibrational bands belonging to the symmetric stretching and out-of-plane bending modes have been observed and P, Q, and R branches have been identified in the analysis of the rotational profiles. Vibrational configuration interaction (VCI), in conjunction with near-equilibrium potential energy surfaces calculated by the explicitly correlated coupled cluster method CCSD(T*)-F12a, is used to calculate vibrational frequencies for the four radical isotopomers and the corresponding cations. Agreement with data from high-resolution IR spectroscopy is very good and a large number of predictions is made. In particular, the calculated wavenumbers for the out-of-plane bending vibrations, nu(2)(CH(3)(+)) = 1404 cm(-1), nu(4)(CH(2)D(+)) = 1308 cm(-1), nu(4)(CHD(2)(+)) = 1205 cm(-1), and nu(2)(CD(3)(+)) = 1090 cm(-1), should be accurate to ca. 2 cm(-1). Additionally, computed Franck-Condon factors are used to estimate the importance of autoionization relative to direct ionization. The chosen models globally account for the observed transitions, but in contrast to PES spectroscopy, evidence for rotational and vibrational autoionization is found. It is shown that state-selected methyl cations can be produced by TPEPICO spectroscopy for ion-molecule reaction studies, which are very important for the understanding of the planetary ionosphere chemistry.

Published
2010
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15. Synchronization of chaos in mutually coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with time delay

Author

Atsushi Uchida, Hiroyuki Someya, Shigeru Yoshimori, Kazuya Tanaka, Krassimir Panajotov, Mitsutoshi Ozaki, Marc Sciamanna, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, Saitama University, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Institut of the Solid State Physics (ISSP), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Medical Imaging, Radiology, and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Synchronization of chaos, Chaotic, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Laser, Optical chaos, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, 01 natural sciences, Synchronization, law.invention, Nonlinear Sciences::Chaotic Dynamics, CHAOS (operating system), Wavelength, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Waveform, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

International audience; We experimentally observe in-phase and anti-phase synchronization of chaos in two mutually-coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. We investigate leader-laggard relationship between two chaotic waveforms and find that the laser with longer wavelength becomes the leader.

Published
2009
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16. Excitation of a two-mode limit cycle dynamics on the route to polarization switching in a VCSEL subject orthogonal to optical injection

Author

Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Hugo Thienpont, Michel Nizette, Ignace Gatare, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique (ONT), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Physics, Hopf bifurcation, bifurcations, nonlinear dynamics, business.industry, Linear polarization, Physics::Optics, Polarization (waves), Laser, 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, Limit cycle, optical injection, polarization switching, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, symbols, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), 010306 general physics, business, Excitation
Abstract

We experimentally and numerically report on polarization switching (PS) mechanism which involves a two-mode limit cycle dynamics in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) subject to orthogonal optical injection from a master laser (ML). The VCSEL (slave laser, SL) emits a horizontal linearly polarized (LP) fundamental mode, without optical injection. The VCSEL is injected by a vertically polarized light from ML. Dynamical characteristics of the VCSEL are investigated as a function of optical injection parameters, i.e., injection strength and frequency detuning between master and slave lasers. We experimentally resolve an injection parameter region for which, as the injection strength is increased for fixed detunings, a limit cycle dynamics in both non-injected and injected modes is abruptly excited. For larger injection strengths, the VCSEL switches from the two-mode to a single-mode limit cycle dynamics which involves only the injected mode. Using continuation methods, we numerically identify two torus bifurcation mechanisms, namely TR 1 and TR 2 , which support such a switching scenario. We show that both TR 1 and TR 2 originate from a particular Hopf bifurcation which plays a key role in the polarization dynamics of the injected VCSEL. Furthermore, our results reveal that the newly observed switching dynamics are generic features of VCSEL two-mode systems.

Published
2008
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17. Bifurcation to polarization switching and locking in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with optical injection

Author

Michel Nizette, Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Ignace Gatare, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique (ONT), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, semiconductor lasers, 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, surface emitting lasers, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, Torus bifurcation, Optics, law, Quantum mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, BISTABILITY, DYNAMICS, SUBJECT, 010306 general physics, Bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Oscillation, business.industry, Polarization (waves), Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Injection locking, bifurcation, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, symbols, business
Abstract

International audience; We unveil the bifurcations underlying polarization switching and injection locking in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser subject to optical injection. A Hopf bifurcation, not reported for conventional edgeemitting lasers, delimits the injection locking region and influences the polarization switching conditions. We furthermore theoretically show and experimentally observe periodic dynamics at the relaxation oscillation frequency in the noninjected mode together with wave-mixing dynamics in the injected mode. These dynamics precede the polarization switching leading to injection locking and are attributed to a torus bifurcation arising on a two-polarization mode solution.

Published
2007
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18. Polarization Synchronization Properties of Unidirectionally Coupled VCSELs

Author

Alexandre Locquet, Krassimir Panajotov, I. Gatare, Marc Sciamanna, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Georgia Tech Lorraine [Metz], Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Metiers Metz-Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut of the Solid State Physics (ISSP), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-CentraleSupélec-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Metiers Metz-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Chaotic, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Optical chaos, 01 natural sciences, Optical switch, Synchronization, no keywords, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, Nonlinear Sciences::Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Laser, Polarization (waves), Nonlinear system, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

International audience; We report theoretically on the dynamics of two vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) coupled unidirectionally through their optical fields, in the context of chaos synchronization and its use for chaos secure communications. One of the two VCSELs is rendered chaotic by optical feedback effects and injects its chaotic output into a second, slave VCSEL. Two different injection schemes are analyzed. A first configuration is such that the master VCSEL injects light polarized orthogonal to that emitted by the free-running slave VCSEL. The orthogonal optical injection induces polarization switching of the slave VCSEL, leading to polarization synchronization between master and slave. A second configuration considers a polarization-preserving optical injection. We report on anticipative and isochronous polarization synchronization and interestingly, we show that VCSEL polarization mode competition enhances the synchronization quality.

Published
2007
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19. Synchronization regimes of unidirectionally coupled VCSELs with orthogonal optical injection

Author

Alexandre Locquet, M. Sciamannal, K. Panaiotov, Ignace Gatare, Georgia Tech Lorraine [Metz], Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-CentraleSupélec-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Metiers Metz-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Metiers Metz-Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Isotropy, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Polarization (waves), Laser, 01 natural sciences, Synchronization, law.invention, Injection locking, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, Physics::Atomic Physics, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

Poster; International audience; It is shown numerically that two fundamentally different regimes (I and II) of isochronous synchronization are possible, depending on the detuning between the lasers and the strength of the optical injection into the slave. We consider a master laser subjected to isotropic optical feedback and which is optically coupled, in a unidirectional way, to an open-loop slave laser. A master laser which exhibits a dominant x-LP mode and a weak y-LP mode was chosen. The x-LP mode was selected, rotate it to y direction, and optically inject it in the slave laser, which, under free-running conditions, emits x-polarized light.

Published
2007
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20. Synchronization of chaos in mutually coupled VCSELs: numerical study

Author

Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Atsushi Uchida, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Physics, no keyword, business.industry, Synchronization of chaos, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), Laser, Optical chaos, Topology, 01 natural sciences, Synchronization, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, Injection locking, Nonlinear Sciences::Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Poster; International audience; This work investigates numerically the impact of the polarization mode competition and the frequency detuning between the two lasers on the chaos synchronization of mutually coupled VCSELs. To this aim , a simple rate-equation model of single transverse-mode VCSEL is implemented.

Published
2007
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21. Nonlinear dynamics of the polarization of multitransverse mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers under current modulation

Author

Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Angel Valle, Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Institut of the Solid State Physics (ISSP), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
optical chaos, BEHAVIOR, INJECTION, SELECTION, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, VCSELS, CHAOS, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, DIODE-LASERS, 010309 optics, light polarisation, surface emitting lasers, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, dichroism, high-speed optical techniques, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, laser cavity resonators, Period-doubling bifurcation, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], optical modulation, business.industry, nonlinear optics, Laser, Polarization (waves), Transverse mode, Nonlinear system, bifurcation, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, business, Excitation
Abstract

International audience; In this paper we report on a theoretical investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of the polarization of multitransverse mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) under current modulation. Special attention is given to the comparison with a previously studied case of single-transverse mode VCSEL emitting in two orthogonal polarizations. The consideration of spatial effects in VCSEL modifies the polarization dynamics that accompanies the period doubling route to chaos for large modulation amplitudes. Depending on the modulation parameters, the excitation of a higher order transverse mode may either induce chaotic pulsing in an otherwise regularly pulsating VCSEL, or induce a time-periodic pulsing dynamics in an otherwise chaotic VCSEL. Bifurcation diagrams obtained for different modulation frequencies, several values of the dichroism, and different transverse mode characteristics allow us to identify the different scenarios of polarization dynamics in a directly modulated VCSEL. Temporal analysis of carrier number radial profile reveals considerable changes for the multitransverse mode case only constituting the physical origin of the reported changes in the temporal and polarization dynamics.

Published
2007
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22. Polarization synchronization in unidirectionally coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with orthogonal optical injection

Author

Alexandre Locquet, Krassimir Panajotov, Ignace Gatare, Marc Sciamanna, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Georgia Tech Lorraine [Metz], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Georgia Institute of Technology [Lorraine, France]-Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Metiers Metz-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-CentraleSupélec-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Metiers Metz-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques (LMOPS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
CHAOTIC SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, number͑s͒: 05, Ϫa, LOW-FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS, BISTABILITY, SUBJECT, VCSELS, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, optical switches, 01 natural sciences, Optical switch, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, 010309 optics, surface emitting lasers, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, Nonlinear Sciences::Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Linear polarization, business.industry, Isotropy, laser feedback, Polarization (waves), Laser, surface emitting lasers, laser feedback, optical switches, laser tuning, SELF-MODULATION, FEEDBACK, COMMUNICATION, DYNAMICS, MODE, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Sf, business, laser tuning
Abstract

International audience; We analyze theoretically the polarization dynamics in unidirectionally coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers ͑VCSELs͒. The master VCSEL is subject to an isotropic optical feedback. The slave VCSEL is subject to an orthogonal optical injection from the master VCSEL, i.e., only the linearly polarized mode orthogonal to the dominant linearly polarized mode of the free-running slave VCSEL is injected into the slave VCSEL. This laser configuration may lead the slave VCSEL polarization to switch to that of the injected master laser field. The injected power required for polarization switching depends on the frequency detuning. We identify in the plane of the injection parameters two regions of enhanced synchronization between the injected LP mode and the corresponding slave LP mode. In the so-called region II the slave VCSEL exhibits anticorrelated dynamics in its two LP modes while in the so-called region I the slave VCSEL exhibits dynamics in only one LP mode, which corresponds to the polarization of the injected field. The two regions exhibit different synchronization properties in both the LP mode dynamics and total intensity dynamics. We furthermore analyze the dependency of the synchronization quality on the parameter mismatch between master and slave VCSELs and on the polarization switching properties of each VCSEL.

Published
2006
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23. Intrinsic gain switching in optically injected quantum dot laser lasing simultaneously from the ground and excited state

Author

Hugo Thienpont, Lukasz Olejniczak, Sebastian Wieczorek, Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Mathematics Research Institute, University of Exeter, and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Physics::Optics, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, 02 engineering and technology, Laser pumping, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Semiconductor laser theory, Gain-switching, Light intensity, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Quantum dot laser, Excited state, Picosecond, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, business, Lasing threshold
Abstract

We analyze theoretically nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected two-mode quantum dot laser lasing simultaneously from the ground and excited states. We show that although the external optical signal is injected into the ground-state mode alone, it can lead to the generation of regular picosecond pulses and pulse packages in the intensity of the excited-state mode. Generation of regular streams of picosecond pulses is attributed to an intrinsic gain switching mechanism where the relaxation time is modulated by the oscillations in the occupation of the ground and excited energy states. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America

Published
2010
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24. Dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with optical injection: a two-mode model approach

Author

Ignace Gatare, Hugo Thienpont, Krassimir Panajotov, Michel Nizette, Marc Sciamanna, Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique (ONT), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, MODULATION BANDWIDTH, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, POLARIZATION, FEEDBACK, SUBJECT, DIODES, Bifurcation, Physics, Hopf bifurcation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Oscillation, business.industry, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Optical polarization, Polarization (waves), Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, symbols, Atomic physics, business
Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of the bifurcation routes in a generic model of a two-polarization-mode semiconductor laser when subject to orthogonal optical injection, relevant to a single-transverse-mode verticalcavity surface-emitting laser. For positive detunings, polarization switching (PS) occurs as the intensity of the noninjected mode gradually decreases and eventually shuts down, in some cases accompanied along the way by the onset and the subsequent vanishing of relaxation oscillations. We identify a Hopf bifurcation on a two-polarization-mode solution, which supports the onset of relaxation oscillation time-periodic dynamics in both injected (x-linearly polarized) and noninjected (y-linearly polarized) modes. For sufficiently large negative detunings, PS is a sharp transition occurring either at the injection-locking point or at a subcritical Hopf bifurcation and is often part of a hysteresis cycle. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Published
2009
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25. Polarization properties and instabilities of QD VCSELs

Author

Lukasz Olejniczak, F. Hopfer, Marc Sciamanna, Alex Mutig, Hugo Thienpont, Krassimir Panajotov, Dieter Bimberg, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Physics, Polarization rotator, Birefringence, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Linear polarization, SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Elliptical polarization, QUANTUM DOTS, EPITAXY, GAIN, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, Dwell time, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Quantum well
Abstract

International audience; Quantum well (QW) VCSELs have a tendency to switch their polarization from one linearly polarized (LP) mode to the orthogonal one when changing the operation conditions. As polarization properties of VCSELs are governed by anisotropies, namely stress-induced birefringence and dichroism, the inherent anisotropy of quantum dots (QDs) is expected to influence the polarization properties of QD VCSELs. In this paper we summarize our experimental results on polarization properties of QD VCSELs with the main focus on polarization switching phenomena. Close to threshold the laser emits linearly polarized light which changes to elliptically polarized (EP) at some current. The main axes of these states are not aligned and the angle between them increases with current. As the current is still increased polarization switching accompanied by polarization mode hopping occurs. Distinctive feature of the observed switching is that the two EP states between which switching occurs are nonorthogonal. The angle between their major exes is 40 deg. Polarization mode hopping has been characterized in terms of the dwell time and the current-dependence of this factor examined. Apparently, the dwell time decreases when the pump current is increased which differs from what has been published for QW VCSELs. The average dwell time is 20 ns. Similarly to QW VCSELs the distribution of the dwell time is exponential. The statistics is the same for the two EP states and such symmetric switching is maintained in the whole range of currents at which the light is elliptically polarized. Large-signal modulation experiments show that the frequency at which polarization switching disappears is about 100 MHz. This indicates that the switching is of thermal origin.

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26. Vertical integration of an Electro-Absorption Modulator on a VCSEL to reach very high modulation speed

Author

Ludovic Marigo-Lombart, Stéphane Calvez, Alexandre Arnoult, Hugo Thienpont, Krassimir Panajotov, Guilhem Almuneau, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
[SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic
Abstract

International audience; The ever-increasing exchange of information translates in a need to develop transmitters presenting increasing modulation capabilities. To-date, the main research strand has aimed to increase the modulation bandwidth of directly-modulated VCSELs essentially through an improvement of their design [1,2]. However, the physical limits due to the carrier dynamics have to be overcome to enable the IEEE 802.3ba standards (100Gbps) to be met. To that extent, coupled-cavity (CC-) VCSEL configurations have been introduced with either lateral coupling [3], or vertically-coupled structures exploiting either electro-optic [4] or electro-absorptive effect to induce the modulation [5]. We worked on the optical design and simulations of Electro-Absorption Modulator vertically integrated with a VCSEL. We have grown different structures, EAMs and EAM-VCSELs, under close in-situ monitoring and with detailed characterization of the resulting epilayers. Preliminary static measurements of the devices subsequently fabricated using a self-aligned process [6] have shown very promising results and on a par with the literature state-of-the-art performance [7]. In Addition, we have also improved our high frequency contact design to decrease the pad capacitance and thereby facilitate wide bandwidth operation.

27. Asymmetric dwell-time statistics of polarization chaos from free-running VCSEL

Author

Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Elodie Mirisola, Martin Virte, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Applied Physics and Photonics, and Brussels Photonics Team

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Physics::Optics, Polarization (waves), Asymmetry, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, Semiconductor laser theory, SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, DIODE, DYNAMICS, MODE, Dwell time, Optics, Amplitude, Statistics, [NLIN.NLIN-CD]Nonlinear Sciences [physics]/Chaotic Dynamics [nlin.CD], Spontaneous emission, business, Anisotropy, media_common
Abstract

We experimentally report on asymmetric dwell-time statistics of polarization chaos dynamics generated from free-running vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Theoretically, we explain this behavior by introducing a misalignment between the phase and amplitude anisotropy within the spin-flip model for VCSELs. It induces an asymmetry in the VCSEL polarization behavior which is then responsible for significant changes in the statistics of the chaotic mode-hopping with an increase in the average residence time and an inversion of the dominant mode. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America

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28. Experimental and theoretical analysis of limit cycle bistability in a free-running VCSEL

Author

Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Martin Virte, Emeric Mercier, Brussels Photonics Team, Applied Physics and Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), and CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
Physics, Laser diode, Bistability, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Elliptical polarization, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, POLARIZATION PROPERTIES, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, law, Quantum dot laser, Quantum mechanics, Limit cycle, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, ANISOTROPIES, MODE, 010306 general physics
Abstract

International audience; Laser diodes typically behave like damped oscillators: they are generally expected to only show damped relaxation oscillations toward a stable fixed point. In vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), the picture appears to be quite different as polarization dynamics can be experimentally observed including bifurcations to self- pulsation and even chaos. Physically, the circular geometry of VCSELs makes the polarization selection very weak and, thus, the additional degree of freedom can enable complex dynamical behavior in the laser diode. Here we report on a new dynamical behavior in a free-running VCSEL: we observe a bistability between two limit cycles oscillating around two distinct elliptical polarization states whose main axes are symmetrical with respect to the polarization at threshold. Although the existence of two symmetric elliptical polarizations and the associated limit cycles are predicted by the San Miguel, Feng and Moloney (SFM) model, the hysteresis cycle observed experimentally highlights the importance of asymmetry in the dynamics from the elliptically polarized states. We demonstrate that this behavior can be accurately reproduced in theory within the SFM framework when taking into account a small misalignment between the phase and amplitude anisotropies of the laser cavity. Our results bring new light into VCSEL polarization dynamics and provide a very good qualitative agreement with the bifurcation scenario predicted by the SFM model.

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29. Design of an Electro-absorption modulator for integration onto a VCSEL

Author

Ludovic Marigo-Lombart, Stephane Calvez, Alexandre Arnoult, Alexandre Rumeau, Christophe Viallon, Hugo Thienpont, Guilhem Almuneau, Krassimir Panajotov, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Service Instrumentation Conception Caractérisation (LAAS-I2C), Équipe Microondes et Opto-microondes pour Systèmes de Télécommunications (LAAS-MOST), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SPIE, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
[SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

30. VCSELs fabricated using self-aligned processing

Author

Ludovic Marigo-Lombart, Alexandre Arnoult, Laurent Mazenq, Pascal Dubreuil, Benjamin Reig, Nicolas Mauran, Hugo Thienpont, Krassimir Panajotov, Guilhem Almuneau, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Service Instrumentation Conception Caractérisation (LAAS-I2C), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
stomatognathic diseases, health care facilities, manpower, and services, education, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, health care economics and organizations, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

Oral presentation; International audience

31. Polarization instabilities and nonlinear dynamics in a quantum dot laser

Author

F. Hopfer, Krassimir Panajotov, Alex Mutig, Hugo Thienpont, Dieter Bimberg, Marc Sciamanna, Lukasz Olejniczak, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Polarization rotator, Condensed matter physics, Linear polarization, business.industry, Nonlinear optics, Physics::Optics, Optical polarization, Elliptical polarization, VCSEL, polarization, optical injection, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, quantum dot (QD), semiconductor laser, Quantum dot laser, law, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Quantum well laser, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

International audience; We demonstrate first experimental evidence of polarization switching in Stranski-Krastanov (SK) and submonolayer (SML) quantum dot (QD) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). In the case of a SMLQD VCSEL polarization switching is accompanied by polarization mode hopping and is associated with a change of linearly polarized light to elliptically polarized one, hence switching takes place between elliptically polarized states. Current-modulation measurements show that the polarization switching is of thermal origin. Exponential decrease of the dwell time with the pump current has been demonstrated as opposed to exponential increase observed in quantum well (QW) VCSELs when polarization mode hopping takes place between orthogonal, linearly polarized states. In the case of SK-QD VCSELs single polarization switching events stimulated by the increase of the wafer temperature have been observed. After the single switching event the polarization of light remains stable at any wafer temperature and pump current while its direction is perpendicular to that before switching. We will furthermore show preliminary theoretical results on the nonlinear dynamics of a QD laser subject to optical injection, paying particular attention to the influence of the linewidth enhancement factor and the intradot transition time-scales.

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32. Self-aligned BCB planarization method for high-frequency signal injection in a VCSEL with an integrated modulator

Author

Ludovic Marigo-Lombart, Jean-Baptiste Doucet, Aurélie Lecestre, Benjamin Reig, Bernard Rousset, Hugo Thienpont, Krassimir Panajotov, Guilhem Almuneau, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
[SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

International audience

33. Random bit generation using polarization chaos from free-running laser diode

Author

Martin Virte, Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Hugo Thienpont, Emeric Mercier, Brussels Photonics Team, Applied Physics and Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), and CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER, DYNAMICS, FEEDBACK, Chaotic, Laser, 02 engineering and technology, Lyapunov exponent, Optical chaos, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, symbols.namesake, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Attractor, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Random Bit Generation, 010306 general physics, Physics, Laser diode, business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Nonlinear Sciences::Chaotic Dynamics, Nonlinear system, Nonlinear Dynamics, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, symbols, Chaos, business
Abstract

International audience; During the last five years, optical chaos-based random bit generators (RBGs) attracted a lot of attention and demonstrated impressive performances with bit rates up to hundreds of Gbps. However all the suggested schemes use external injection schemes (optical injection or feedback) to turn the lasers into chaos, hence strongly increasing setup complexity. On the other hand, we reported that a laser diode can generate a chaotic output without the need for external perturbation or forcing, hence unveiling a highly simplified way to generate an optical chaos at high frequency. However the low dimension and limited number of positive Lyapunov exponent casted doubts about its direct use for chaos-based applications. Here we make a proof-of-concept demonstration for a Random Bit Generator based on polarization chaos. We therefore suggest a highly simplified RBG scheme using only a free-running laser and small-bandwidth acquisition electronics and demonstrate convincing performances with bit rates up to 100 Gbps without unusual or complex post-processing methods. We link these performances to the double-scroll structure of the chaotic attractor rather than the bandwidth of the dynamics, hence bringing new light on the importance of chaos topology for chaos-based applications. In addition our scheme exhibit a strong potential as it enables a low-cost and/or integrated in parallel on-chip scheme.

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34. Experimental study of transverse mode dynamics in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers under current modulation

Author

Angel Valle, Marc Sciamanna, Mikel Arizaleta, Krassimir Panajotov, Applied Physics and Photonics, Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander]-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Institut of the Solid State Physics (ISSP), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), and CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
Physics, current modulation, Multi-mode optical fiber, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Laser, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, Transverse mode, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, polarization switching, Transverse plane, Optics, Amplitude, law, Modulation, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), nonlinear dynamics, transverse modes, business
Abstract

International audience; In this work we report on an experimental investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of a 850 nm multitransverse mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) when subject to high-frequency current modulation. Different frequencies and modulation amplitudes are applied to the VCSEL. Regular periodic dynamics - with periods equal to the modulation period or twice the modulation period - and irregular pulsating dynamics are obtained. Different dynamical behaviors are illustrated by using power time traces, radio-frequency spectra and bifurcation diagrams. Our results show that irregular pulsating dynamics in multimode VCSELs subject to large-signal current modulatton can be obtained due to the competition between different transverse modes.

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35. Experimental evidence of coherence resonance in a time-delayed bistable system

Author

Mikel Arizaleta Arteaga, Miguel Valencia, Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Hugo Thienpont, Manuel Lopez-Amo, Applied Physics and Photonics, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Ingeniaritza Elektriko eta Elektronikoa Saila, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), and CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
Coherence time, Bistability, optical noise, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Optics, Bistable system with delay, 01 natural sciences, Noise (electronics), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, surface emitting lasers, Coherence resonance, Signal-to-noise ratio, Optics, optical bistability, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, laser cavity resonators, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS, STOCHASTIC RESONANCE, NOI, business.industry, delays, Spectral density, Laser, Superluminescent diode, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, business, optical feedback
Abstract

We report on the experimental observation of coherence resonance in a bistable system with delay. Our system consists of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser subject to time-delayed optical feedback simultaneously from a long and from an extremely short external cavity. Coherence resonance is experimentally proven by analysis of the residence time distribution of the polarization mode-hopping regime and of the signal to noise ratio in the power spectrum. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Public University of Navarra, IAP 6/10 —Belgian Science Policy, FWO Flanders, GOA and OZR of the VUB, Conseil Regional de Lorraine, and Project No. TEC-2004-05936-C02-01 of the MEC (Spain).

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36. Polarization switching and polarization mode hopping in quantum dot vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Author

Hugo Thienpont, Marc Sciamanna, Krassimir Panajotov, Lukasz Olejniczak, Dieter Bimberg, Alex Mutig, F. Hopfer, Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
Materials science, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Elliptical polarization, 01 natural sciences, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, 010309 optics, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, Quantum Dots, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Spontaneous emission, Quantum well, business.industry, Lasers, Equipment Design, Polarization (waves), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Equipment Failure Analysis, Refractometry, Dwell time, Quantum dot laser, Quantum dot, Optoelectronics, business, INTENSITY NOISE, KRAMERS
Abstract

We show experimentally that polarization mode hopping in quantum dot vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) takes place between nonorthogonal elliptically polarized modes. In contrast to quantum well VCSELs the average dwell time decreases with injection current. This decrease is by 8 orders of magnitude: from seconds to nanoseconds and is achieved without any modifications of the VCSEL internal anisotropies. The observed scaling happens in a range of currents as wide as 8 times the threshold value. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America

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37. Linewidth enhancement factor of semiconductor lasers: Results from round-robin measurements in COST 288

Author

Pascal Landais, Silvano Donati, Ignacio Garces, Frédéric Grillot, T. Fordell, Guido Giuliani, V. Vilokkinen, P. Moreno, Raul Escorihuela, D. Klonidis, M. Chacinski, J. Von Staden, J. Pozo, P. Leinonen, Guillaume Huyet, Andrea Fiore, Marc Sciamanna, Jean-François Hayau, Mika J. Saarinen, Ch. Kouloumentas, M. Pessa, A. Lindberg, Asier Villafranca, Pascal Besnard, Judy M Rorison, Jan Danckaert, Marco Rossetti, Richard Schatz, Ioannis Tomkos, Krassimir Panajotov, Julien Poette, Wolfgang Elsässer, Javier Lasobras, poette, julien, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Athens Information Technology Center () (AITC), Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux (SAMOVAR), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), Applied Physics Research Group - Vrije Universiteit Brussel (APHY), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'informatiON (FOTON), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Télécom Bretagne, Physics, Applied Physics, Applied Physics and Photonics, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Télécom Bretagne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, INJECTION-LOCKING, BROADENING FACTOR, ALPHA, [SPI.OPTI] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Semiconductor laser theory, Interferometry, Laser linewidth, Laser interferometry, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, Quantum dot laser, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, Photonics, business, Frequency modulation
Abstract

Round-Robin measurements on the linewidth enhancement factor are carried out within several laboratories participating to EU COST 289 Action. The a-factor is measured by applying up to 7 different techniques. The obtained results are compared. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America

38. Leader-laggard relationship of chaos synchronization in mutually coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with time delay

Author

Krassimir Panajotov, Atsushi Uchida, Takaya Mihara, Marc Sciamanna, Mitsutoshi Ozaki, Hiroyuki Someya, Shigeru Yoshimori, Department of Electronics and Computer Systems, Takushoku University, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, Saitama University, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec-Université de Lorraine (UL), and Applied Physics and Photonics

Subjects
optical chaos, synchronisation, Chaotic, Optical communication, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Optical chaos, 01 natural sciences, Synchronization, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, surface emitting lasers, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, optical communication, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Synchronization of chaos, Laser, OPTICAL-INJECTION, DYNAMICS, SUBJECT, SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS, Wavelength, business
Abstract

International audience; We experimentally and numerically observe synchronization of chaos in two mutually coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with time delay. We observe in-phase and antiphase synchronization of polarization-resolved chaotic temporal wave forms under the condition of wavelength matching. We investigate leader-laggard relationship between two chaotic wave forms of mutually coupled VCSELs and find that the laser with longer wavelength becomes the leader.

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39. VCSELs fabricated using self-aligned processing

Author

Ludovic Marigo-Lombart, Laurent Mazenq, Ludovic Salvagnac, Guillaume Libaude, Bernard Rousset, Benjamin Reig, Pascal Dubreuil, Nicolas Mauran, Alexandre Arnoult, Hugo Thienpont, Krassimir Panajotov, Guilhem Almuneau, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Service Instrumentation Conception Caractérisation (LAAS-I2C), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics [Brussels] (TONA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
[SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

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