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In stopping the spread of infectious diseases, pathogen genomic data can be used to reconstruct transmission events and characterize population-level sources of infection. Most approaches for identifying transmission pairs do not account for the time that passed since divergence of pathogen variants in individuals, which is problematic in viruses with high within-host evolutionary rates. This is prompting us to consider possible transmission pairs in terms of phylogenetic data and additional estimates of time since infection derived from clinical biomarkers. We develop Bayesian mixture models with an evolutionary clock as signal component and additional mixed effects or covariate random functions describing the mixing weights to classify potential pairs into likely and unlikely transmission pairs. We demonstrate that although sources cannot be identified at the individual level with certainty, even with the additional data on time elapsed, inferences into the population-level sources of transmission are possible, and more accurate than using only phylogenetic data without time since infection estimates. We apply the approach to estimate age-specific sources of HIV infection in Amsterdam MSM transmission networks between 2010-2021. This study demonstrates that infection time estimates provide informative data to characterize transmission sources, and shows how phylogenetic source attribution can then be done with multi-dimensional mixture models.

The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has been extended by the evolution of more transmissible viral variants. In autumn 2020, the B.1.177 lineage became the dominant variant in England, before being replaced by the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) lineage in late 2020, with the sweep occurring at different times in each region. This period coincided with a large number of non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. lockdowns) to control the epidemic, making it difficult to estimate the relative transmissibility of variants. In this paper, we model the spatial spread of these variants in England using a meta-population agent-based model which correctly characterizes the regional variation in cases and distribution of variants. As a test of robustness, we additionally estimated the relative transmissibility of multiple variants using a statistical model based on the renewal equation, which simultaneously estimates the effective reproduction number R. Relative to earlier variants, the transmissibility of B.1.177 is estimated to have increased by 1.14 (1.12-1.16) and that of Alpha by 1.71 (1.65-1.77). The vaccination programme starting in December 2020 is also modelled. Counterfactual simulations demonstrate that the vaccination programme was essential for reopening in March 2021, and that if the January lockdown had started one month earlier, up to 30 k (24 k-38 k) deaths could have been prevented. This article is part of the theme issue 'Technical challenges of modelling real-life epidemics and examples of overcoming these'.

Le neoformazioni di origine dentaria sono lesioni benigne, la cui crescita è di tipo espansivo ma non infiltrativo. L’espansione di queste neoformazioni avviene a discapito della spongiosa dell’osso che le contiene e può portare non solo alla dislocazione dei tessuti molli contigui ma, nel caso di neoformazioni di origine dentaria con sede mandibolare, anche alla dislocazione di strutture anatomiche importanti quali il fascio vascolo-nervoso. Lo scopo del nostro lavoro è quello non solo di analizzare i rapporti che possono intercorrere tra il fascio vascolo-nervoso del canale mandibolare e questo tipo di lesioni ma anche di evidenziare le possibili complicanze scaturite dal loro intimo rapporto, al fine di stabilire un corretto piano terapeutico che possa ridurre al minimo gli eventuali possibili disturbi neurosensoriali post-operatori. E stato condotto uno studio clinico-analitico su 40 TAC, eseguite con la metodica Dentascan, di grosse lesioni osteolitiche mandibolari che avevano determinato la dislocazione più o meno marcata del canale mandibolare. Tale dislocazione è risultata avvenire secondo un vettore che ha una componente linguale (pura o apico-linguale) nel 55% dei casi; in taluni casi ( 9 su 40 pari al 22,5%) è associata, inoltre, alla completa erosione del sepimento osseo che normalmente separa la parete della lesione dal canale mandibolare (lesione “fusa” col canale). In conclusione, quindi, risulta evidente che l’enucleazione di tali lesioni deve prevedere una corretta valutazione preoperatoria della lesione osteolitica, mediante indagini strumentali accurate, ed una perfetta conoscenza dell'anatomia locale, requisiti fondamentali per la minimizzazione delle complicanze neurologiche intra e post-operatorie.

We present a new treatment algorithm aimed to assist surgeons to develop a rational diagnostic protocol and establish effective conservative surgical management in patients with mandibular ameloblastoma. Fifteen consecutive cases treated by conservative management were reviewed. Data collected included age, sex, symptoms and signs at diagnosis, anatomical distribution of the lesions, numbers and types of operations, number of recurrences, and duration of follow-up post-operatively. Curettage was the first operation for all patients and they were closely followed-up post-operatively. During the follow-up period (4-10 years), small recurrences were diagnosed early in 7 patients who were treated by radical surgery including marginal or "box" resection. No further recurrences were observed after the second operation. When detected early, recurrences are small and surrounded by a large amount of uninvolved normal bone so it is possible to manage them with a radical resection, so lowering the risk of further recurrence and avoiding severe cosmetic and functional problems.

Translations [German, Spanish, Portugese, Japanese] AUTOR(EN): Gilberto Sammartino, MS,DDS*, Antonio Della Valle, DMD**, GaetanoMarenzi, DMD, PhD***, Salvatore Gerbino,PhD#, Massimo Martorelli, PhD##, Alessan-dro Espedito Di Lauro, DMD, PhD###, Fran-scesco Di Lauro, MD, DDS###. * A.O. Pro-fessor, ‘Federico II‘ Universitat von Neapel,medizinische Fakultat, wissenschaftlicheAbteilung Zahnheilkunde und Gesichts- undKieferchirurgie, Neapel, Italien. ** Privatpraktizierender Arzt, Caserta, Italien. *** Stu-dent der Oralchirurgie, ‘Federico II‘ Univer-sitat von Neapel, medizinische Fakultat, wis-senschaftliche Abteilung Zahnheilkunde undGesichts- und Kieferchirurgie, Neapel, Italien.# Assistenzprofessor, ‘Federico II‘ Universitatvon Neapel, technische Fakultat, Abteilung furIndustrieentwicklung und -management,Neapel, Italien. ## Assistenzprofessor, Univer-sitat von Cassino, technische Fakultat, Abtei-lung fur Mechanik-, Struktur-, Territori-alkunde. ### Assistenzprofessor, ‘Federico II‘Universitat von Neapel, medizinischeFakultat, wissenschaftliche AbteilungZahnheilkunde und Gesichts- und Kieferchiru-rgie, Neapel, Italien. #### Professor, ‘Fed-erico II‘ Universitat von Neapel, medizinischeFakultat, wissenschaftliche AbteilungZahnheilkunde und Gesichts- und Kieferchiru-rgie, Neapel, Italien. Schriftverkehr:GaetanoMarenzi, DMD, Via Lepanto 46, 80125Neapel, Italien. Telefon: 39 - 081 5930107.eMail: gaetano.marenzi@tiscali.itStereolithographie in der Oralimplantologie: ein Vergleich chirurgischer FuhrungenZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Zielsetzung: Die vorliegende Abhandlung stellt die Stereo-lithographie als Einsatzmittel in der Oralimplantologie vor. Die Stereolithographie ist eineneue Methode, bei der durch gezielte Erhartung eines UV-sensitiven Flussigharzes ge-genstandliche Modelle entstehen, so dass die tatsachlichen anatomischen Gegebenheitenvon Ober- und Unterkiefer nachgeahmt werden. Mit Hilfe dieser Modelle konnen Fuhrun-gen geschaffen werden, die eine exakt gleiche Setzung der Implantate beim Patienten wiebei der Planungscomputersimulation ermoglichen. Materialien und Methoden: Einer 70Jahre alten Patientin mit gutem Allgemeingesundheitszustand und schwerer Unterkiefer-knochenatrophie wurde mit einer Deckprothese unter Verwendung von zwei BranemarkImplantaten als Stutzen behandelt. Fur diese Wiederherstellungsbehandlung wurden zweiunterschiedliche operative Planungsmethoden in Erwagung gezogen: a) Herstellung einerchirurgischen Fuhrung unter Auswertung der klinischen Aspekte. b) Die chirurgischeFuhrung als Ergebnis einer stereolithographischen Studie. Ergebnisse: Eine exakte Pla-nung des Chirurgieablaufs kann mit der Knochendichte und den Ausmessungen inVerbindung stehende eventuelle Probleme verringern. Auserdem ist anzumerken, dass diebehandelnden Arzte durch Anwendung der sterolithographischen Studie die Befestigun-gen ideal im Knochen verankern konnten. Schlussfolgerungen: Basiert man die Opera-tionsvorbereitungen auf stereolithographische Erkenntnisse, kann von einem sicherenAblauf ausgegangen werden, was viele Vorteile erbringt. Der biologische und therapeu-tische Vorteil dieses technologischen Behandlungsansatzes liegt in der Vereinfachung deranatomischen Behandlungsvorbereitungen bei gleichzeitig verbesserterImplantierungssicherheit.SCHLUSSELWORTER: Chirurgieplanung, Kieferatrophie, schnelle Prototyperstellung,anatomische Modelle