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Background: Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function with diabetes and hypertension as the leading cause. Chronic kidney disease is one of these systemic diseases that can affect salivary contents. Aims: This study aimed to assess salivary immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment in comparison with control subjects. Materials and methods: Ninety subjects were included in this study divided into three groups: 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis for at least 6 months ago; 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment and 30 healthy control subjects. Secretory immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in saliva samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA. Results: No significant difference in salivary immunoglobulin A level among study groups was seen. A significant increase in salivary interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in both chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment compared to the control group. While, no significant salivary IL-6 and CRP differences were seen between both patient groups, on hemodialysis and conservative treatment. Conclusions: There was no significant difference among chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis, on conservative treatment and control healthy subjects regarding to salivary IgA while Salivary interleukin -6 and C- reactive protein was significantly higher in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment compared to healthy subjects.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a global healthcare problem associated with poor clinical outcomes. Early detection is key to improving patient survival. OSCC may be preceded by clinically recognizable lesions, termed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). As histologic assessment of OPMD does not accurately predict their clinical behavior, biomarkers are required to detect cases at risk of malignant transformation. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene copy number (EGFR GCN) is a validated biomarker in lung non–small cell carcinoma. We examined EGFR GCN in OPMD and OSCC to determine its potential as a biomarker in oral carcinogenesis.Methods: EGFR GCN was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) in biopsies from 78 patients with OPMD and 92 patients with early-stage (stages I and II) OSCC. EGFR ISH signals were scored by two pathologists and a category assigned by consensus. The data were correlated with patient demographics and clinical outcomes.Results: OPMD with abnormal EGFR GCN were more likely to undergo malignant transformation than diploid cases. EGFR genomic gain was detected in a quarter of early-stage OSCC, but did not correlate with clinical outcomes.Conclusion: These data suggest that abnormal EGFR GCN has clinical utility as a biomarker for the detection of OPMD destined to undergo malignant transformation. Prospective studies are required to verify this finding. It remains to be determined if EGFR GCN could be used to select patients for EGFR-targeted therapies.Impact: Abnormal EGFR GCN is a potential biomarker for identifying OPMD that are at risk of malignant transformation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 927–35. ©2016 AACR.

Supplementary Table 1 - Characteristics of the two groups of patients, including their clinical outcomes.

Background: Saliva is the 1st defense fluid with sialic acid is a significant salivary biomarker. It is an acidicsugar with a nine-carbon backbone, able to mediate a wide variety of patho- physiological processes. thestudy aims at estimate salivary sialic acid in Iraqi children sample and also find out their association withoral health status.Method: Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 100 healthy child, aged 6-13 years for5-minutes, between 9:00 - 11:00 A.M. gingival index(GI) and Plaque index were measured . According toWHO criteria,the dentition status was examined by dmfs, dmft,DMFS and DMFT. Also, flow rate and thelevel of salivary sialic acid were estimated.Results: In the present study,a positive correlation coefficient is recorded between the salivary flow rate andage and statistically reach the level of significance. Sialic acid concentration increased with age, but did notreach the level of significant.A male gender showed increase salivary sialic acid level by 0.2 U/L compared to female, but fail to reachthe significanceGI and DMFs showed a positive association with sialic acid level (R=0.036,R= 0.0053),but it’s not reachthe significant. While sialic acid level observed that a significant weak inverse liner correlation with othervariables like DMFS and PI,(R=- 0.082,R=-0.066)The outcomes were exposed to t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Plaque index, GI, flow rate andthe dental caries status were significantly positive correlated with the sialic acid levels in saliva.Conclusion: The salivary factors evaluated in this study may prove to be useful measures for gingivalinflammation in children and allow pediatric dentists to target preventive measures appropriately

Background: Sebaceous glands are normal structures of the skin, but may be ectopically found in themouth, as oral Fordyce granules. They are located just beneath the overlying epithelium and are visiblethrough the epithelium producing local elevations. It has been suggested that there is a relation betweenelevated lipid profile and the presence of these granules.Method: A total of 130 individuals were included in this cross-sectional study, who were subjected to theoral examination for the presence & scoring of oral Fordyce granules, then blood samples were taken. Casesheet involved, demographic information and medical history. Using specialized kits, lipids profile analysiswas done on a fully automated spectrophotometric analyzer.Results: Fordyce granules were recorded in 25% of cases, with males formed the majority of them. In bothgender, lip was the most commonly affected sites.Fordyce granules were observed in one-third of patients with systemic diseases.The majority of cases with Fordyce granules, recoded normal triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL levels, butone-fourth of patients with hyper cholesterol were seen with Fordyce granules. Chi-Square test showed noassociation between lipid profile & these granules.A negative correlation was found between Fordyce granules number and cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels,although statistically non- significant.Conclusion: Oral Fordyce granules were most frequently observed in the lips, with male gender and olderage predilections. The current study did not support the association between oral Fordyce granules andserum lipid profile changes.

Background : Visual inspection by conventional oral examination (COE) has been the backbone of oralcancer and precancer detection. More recently, several commercially available diagnostic adjuncts havebeen developed to aid clinicians in the early detection of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and squamous cellcarcinoma (SCC), such as OralCDx, Toluidine coloring, ViziLite machine, Identafi machine, and VELscope.VELscope is a technology based on the principles of autofluorescence mechanism imaging. This deviceoffers in-vivo, real-time, direct visualization of tissue autofluorescence, termed direct visual fluorescentexamination (DVFE). It is currently marketed as an oral cancer screening tool to be used with all new andrecall dental patients and as an aid for surgeons in tumor margin delineation.Aim of the study :was to obtain auto fluorescent data on variety of histopathologically distinct oral lesionsand assessment of direct auto fluorescent examination validity in identifying dysplastic (premalignant)and malignant oral mucosal lesions using VELscope and judgment with histopathological examination.Materials and methods: Routine oral examination of fifty patients having suspicious oral lesions followedby direct autofluorescent examination by VElscope and then histopathological examination.Conclusion : VELscope can be considered as an adjunctive device to enhance the visualization of oralmucosal abnormalities, but not as a tool for risk stratification.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a global healthcare problem associated with poor clinical outcomes. Early detection is key to improving patient survival. OSCC may be preceded by clinically recognizable lesions, termed oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). As histologic assessment of OPMD does not accurately predict their clinical behavior, biomarkers are required to detect cases at risk of malignant transformation. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene copy number (EGFR GCN) is a validated biomarker in lung non–small cell carcinoma. We examined EGFR GCN in OPMD and OSCC to determine its potential as a biomarker in oral carcinogenesis. Methods: EGFR GCN was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) in biopsies from 78 patients with OPMD and 92 patients with early-stage (stages I and II) OSCC. EGFR ISH signals were scored by two pathologists and a category assigned by consensus. The data were correlated with patient demographics and clinical outcomes. Results: OPMD with abnormal EGFR GCN were more likely to undergo malignant transformation than diploid cases. EGFR genomic gain was detected in a quarter of early-stage OSCC, but did not correlate with clinical outcomes. Conclusion: These data suggest that abnormal EGFR GCN has clinical utility as a biomarker for the detection of OPMD destined to undergo malignant transformation. Prospective studies are required to verify this finding. It remains to be determined if EGFR GCN could be used to select patients for EGFR-targeted therapies. Impact: Abnormal EGFR GCN is a potential biomarker for identifying OPMD that are at risk of malignant transformation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 927–35. ©2016 AACR.

Oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) are at risk of transforming to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but controversy exists over their management and the precise role of interventional treatment. In this study, a cohort of 100 patients presenting with new, single oral dysplastic PMD lesions were followed for up to 10 years following laser excision. PMDs presented primarily as homogeneous leukoplakias on floor of mouth and ventrolateral tongue sites and showed mainly high-grade dysplasia following analysis of excision specimens. Sixty-two patients were disease-free at the time of the most recent followup, whilst 17 experienced same site PMD recurrence, 14 developed further PMDs at new sites, 5 underwent same site malignant transformation, and 2 developed SCC at new oral sites. Whilst laser excision is an effective therapeutic tool in PMD management, prolonged patient followup and active mucosal surveillance together with clear definitions of clinical outcomes are all essential prerequisites for successful interventional management. Multicentre, prospective, and randomised trials of PMD treatment intervention are urgently required to determine optimal management strategies.