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Los procedimientos penales muchas veces están diseñados para dilucidar la verdad detrás de una escena criminal. Sin embargo, la verdad siempre ha sido subjetiva, contextual y cultural, siempre dependerá del grado de convicción de los medios de prueba y los sesgos de las partes procesales que construyen esos medios y esos hechos. Entonces, si partimos de que la verdad es relativa, los procedimientos penales deben reorientar su proceso de construcción probatoria. Para ello, las técnicas de juicio oral y los estándares probatorios se han presentado como herramientas apropiadas para construir esa realidad. En particular, los estándares probatorios se materializan como umbrales que demandan un determinado nivel de convicción probatoria que relaciona el hecho delictivo con la participación del sujeto procesado. Sin embargo, estos estándares con la nueva regulación procesal de la Ley 1826 de 2017 se han visto alterados, en especial aquellos relacionados con la imposición de la medida de aseguramiento.

Background There is an urgent need to assess changes in well-being on a multinational scale during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus culturally valid scales must be available. Methods With this in mind, this study examined the invariance of the WHO well-being index (WHO-5) among a sample of 5183 people from 12 Latin Americans countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). Results The results of the present study indicate that the WHO-5 is strictly invariant across samples from different Latin American countries. Furthermore, the results of the IRT analysis indicate that all items of the WHO-5 were highly discriminative and that the difficulty required to respond to each of the five items is ascending. Additionally, the results indicated the presence of moderate and small size differences in subjective well-being among most countries. Conclusion The WHO-5 is useful for assessing subjective well-being in 12 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, since the differences between scores can be attributed to differences in well-being and not in other characteristics of the scale.

The present study examined how conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines specifically relate to symptoms of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of four South American countries. A total of 1785 people from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru participated, responding to a sociodemographic survey, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19 S) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale-COVID-19 (VCBS-COVID-19). Network analysis identified the most important symptoms of fear and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines (nodes) and the associations between them (edges). In addition, the robustness of the network of these indicators of centrality and the possible differences in the structure and connectivity of the networks between the four countries were evaluated. The results suggest that the nodes with the highest centrality were items 2 and 5 of the FCV-19 S and item 2 of the VCBS-COVID-19. Likewise, item 6 is the belief that most predicts conspiracy beliefs about vaccines against COVID-19; while item 6 was the symptom that most predicts fear of COVID-19. The findings strongly support cross-cultural similarities in the networks across the four countries rather than differences. Although it was expected that a higher presence of symptoms of fear of COVID-19 may lead people to compensate for their fear by believing in conspiratorial ideas about vaccines and, consequently, rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine, the results do not clearly show this relationship. This could lead other researchers to generate evidence to explain the differences between Latin American countries and countries in other contexts in terms of vaccination rates. This evidence could be useful to develop policies favoring vaccination against COVID-19 that are more contextualized to the Latin American region, characterized by social instability and economic recession during the pandemic.

Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 began to emerge immediately after the first news about the disease and threaten to prolong the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by limiting people’s willingness of receiving a life-saving vaccine. In this context, this study aimed to explore the variation of conspiracy beliefs regarding COVID-19 and the vaccine against it in 5779 people living in 13 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) according to sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, educational level and source of information about COVID-19. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between September 15 and October 25, 2021. The Spanish-language COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (ECCV-COVID) and a sociodemographic survey were used. The results indicate that, in most countries, women, people with a lower educational level and those who receive information about the vaccine and COVID-19 from family/friends are more supportive of conspiracy ideas regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. In the case of age, the results vary by country. The analysis of the responses to each of the questions of the ECCV-COVID reveals that, in general, the countries evaluated are mostly in some degree of disagreement or indecision regarding conspiratorial beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. The findings could help open further study which could support prevention and treatment efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The invariance of the Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Scale (PCIBS) was evaluated in 12 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). A total of 5183 people from the aforementioned countries participated, selected using the snowball sampling method. Measurement invariance was assessed by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) and Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment (CFA-MIAL). In addition, item characteristics were assessed based on Item Response Theory. The results indicate that the original five-item version of the PCIBS is not adequate; whereas a four-item version of the PCIBS (PCIBS-4) showed a good fit in all countries. Thus, using the MG-CFA method, the PCIBS-4 achieved metric invariance, while the CFA-MIAL method indicated that the PCIBS-4 shows metric and scalar invariance. Likewise, the four items present increasing difficulties and high values in the discrimination parameters. The comparison of means of the PCIBS-4 reported irrelevant differences between countries; however, Mexico and Peru presented the highest frequency of preventive behaviors related to COVID-19. It is concluded that the PCIBS-4 is a unidimensional self-report measure which is reliable and invariant across the twelve participating Latin American countries. It is expected that the findings will be of interest to social and health scientists, as well as those professionals directly involved in public health decision making. Fil: Caicho Rodriguez, Tomás. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Peruana Unión; Perú Fil: Valencia, Pablo D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Carabajal Leon, Carlos. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Vivanco Vidal, Andrea. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (upc); Fil: Saroli Aranibar, Daniela. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (upc); Fil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (upc); Fil: White, Michael. Universidad Peruana Unión; Perú Fil: Rojas Jara, Claudio. Universidad Catolica de Maule; Chile Fil: Polanco Carrasco, Roberto. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología; Chile Fil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Ciencias de la Salud y del Comportamiento.; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Martino, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología. Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro de Investigación En Neurociencias de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Palacios, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Mariano Gálvez de Guatemala; Guatemala Fil: Moreta Herrera, Rodrigo. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Samaniego Pinho, Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Paraguay Fil: Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías. Universidad Tecnologica de El Salvador; El Salvador Fil: Ferrari, Ilka Franco. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Flores Mendoza, Carmen. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Buschiazzo Figares, Andrés. Instituto Alfred Adler Uruguay; Uruguay Fil: Puerta Cortéz, Diana Ximena. Universidad de Ibagué; Colombia Fil: Corrales Reyes, Ibraín Enrique. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Granma; Cuba Fil: Calderón, Raymundo. Universidad del Valle de Mexico; México Fil: Pinto Tapia, Bismarck. Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo; Bolivia Fil: Arias Gallegos, Walter L.. Universidad Católica San Pablo; Perú

The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) in ten Latin American countries. A total of 2,321 people who had lost a family member or other loved one due to COVID-19 participated, with a mean age of 34.22 years old (SD = 11.99). In addition to the PGS, a single item of suicidal ideation was applied. The unidimensional model of the PGS had adequate fit in most countries and good reliability estimates. There was evidence of measurement invariance by country and gender. Also, a one-point increase in the PGS was associated with an almost twofold increase in the odds of suicidal ideation. Scores greater than or equal to 4 on the PGS are proposed as a cut off to identify individuals with suicidal ideation. Strong evidence of the cross-cultural validity of the PGS is provided. Fil: Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Valencia, Pablo D.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Iztacala; México Fil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Peruana Unión; Perú Fil: Lee, Sherman A.. Christopher Newport Universit; Estados Unidos Fil: Carbajal León, Carlos. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Vivanco Vidal, Andrea. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; Perú Fil: Saroni Aranibar, Daniela. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; Perú Fil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; Perú Fil: White, Michael. Universidad Peruana Unión; Perú Fil: Rojas Jara, Claudio. Universidad Catolica de Maule; Chile Fil: Polanco Carrasco, Roberto. Centro de Estudios Académicos en Neuropsicología; Chile Fil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Martino, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Palacios, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Mariano Gálvez; Guatemala Fil: Moretta Herrera, Rodrigo. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Samaniego Pinho, Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Paraguay Fil: Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador; El Salvador Fil: Buschiazzo Figares, Andrés. Centro de Estudios Adlerianos; Uruguay Fil: Puerta Cortés, Diana Ximena. Universidad de Ibagué; Colombia Fil: Corrales Reyes, Ibraín Enrique. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Granma; Cuba Fil: Calderón, Raymundo. Universidad del Valle de Mexico; México Fil: Pinto Tapia, Bismarck. Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo; Bolivia Fil: Ferrari, Ilka Franco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Flores Mendoza, Carmen. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Arias Gallegos, Walter L.. Universidad Católica San Pablo; Perú

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la viabilidad técnico, económica y de mercado de la instalación de una fábrica de elaboración de estearato de zinc que se enfocará en ofrecer el producto a la industria peruana de caucho y plásticos, donde tiene aplicaciones para desmolde, estabilización e incluso en la etapa de vulcanización del caucho. El país es un importante productor de zinc y aquí se demuestra la factibilidad de aprovechar recursos existentes para elaborar productos en una industria nacional, donde se pueda competir con productos que deben ser importados por falta de oferta. El presente estudio inicia presentando los objetivos y alcance del mismo y el producto en mención, para luego analizar el mercado, donde se estima que el producto podría ser vendido a $ 3,74 por kilogramo (se vende en sacos de 20 kg), contar con una demanda de alrededor de los 9 000 sacos por año y bajo estos parámetros contar con una rentabilidad EBITDA alrededor del 23,5%; sin embargo, se presentan fuertes razones por la que el mercado tendría aún mayores oportunidades para ser explotadas donde incluso, existen posibilidades interesantes de que está demanda llegue a triplicarse. Luego del análisis de la demanda, se detallan estudios de localización, tamaño de planta, e ingeniería de proyecto, en el que se detallan el desarrollo del proceso de elaboración, requerimientos de maquinaria y espacios físicos a ser utilizados. Posteriormente se presentan los requerimientos de personal necesario para que la empresa opere con normalidad junto con la evaluación económico-financiera, donde se analiza análisis de flujos de dinero y análisis de escenarios que podrían presentarse en un mercado dinámico como el peruano. Finalmente, se cierra el estudio con la evaluación de impacto social que tendría la empresa sobre el entorno en el que se encontraría. The present study evaluates the installation of a zinc stearate facility in Peru technically, economically, and market viability. This facility will focus on Peruvian market, mainly in the rubber and plastics industry, where it has a number of applications such as stabilization, unmolding, and even rubber vulcanization. Peru is an importan zinc producer and in this study it is shown the feasibility of transforming natural resources into industrial products which can be seized by Peruvian industry, being able to compete with other product that are being imported due to lack of offer. This document starts with the objectives and scope of the study and the presentation of zinc stearate. In the next place, the market viability is analyzed, showing that the product could be sold at $ 3,74 per kilogram (sold in 20 kg sacks), and have a demand surrounding 9 000 sacks per year. Under these circumstances, EBITDA would be rounding 23,5%; however, some strong reasons are presented that the market can possibly expand almost three times. After the analylis of demand, the study continues with the location study, plant capacity, project engineering, where the manufacturing process, equipment, and space requirements are explained. Then study continues with the personnel requirements for the facility to work normally, economic and financial evaluation that details cash flows and scenario analysis that could possibly occur in the Peruvian market. Finally, the study concludes with a social impact analysis considering the facility´s surroundings.