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Additional file 2: Table S2. The results of mNSS score.

Additional file 5: Table S5. The number of Nissl bodies.

Additional file 12: Table S11. The level of inflammatory factors.

Additional file 10: Table S9. The size of GFAP+ and IBA-1+ cells.

Additional file 8: Figure S1. Related western blot data in triplicate.

Additional file 6: Table S6. The percentage of apoptotic cells.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The results of body weight (g).

Additional file 3: Table S3. The results of TTC staining

Additional file 11: Table S10. The protein level of GFAP and Iba1.

Additional file 4: Table S4. Protein level of NSE (pg/ml).

Additional file 9: Table S8. The number of GFAP+ and IBA-1+ cells.

Additional file 7: Table S7. The level of apoptosis related protein.

Additional file 13: Table S12. Animal distribution.

In the present study, we investigated the molecular biological effect of infrasound on changes of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and on expression of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the hippocampus of rats. 60 SD rats were randomized into ten groups and examined for [Ca2+]i and RyRs expression after exposure to 8Hz 90dB infrasound at days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Groups exposed to infrasound were exposed to 8Hz 90dB infrasound for 2 hours once daily. Acute cell separation, fluo-3/AM fluorescence technique and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) were used for measurement of the [Ca2+]i level. There was no significant difference of [Ca2+]i at 1d and 7d infrasound exposure groups compared to control, but there was a significant incease at 14d group (P2+]i increase and decrease the expression of RyRs in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus after exposure to infrasound for 14 and 21 days.

AIM: The present paper investigated the effect on behavior of female rat 3 months after electromagnetic pulse irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mature female rats were randomly divided into control group and EMP irradiation group. Rats in the EMP irradiation group were exposed to EMP. The field intensity was 100 KV/m with 1000 pulses. The changes of behavior were observed with step through test and open-field test in rats 3 months after electromagnetic pulse irradiation. Memory retention, Error scores, Accumulative Distance (AD), Accumulative Distance of Leaving the Border (ADLB), Accumulative Distance in the User Defined Area (ADUDA), AD inside the inner circle(ADIC), AT of Resting (ATREST), AT of Walking (ATWALK) and AD of Walking(ADWALK) were recorded. RESULTS: Analysis of step through test indicated that the EMP irradiation group has a significant decrease in memory retention and a significant increase in error scores of the entries into the dark compartment compared with control group (P

AIM. To investigate the changes of the mice testes and the tight junction (Tj) relative molecular and to identify the molecular mechanisms of the mice blood-testis-barrier (BTB) permea- bility increasing after the mice were exposed to electromagnetic pulse (EMP). METHODS. Observe the changes vimentin of the mice testes by laser scanning confocal technique. RESULTS. After the 200 kVm-1 EMP (the accumulative pulse times was 200) exposure, the vimentin in sustentacular cells of testis became irregularly shortened and derangement, and the intensity of immuno- fluorescence also showed ununiformity compared with control. CONCLUSION. The increasing of mice BTB permeability perhaps caused by the changing of vimentin.

To investigate the changes of the mice testes and the tight junction (Tj) relative molecular and to identify the molecular mechanisms of the mice blood-testis-barrier (BTB) permeability increasing after the mice were exposed to electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Observe the changes vimentin of the mice testes by laser scanning confocal technique. After the 200 kVm-1 EMP (the accumulative pulse times was 200) exposure, the vimentin in sustentacular cells of testis became irregularly shortened and derangement, and the intensity of immuno-fluorescence also showed ununiformity compared with control. The increasing of mice BTB permeability perhaps caused by the changing of vimentin.

AIM To study the effect of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) exposure on the permeability of Blood-testicle barrier(BTB) in mice. METHODS Adult male BALB/c mice were exposed to EMP at 200kV/m for 200 pulses with 2 seconds interval. The mice were injected with 2% Evans Blue solution through caudal vein at different time point after exposure, and the permeability of BTB was observed by fluorescence microscope. The testis sample for the transmission electron microscopy was prepared at 2h after EMP exposure. The permeability of BTB in mice was observed by using Evans Blue tracer and lanthanum nitrate tracer. RESULTS After exposure, cloudy Evans Blue was found in the testicle convoluted seminiferous tubule of mice. Lanthanum nitrate was observed not only between testicle spermatogonia near seminiferous tubule wall and sertoli cells, but also between sertoli cells and primary spermatocyte or secondary spermatocyte. However, in control group lanthanum, nitrate was only found in the testicle sertoli cells between seminiferous tubule and near seminiferous tubule wall. CONCLUSION EMP exposure could increase the permeability of BTB in the mice.

To evaluate the possible effects of EMP on blood system, blood samples and bone marrow cells of male BALB/c mice were collected for hematology determinations , CFU-GM colony assay, [Ca2+]i assessment and cell cycle measurement. Our results indicate that EMP can affect some parameters of blood system