Search

Here we describe therapeutic results in a female patient who underwent bilateral slMFB DBS for OCD. During a 35-month long course of stimulation, she suffered from stimulation-induced dyskinesia of her right leg which we interpreted as co-stimulation of the adjacent anteromedial subthalamic nucleus (amSTN). After reprogramming to steer the stimulation away from the amSTN medial into the direction of the mesencephalic ventral tegmentum (MVT which contains the ventral tegmental area, VTA), the dyskinesias disappeared. Remarkably, anti-OCD efficacy in the presented patient was preserved and achieved with a bilateral stimulation which by our imaging study fully avoided the amSTN.

The confused-prism[5]arene macrocycle (c-PrS[5](Me)) shows conformational adaptive behavior in the presence of ammonium guests. Upon guest inclusion, the 1,4-bridged naphthalene flap reverses its planar chirality from pS to pR (with reference to the pS(pR)(4) enantiomer). Stereoselective directional threading is also observed in the presence of directional axles, in which up/down stereoisomers of homochiral (pR)(5)-c-PrS[5](Me) pseudorotaxanes are formed.

A one-eighth spherical surface dielectric resonator antenna (OESS-DRA) is proposed first time. To analyze this thin shell structure, electromagnetic fields distribution is discussed by using the Hertz vector and boundary conditions. We simplify the solution of Maxwell equations by using Hertz vector because the polarization current is primary in the OESS-DRA. The Hertz vector can be expressed the current better. This proposed antenna is composed of one-eighth spherical dielectric shell fed by coaxial probe; and the ground with metal-corner-reflector makes the antenna with high gain and directional radiation properties. To verify this design, a fabricated sample is tested; results show the antenna covering bandwidth 4.56-6.88GHz, a high gain greater than 9.5dBi (peak gain 11.8dBi at 5.0GHz), and a high radiation efficiency over 85% in the entire working frequency band, as well. The OESS-DRA can be a good candidate in 5th generation communication applications.

As full waveform inversion (FWI) is a non-unique and typically ill-posed inversion problem, it needs proper regularization to avoid cycle-skipping. To reduce the non-linearity of FWI, Joint Migration Inversion (JMI) is proposed as an alternative, explaining the reflection data with decoupled velocity and reflectivity parameters. However, the velocity update may also suffer from being trapped in local minima. To optimally include geologic information, we propose FWI/JMI with directional total variation as an L1-norm regularization on the velocity. We design the directional total variation operator based on the local dip field, instead of ignoring the local structural direction of the subsurface and only using horizontal- and vertical- gradients in the traditional TV. The local dip field is estimated using plane-wave destruction based on a raw reflectivity model, which is usually calculated from the initial velocity model. With two complex synthetic examples, based on the Marmousi model, we demonstrate that the proposed method is much more effective compared to both FWI/JMI without regularization and FWI/JMI with the conventional TV regularization. In the JMI-based example, we also show that L1 directional TV works better than L2 directional Laplacian smoothing. In addition, by comparing these two examples, it can be seen that the impact of regularization is larger for FWI than for JMI, because in JMI the velocity model only explains the propagation effects and, thereby, makes it less sensitive to the details in the velocity model.

In spite of continuous improvements of ocean wave models in the last decades, large errors still remain in particular under strongly forced conditions, often encountered in the Southern Ocean, where strong westerly winds generate some of the fiercest waves on Earth in almost unlimited fetch conditions. The newly launched China‐France Oceanography SATellite (CFOSAT) provides directional spectra of ocean waves for both wind seas and swells. Compared to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), it can resolve shorter wavelengths in all directions, which dominate in non‐fully developed wind waves. Here, the assimilation of these CFOSAT wave number components is proved to bring more accurate predictions of wave growth compared to the assimilation of significant wave height alone. A notable reduction of model bias is found in the Southern Ocean, especially in the Pacific Ocean sector. Results further exhibit a downward shift of the wave age, consistent with theoretical wave growth curves. Plain Language Summary This work focuses on the importance of using directional wave observations to improve model wave prediction in the Southern Ocean. The results indicate a significant impact on the transition from a wind‐dependent sea to a well‐developed sea. A direct consequence of this work will concern a better understanding of the wave climate in the Southern Ocean and therefore an improvement of coupled ocean/waves/atmosphere systems.

Background: Globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) and thalamotomy are interventions for writer’s cramp (WC). Ventralis intermedius nucleus (VIM) DBS is targeted for tremor, however, many aspects of VIM DBS remained underexplored in WC. Case Report: A 62-year-old man with WC underwent DBS. Dystonic tremor improved intraoperatively with ventralis oralis anterior (VoA)/ventral oralis posterior (VoP) and with subthalamic nucleus stimulation; although greatest benefit was obtained with VIM stimulation. Sustained benefit with VIM DBS at ten months post-operative was obtained. Discussion: This case demonstrates an intraoperative approach in target selection and supports benefits of VIM DBS for WC. Highlights: This case highlights the intraoperative approach and clinical effects of VIM DBS in the treatment of medically refractory writer’s cramp (WC). We contextualize our results from this case with previous reports of VoA/VoP stimulation for WC.

This article proposes an analysis of the Motion-Directional Construction in Chinese in the Conceptual-Cognitive approach as outlined by Jackendoff and Langacker. This article first argues that the Motion-Directional Construction consists of conceptual subordination, expressing different mental spaces. Then, it examines the syntactic and semantic behaviors of the construction arguing that it is more like a constructional idiom. In particular, we discuss the case ofpa‘climb’ and generalize further that the motion verbs in Chinese typically express manners of movement. Within the Conceptual Semantics, we argue that a level of grammatical relation may not be necessary; it is the argument and conceptual structures that we need in the cognitive structure. Finally, we present the data and suggest the typological relevance of the Motion-Directional Construction.

The condition of phase matching prohibits the transfer of excitation from free-space photons to surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). We propose and analyze a scheme that excites an ensemble of emitters in a collective state, which is phase matched with the SPP by the optical pulses used for its preparation. By a collective enhancement the ensemble, hence, emits an SPP in a well defined direction. We demonstrate the scheme by analyzing the launching of near-infrared graphene SPP. Our theory incorporates the dispersive and dissipative properties of the plasmon modes to evaluate the non-Markovian emission by the ensembles and will also be applicable for other types of surface polaritons., Comment: close to the published version

Our article proposes an application of the Directional Distance Function (DDF) approach to the fixed telecommunication field. In particular, we present an efficiency evaluation of European fixed telecom operators, where the DDF tool allows for asymmetric treatment of outputs characterized by a different degree of desirability: broadband lines (a market still in expansion, related to a welfare-improving service) and narrow band lines (an almost saturated market, corresponding to a "minimal" TLC service in developed countries). Finally, by means of a second stage regression, we investigate the effect on technical efficiency of set of variables representing the competitive environment, the ownership structure and the degree of vertical separation. Our results show that the assumptions embedded in the DDF model influence relevantly the technical efficiency estimates, where important potential bias can arise if the duality of outputs is ignored, with a subsequent relevant impact also on the second stage results. These findings highlight the relevance of choosing benchmarking models consistent with the features of the analysed technology and show that the DDF approach is a flexible tool able to accommodate even complex output structures. This work proposes an application of the DDF approach to the fixed TLC field.DDF allows for asymmetric treatment of differently desirable outputs.DDF assumptions influence the efficiency estimates and the second stage results.DDF is a flexible tool allowing benchmarking even with complex output structures.

We propose a subgroup decomposable class of income mobility measures with good axiomatic properties by adapting the concept of “individual income gap between two moments in time” to a framework that is traditionally used in the measurement of poverty and deprivation. This framework is explicit in incorporating the necessary judgements about how to aggregate individual income gaps by making use of the indices with best normative properties within the poverty literature. This strategy allows us to provide intuitive and simple measures of downward (and upward) mobility that consider incidence, intensity and inequality of income gaps and are easy to comprehend and communicate to policy makers. Moreover, these measures are consistent with a simple and intuitive graphical device. As an empirical illustration of the use of this class of measures, we present an analysis of downward income mobility for different age groups in three EU countries using the European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EUSILC) longitudinal data from 2004 up to 2015. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2264952 Conventional directional sound sensing systems employ an array of spatially separated microphones to achieve directivity. However, there are insects such as the Ormia ochracea fly that can determine the direction of sound using a miniature hearing organ much smaller than the wavelength of sound it detects. The fly’s eardrums are coupled mechanically with a separation of only 0.5 mm and yet have a remarkable sensitivity to the direction of sound. The MEMS based sensor mimicking the fly’s hearing system was fabricated using an SOI substrate with a 25 μm device layer. The sensor consists of two 1.5 mm x1.6 mm wings connected in the middle by a 2.7 mm x 30 μm bridge. The entire structure is connected to the substrate by two torsional legs at the center. The frequency response of the sensor showed two resonance frequencies at approximately 1.1 kHz (rocking) and 1.5 kHz (bending). The resonance at 1.1 kHz is due to rocking of the wings by twisting the legs and the other at 1.5 kHz is due to bending of the bridge. The response of the sensor was probed electronically using comb finger capacitors integrated to the edges of the wings and with the help of an MS3110 chip. A peak output voltage of about 9V/Pa was measured for sound incident normal to the device at the resonance frequency of the bending mode. The bearing of the incident sound under these conditions could be determined to within a few degrees. These findings indicate the potential use of the MEMS sensor to locate sound sources with high accuracy. CRUSER NRP ONR

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2244387 The conventional directional sound sensing systems employ an array of spatially separated microphones to achieve directional sensing. However, there are insects such as Ormia ochracea fly that can determine the direction of sound using a miniature hearing organ much smaller than the wavelength of sound it detects. The MEMS based sensors mimicking the fly’s hearing system was fabricated using SOI substrate with 25 micrometer device layer. The sensor was designed to operate around 1.7 kHz, consists of two 1.2 mm x1.2 mm wings connected in the middle by a 3 mm x 30 micrometer bridge. The entire structure is connected to the substrate by two torsional legs at the center. The sensor operates at its bending resonance frequency and has cosine directional characteristics similar to that of a pressure gradient microphone. For unambiguously determining the direction of sound, two sensors were assembled with a canted angle and outputs of the two sensors were processed to uniquely locate the bearing. At the bending resonant frequency (1.7 kHz) an output voltage of about 25 V/Pa was measured. The uncertainty of the bearing of sound ranged from less than 0.3 degrees close to the normal axis (0 degree) to 3 degrees at the limits of coverage (± 60 degrees) based on the 30 degree canted angle used. These findings indicate the potential use of a dual MEMS direction finding sensor assembly to locate sound sources with high accuracy. ONR TDSI

Thermography is a non-destructive technique which uses infrared radiation to obtain the temperature distribution of an object. The technique is increasingly used in the pulp and paper industry. To convert the detected infrared radiation to a temperature, the emittance of the material must be known. For several influencing parameters the emittance of paper and board has not previously been studied in detail. This is partly due to the lack of emittance measurement methods that allow for studying the influence of these parameters.An angle-resolved goniometric method for measuring the infrared emittance of a material was developed in this thesis. The method is based on the reference emitter methodology, and uses commercial infrared cameras to determine the emittance. The method was applied to study the dependence on wavelength range, temperature, observation angle, moisture ratio, sample composition, and sample structure of the emittance of paper and board samples. It was found that the emittance varied significantly with wavelength range, observation angle and moisture ratio. The emittance was significantly higher in the LWIR (Long-Wavelength Infrared) range than in the MWIR (Mid-Wavelength Infrared) range. The emittance was approximately constant up to an observation angle of 60° in the MWIR range and 70° in the LWIR range, respectively. After that it started to decrease. The emittance of moist samples was significantly higher than that of dry samples. The influence of moisture ratio on the emittance could be estimated based on the moisture ratio of the sample, and the emittance of pure water and dry material, respectively.The applicability of measured emittance values was demonstrated in an investigation of the mechanical properties of sack paper samples. An infrared camera was applied to monitor the generation of heat during a tensile test of a paper sample. It was found that the observed increase in thermal energy at the time of rupture corresponded well to the value of the elastic energy stored in the sample just prior to rupture. The measured emittance value provided an increased accuracy in the thermal energy calculation based on the infrared images.

High time resolution spectrum occupancy measurements and analysis are presented for 2.4 GHz WLAN signals. A custom-designed wideband sensing engine records the received power of signals, and its performance is presented to select the decision threshold required to define the channel state (busy/idle). Two sets of measurements are presented where data were collected using an omni-directional and directional antenna in an indoor environment. Statistics of the idle time windows in the 2.4 GHz WLAN are analyzed using a wider set of distributions, which require fewer parameters to compute and are more practical for implementation compared to the widely-used phase type or Gaussian mixture distributions. For the omni-directional antenna, it was found that the lognormal and gamma distributions can be used to model the behavior of the idle time windows under different network traffic loads. In addition, the measurements show that the low time resolution and angle of arrival affect the statistics of the idle time windows.

Microgrid implementation draws new challenges especially in the coordination of protective devices that are not likely to appear in a traditional distribution network. Variation of fault current levels, bi-directional fault current and changing of microgrid operation modes make protection of the microgrids more difficult. In this work, a systematic procedure for coordination of different protection schemes is presented to secure the operation of a microgrid system. The procedure initially starts with coordination of overcurrent (OC) relays and followed by directional overcurrent (DOC) relays in the system. If the coordination of these two types of relays is unsatisfactory, then differential (DIF) relays are used to replace the OC relay in the faulty section. The proposed method takes into account device selectivity, sensitivity and proper protection function simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed coordination method safely protect a microgrid system during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes.

Traditional percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement is based on mechanical plaque disruption and displacement within the arterial wall. On the contrary, transcatheter atherectomy achieves atherosclerotic plaque clearance by means of directional plaque excision or rotational plaque removal or laser plaque ablation. Debulking atherectomy may allow for a more uniform angioplasty result at lower pressures with consequently less vessel barotrauma and improved luminal gain, thereby decreasing the risk of plaque recoil and dissection that may require permanent metal stenting. It has been also argued that atherectomy may disrupt the calcium barrier and optimize drug transfer and delivery in case of drug-coated balloon applications. The authors discuss the various types of atherectomy devices available in clinical practice to date and critically appraise their mode of action as well as relevant published data in each case. Overall, amassed randomized and observational evidence indicates that percutaneous atherectomy of the femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal arteries may achieve high technical success rates and seems to lessen the frequency of bailout stenting, however, at the expense of increased risk of peri-procedural distal embolization. Long-term clinical outcomes reported to date do not support the superiority of percutaneous atherectomy over traditional balloon angioplasty and stent placement in terms of vessel patency or limb salvage. The combination of debulking atherectomy and drug-coated balloons has shown promise in early studies, especially in the treatment of more complex lesions. Unanswered questions and future perspectives of this continuously evolving endovascular technology as part of a broader treatment algorithm are discussed.

Sign languages have traditionally been described as having a distinction between (1) arbitrary (referential or syntactic) space, considered to be a purely grammatical use of space in which locations arbitrarily represent concrete or abstract subject and/or object arguments using pronouns or indicating verbs, for example, and (2) motivated (topographic or surrogate) space, involving mapping of locations of concrete referents onto the signing space via classifier constructions. Some linguists have suggested that it may be misleading to see the two uses of space as being completely distinct from one another. In this study, we use conversational data from the British Sign Language Corpus (www.bslcorpusproject.org) to look at the use of space with modified indicating verbs – specifically the directions in which these verbs are used as well as the co-occurrence of eyegaze shifts and constructed action. Our findings suggest that indicating verbs are frequently produced in conditions that use space in a motivated way and are rarely modified using arbitrary space. This contrasts with previous claims that indicating verbs in BSL prototypically use arbitrary space. We discuss the implications of this for theories about grammaticalisation and the role of gesture in sign languages and for sign language teaching.

We continue the analysis of the continuous wavelet transform on the 2-sphere, introduced in a previous paper. After a brief review of the transform, we define and discuss the notion of directional spherical wavelet, i.e., wavelets on the sphere that are sensitive to directions. Then we present a calculation method for data given on a regular spherical grid g. This technique, which uses the FFT, is based on the invariance of g under discrete rotations around the z axis preserving the phi sampling. Next, a numerical criterion is given for controlling the scale interval where the spherical wavelet transform makes sense, and examples are given, both academic and realistic. In a second part, we establish conditions under which the reconstruction formula holds in strong L-p sense, for 1 less than or equal to p < infinity. This opens the door to techniques for approximating functions on the sphere, by use of an approximate identity, obtained by a suitable dilation of the mother wavelet. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Ankara : The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and the Graduate School of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 2013. Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2013. Includes bibliographical references leaves 87-93. Almost all images that are presented in classification problems regardless of area of application, have directional information embedded into its texture. Although there are many algorithms developed to extract this information, there is no ‘golden’ method that works the best every image. In order to evaluate performance of these developed algorithms, we consider 7 different multi-scale directional feature extraction algorithms along with our own multi-scale directional filtering framework. We perform tests on several problems from diverse areas of application such as font/style recognition on English, Arabic, Farsi, Chinese, and Ottoman texts, grading of follicular lymphoma images, and stratum corneum thickness calculation. We present performance metrics such as k-fold cross validation accuracies and times to extract feature from one sample, and compare with the respective state of art on each problem. Our multi-resolution computationally efficient directional approach provides results on a par with the state of the art directional feature extraction methods. Bozkurt, Alican M.S.

The advent of particle velocity sensors as a viable addition to traditional pressure-based sensors in acoustics has fueled considerable research into the additional capabilities they might bring. Previous thesis work performed at NPS successfully demonstrated a working acoustic beamformer using a hybrid array comprised of a single conventional omnidirectional microphone and two 3D Microflown Ultimate Sound Probes in an anechoic chamber. These Microflown sensors are vector sensors. They have integrated directionality through the inclusion of three orthogonal particle velocity sensors with a microphone. Unfortunately, the signals of the particle velocity sensors obtained outside in a light, gusting wind were unusable due to broadband noise. Since the fundamental limit to detecting quiet targets depends on the noise floor, the aim of this thesis was to perform an in situ measurement of the pressure equivalent noise floor of all sensors in the array and to minimize the wind noise. Noise levels measured in an anechoic chamber were 915 dB higher than the levels expected from the sensors alone. The additional noise is attributed to the data acquisition equipment. The use of an ACO WS7 windscreen was shown to be extremely effective in mitigating broadband wind noise. http://archive.org/details/determinationofp1094527855 ME5, Republic of Singapore Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Significant research has been performed on the use of directional transforms for the compression of still imagery, in particular on the application of block-based and segmentation driven directional adaptive discrete wavelet transforms. However, all of the proposed methodologies suffer from the extra side-information that needs to be encoded. This encoding overhead and added complexity is unfortunately not negligible. This paper describes various considerations and trade-offs that were made during the search towards a practical solution for using directional adaptive transforms in still image coding. We propose two codec instantiations respectively based upon quadtree-coding (QT-L) and JPEG 2000's EBCOT engine and discuss various experimental results.

In this paper we present a low-profile directional UWB antenna with improved radiation efficiency when operating in close vicinity to a biological tissue. This antenna is intended for the use in UWB wireless body area network (WBAN) applications, between 3 and 6 GHz. A novel design is based on a UWB slot antenna structure with an added radiator/reflector element in order to achieve directional radiation pattern. We compare results of our novel design, to those of the omni-directional UWB monopole antenna (currently the most commonly used in UWB studies). Measurement and simulation results show that the developed directional UWB slot antenna has the improved radiation efficiency in the vicinity of human body. Moreover, proximity of the human body much less influences its transfer functions (the most important antenna parameter in UWB radio), compared to the omni-directional UWB monopole antenna In this paper we present a low-profile directional UWB antenna with improved radiation efficiency when operating in close vicinity to a biological tissue. This antenna is intended for the use in UWB wireless body area network (WBAN) applications, between 3 and 6 GHz. A novel design is based on a UWB slot antenna structure with an added radiator/reflector element in order to achieve directional radiation pattern. We compare results of our novel design, to those of the omni-directional UWB monopole antenna (currently the most commonly used in UWB studies). Measurement and simulation results show that the developed directional UWB slot antenna has the improved radiation efficiency in the vicinity of human body. Moreover, proximity of the human body much less influences its transfer functions (the most important antenna parameter in UWB radio), compared to the omni-directional UWB monopole antenna.

The importance of wellbore deviation is well recognized by the drilling industry. An analysis of the directional behaviour of a drilling system must include the directional characteristics of the drilling bit. A comprehensive analysis of the directional behaviour of PDC bits is presented in this paper, including the effect of bit profile, gage cutters and gage length. Numerical simulations as well as laboratory tests have been carried out in order to better understand the mechanisms of PDC bits deviation and to evaluate the most important parameters affecting the directional behaviour of PDC Bits. The analysis of the directional behaviour of PDC bits presented in this paper shows that each part of the PDC bit (bit profile, active and passive gages) plays a major role on the walking tendency and steerability of the bit. A quantitative evaluation of the contribution of these factors on the well trajectory (inclination and azimuth) is given. A full-scale directional drilling bench was built to measure, for the first time, the walking tendency and the steerability of PDC bits. The results obtained demonstrate that the bit profile, the gage cutters and the gage length have a significant effect on the walking tendency and on the steerability of the PDC bits. A 3D theoretical rock-bit interaction model was developed to reproduce the drilling tests results.

Recent developments in PDC bit modelling and single cutter analysis have enabled to design a new generation of cutting structures – based on the optimization of a specific interactive cutting mode – that generates, by the mere drilling action of the cutters, an axial force oriented in the drilling direction: a negative weight on bit. This paper presents the application of this new PDC bit design and shows that WOB can be significantly reduced in a wide range of formations. A monobloc 8″1/2 PDC bit was designed, tested in laboratory, and self penetration was clearly achieved in field conditions. A full PDC bit design methodology using a new PDC cutters geometry optimized for a maximum thrust effect, along with specific manufacturing procedures for high-level precision in cutter positioning, were developed for this specific new bit generation. Laboratory tests showed that it was possible to drill without WOB at a high rate of penetration and with a small increase in specific energy. Preliminary field tests in cement demonstrated that self penetration – drilling with the neutral point just above the bit – was possible with specific surface control, and a first operational application was conducted by Total E&P Angola. This new bit technology has the potential to increase bit performance, specifically in operating conditions where power is available but WOB is limited due to friction, buckling or reduced vertical depth. The ability to drill with reduced WOB – or even without any WOB – should extend the potential of existing drilling technologies such as Extended Reach Drilling, Coiled Tubing or Steerable Motor in sliding mode and reduce axial vibration, thus increasing the MTBF of downhole tools.