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Multivalent batteries are often hyped as a next-generation high-energy density battery technology, but in reality, both literature reports and practical research are plagued by poor reproducibility of electrochemical results. Within the present work, we take a look at the electrochemical testing of organic cathodes that can be used with a variety of mono- and multivalent cations and propose a cyclable symmetric cell approach, already applied to the field of lithium-ion batteries. By using a model organic system based on poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) (PAQS) active material, we demonstrate that the symmetric cell approach elegantly removes the limitations of multivalent metal anodes, and for the first time, reveals the full potential of organic cathodes in multivalent batteries. Furthermore, symmetric cells enable reliable EIS measurements on organic cathodes and open a pathway to optimize electrochemical/transport parameters through the design of next generation organic cathode materials and advanced electrode design(s). We suggest that the cyclable symmetric cell approach should be generally applicable in multivalent and all other batteries where electrochemical characterization requires the elimination of the counter electrode contribution.

Selection of promising materials/concepts for further exploitation

Keynote presentation from Elżbieta Frąckowiak at Carbon 2022 Conference "Carbon for a Cleaner Future". London3 - 8 July 2022

Deliverable 4.2 Report on differences between carbon materials and composite electrodes

M3 - Four novel types of materials with superior properties for electrochemical devices

Synthesis and characterization of doped graphene-based materials

WP2 presentation 2nd Annual Meeting 13/09/21

WP4 presentation 2nd Annual Meeting 13/09/21

Benchmarking study of different electrolytes for Na, Mg and Ca batteries

Milestone 2 -Heteroatom doped carbonaceous materials from biomass with properties suitable for Na, Mg or Ca accommodation and doped graphene-based materials with physicochemical properties required for electrochemical capacitors

Mc 2009. Microscopy Conference, Graz, Austria. 30 August - 4 September 2009. First Joint Meeting Of Dreiländertagung And Multinational Congress On Microscopy.