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Community engagement; Tuberculosis research Participación de la comunidad; Investigación de la tuberculosis Compromís comunitari; Recerca en tuberculosi Objectives: Community representatives are key to ensuring that tuberculosis (TB) research is relevant, culturally sensitive, and appropriate. For all trials (new drugs or treatment regimens, diagnostics, or vaccines) this can result in improvement of recruitment, retention, and adherence to the trial schedule. The early engagement of the community will, later in time, support the process of implementation of new policies designed for successful products. We aim at developing a structured protocol for the early engagement of TB community representatives developed in the context of the EU-Patient-cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatforms (EU-PEARL) project. Design: The EU-PEARL Innovative Medicine Initiative 2 (IMI2) project TB work package has developed a community engagement (CE) framework to ensure fair and efficient participation of the community in the design and implementation of TB clinical platform trials. Results: We showed that early engagement of the EU-PEARL community advisory board highly contributes to the process of development of a community-acceptable Master Protocol Trial and Intervention-Specific Appendixes. We identified capacity building and training as major gaps in advancing CE in the TB field. Conclusion: Developing strategies to address these needs can contribute to preventing tokenism and increase the acceptability and appropriateness of TB research. This work is partially supported by EU-PEARL. EU-PEARL has received funding from the InnovativeMedicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 853966. This Joint Undertaking receivessupport from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA and Children’sTumor Foundation, Global Alliance for TB Drug Development non-profit organization, SpringworksTherapeutics Inc. This publication reflects the authors’ views. Neither IMI nor the European Union,EFPIA,or any Associated Partners are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained hereinDMC is the co-leader of EU-PEARL WP5. ASM is supported by a Juan Rodés (JR18/00022) postdoctoral fellowship from ISCIII. FS salary is supported by EU-PEARLgrant to UniSR.

Female-biased mortality has been consistently reported in Pacific salmon during their adult upriver migration. We collected coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)) upon arrival at their spawning grounds to test whether females are more prone to cardiac oxygen limitations following exercise stress. We used a surgical approach to periodically sample arterial and venous blood over 48 h following recovery from a chase protocol to induce maximum metabolic rate. We found no significant differences in arterial or venous partial pressures of O2 between males and females. Female salmon had significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels but there were no effects of sex on either plasma lactate or K+. Our data show that female coho salmon do not suffer oxygen limitations to the spongy myocardium after a single exercise event at moderate temperatures (14 °C)—at least not when arriving to their spawning grounds. This study found no clear support for a cardiac oxygen limitation underlying elevated female mortality in Pacific salmon. Neither, however, does our study design nor specific findings allow us to rule out cardiac limitations in these fish. Future work should address whether potential oxygen limitations to the spongy myocardium at high temperatures or oxygen limitations to the compact myocardium via coronary blood flow contribute to female-biased mortality earlier on the migratory route.

In this article, we highlight current research directions in the Technikpsychologie research area, using the example of the interdisciplinary research work of FAI (Work and Engineering Psychology Research Group at the Technical University of Darmstadt) and the articles included in this special issue. To this end, we relate the articles in this special issue from the research areas of road traffic planning (Hupfer et al.), usable IT security and privacy solutions (Renaud), social aspects of technically mediated communication (Diefenbach), human-centered interface design (Mucha et al.), aviation safety (Santel), human-centered design of autonomous vehicles (Lindner & Stoll), and perceptual psychology-oriented product design (Zandi & Khanh) to current research projects at FAI.Practical RelevanceTechnical products only offer added value by efficiently supporting users in achieving their goals if they have been developed appropriately for the context of use and the individual characteristics of the users. The human-centered design of—especially technical—products reflects this through an iterative and participatory development process. In this article, we describe nine examples of such human-centered design of technology products. The research results and the methods presented provide insights for developers and decision-makers in the fields of transportation, IT, vehicle development and general product design.

This publication is the second part of the German-language S3 guideline on urticaria. It covers the management of urticaria and should be used together with Part 1 of the guideline on classification and diagnosis. This publication was prepared according to the criteria of the AWMF on the basis of the international English-language S3 guideline with special consideration of health system conditions in German-speaking countries. Chronic urticaria has a high impact on the quality of life and daily activities of patients. Therefore, if causal factors cannot be eliminated, effective symptomatic treatment is necessary. The recommended first-line treatment is to administer new generation, non-sedating H1 antihistamines. If the standard dose is not sufficiently effective, the dose should be increased up to fourfold. For patients who do not respond to this treatment, the second-line treatment in addition to antihistamines in the treatment algorithm is omalizumab and, if this treatment fails, ciclosporin. Other low-evidence therapeutic agents should only be used if all treatments in the treatment algorithm agreed upon by the guideline group fail. Both the benefit-risk profile and cost should be considered. Corticosteroids are not recommended for long-term treatment due to their inevitable severe side effects.

We quantify how switching costs and limited awareness affect consumer inertia in liberalized retail electricity markets by developing and estimating a structural demand model using a novel dataset on electricity contract choices in Belgium. Our data allow us to disentangle different sources of inertia by using a rich combination of macromoments and micromoments. We find that consumers perceive contracts as differentiated and both limited awareness and switching costs hinder efficient choices. Our counterfactuals reveal substantial welfare gains from alleviating both frictions, in particular switching costs, and that a well-regulated monopoly can generate similar consumer surplus as the current deregulated market. (JEL D12, D83, L13, L43, L94, L98)

Die vorliegende Publikation ist der zweite Abschnitt der deutschsprachigen S3-Leitlinie Urtikaria. Sie umfasst das Management der Urtikaria und sollte gemeinsam mit Teil 1 der Leitlinie zur Klassifikation und Diagnostik genutzt werden. Diese Publikation wurde auf der Basis der internationalen englischsprachigen S3-Leitlinie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der medizinischen Gegebenheiten im deutschsprachigen Raum entsprechend den Kriterien der AWMF erstellt. Eine chronische Urtikaria hat einen hohen Einfluss auf Lebensqualität und Leistungsfähigkeit der Patienten. Sofern kausale Faktoren nicht beseitigt werden können, ist daher eine effektive symptomatische Behandlung notwendig. Die empfohlene Therapie der ersten Wahl ist die Gabe von nicht sedierenden H1-Antihistaminika der neuen Generation. Wenn die Standarddosierung nicht ausreichend wirksam ist, sollte die Dosis bis auf das Vierfache erhöht werden. Bei Patienten, die auch auf eine solche Behandlung nicht ansprechen, sind Therapeutika der zweiten Wahl zusätzlich zu Antihistaminika im Rahmen des Therapiealgorithmus zunächst Omalizumab und, bei Versagen dieser Therapie, Ciclosporin. Weitere Therapeutika mit geringer Evidenz sollten nur bei Versagen aller Therapien des konsentierten Algorithmus verwendet werden. Dabei sollten sowohl das Nutzen-Risiko-Profil als auch die Kosten berücksichtigt werden. Kortikosteroide werden für die Langzeitbehandlung aufgrund ihrer unvermeidbaren schweren Nebenwirkungen nicht empfohlen.

Background Chronic cough is one of the most common symptoms in childhood. Making a definite diagnosis is a challenge for all pediatricians especially in patients when cough is without an organic cause like in habit cough. Patients and Methods In this retrospective analysis, all electronic outpatient charts of the Division of Allergology and Pneumology, between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 were reviewed in order to study all children with potential habit cough. All children underwent the following diagnostic algorithms, skin prick test (SPT), measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), spirometry and methacholine challenge test (MCT). The value of a normal MCT and FeNO measurement for diagnosing habit cough was investigated. Results The chart review revealed 482 patients with chronic cough>4 weeks. Of these, 99 (20.5%) with suspected habit cough were collected. 13 patients had to be excluded for other diagnosis and a complete data set was available in 55 patients. 33 (60.0%) of 55 patients were SPT negative and 22 (40.0%) had sensitization to common allergens. Five patients had elevated FeNO≥20 ppb and three showed severe bronchial hyperresponsiveness Conclusion A normal FeNO and MCT can help confirm the clinical diagnosis of habit cough. However, in patients with positive MCT and/or elevated FeNO habit cough can be present. Especially in patients with elevated FeNO and severe BHR cough variant asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis have to be ruled out.

A new ETV system coupled to ICP-MS was developed to determine Hg at the ultra-trace level in bioresorbable calcium phosphate-based ceramic materials.

Background: We investigated outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with endoscopic vein harvest (EVH) vs open vein harvest (OVH) within the Evaluation of XIENCE Versus CABG (EXCEL) trial. Methods: All patients in EXCEL randomized to CABG were included in this study. For this analysis, the primary end points were ischemia-driven revascularization (IDR) and graft stenosis or occlusion at 5 years. Additional end points were as follows: a composite of death from any cause, stroke, or myocardial infarction; bleeding; blood product transfusion; major arrhythmia; and infection requiring antibiotics. Event rates were based on Kaplan-Meier estimates in time-to-first-event analyses. Results: Of the 957 patients randomized to CABG, 686 (71.7%) received at least 1 venous graft with 257 (37.5%) patients in the EVH group and 429 (62.5%) patients in the OVH group. At 5 years, IDR was higher (11.5% vs 6.7%; P = .047) in the EVH group. At 5 years, rates of graft stenosis or occlusion (9.7% vs 5.4%; P = .054) and the primary end point (17.4% vs 20.9%; P = .27) were similar. In-hospital bleeding (11.3% vs 13.8%; P = .35), in-hospital blood product transfusion (12.8% vs 13.1%; P = .94), and infection requiring antibiotics within 1 month (13.6% vs 16.8%; P = .27) were similar between EVH and OVH patients. Major arrhythmia in the hospital (19.8% vs 13.5%; P = .03) and within 1 month (21.8% vs 15.4%; P = .03) was higher in EVH patients. Conclusions: IDR at 5 years was higher in the EVH group. EVH and OVH patients had similar rates of graft stenosis or occlusion and the composite of death, stroke, or myocardial infarction at 5 years.

Die Lebenszeitprävalenz für Urtikaria, die zu den schweren allergischen Erkrankungen zählt, liegt bei nahezu 20%. Sie schränkt nicht nur die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen ein, sondern die generelle Leistungsfähigkeit in Beruf und Alltag. Die vorliegende Publikation ist der erste Abschnitt der Leitlinie Urtikaria. Dieser Teil der Leitlinie umfasst deren Klassifikation und Diagnostik unter Einbeziehung der wesentlichen Fortschritte in der Erforschung ihrer Ursachen, auslösenden Faktoren und Pathomechanismen. Zudem befasst sie sich mit Strategien zur ökonomischen Diagnostik der verschiedenen Unterformen der Urtikaria. Dies ist entscheidend für eine individuelle, patientenorientierte Therapie, die im zweiten Teil behandelt wird. Diese deutschsprachige Leitlinie wurde auf der Basis der internationalen englischsprachigen S3-Leitlinie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der medizinischen Gegebenheiten im deutschsprachigen Raum entsprechend den Kriterien der AWMF erstellt. Die Leitlinie beschreibt in diesem Abschnitt die Klassifikation der Urtikaria, wobei spontan auftretende Quaddeln und Schwellungen von Urtikariaformen mit induzierbaren Symptomen abgegrenzt werden. Urtikaria wird als plötzlich auftretende Quaddeln, Schwellungen oder beides definiert, ist dabei aber abzugrenzen von Zuständen bei denen Quaddeln als kurzfristiges Symptom auftreten, wie zum Beispiel bei der Anaphylaxie. Die Diagnostik stützt sich auf (eingeschränkte) Laboruntersuchungen, aber insbesondere auch die Anamnese. Darüber hinaus stehen validierte Instrumente zur Verfügung, die den Schweregrad, die Aktivität und den Verlauf erfassen.

Valderi Luiz Dressler holds a chemistry degree (1992) and a master’s in chemistry (1994) from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil, a PhD in chemistry (1999) from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil and post-doctorates from Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Germany (2007 and 2010). Currently, he is a full professor and coordinator of the industrial chemistry and bachelor's chemistry degree courses at the UFSM. Dr. Dressler’s research activities mainly include trace analysis and environmental chemistry, involving the techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flow injection analysis (FIA), electrothermal vaporization (ETV) and laser ablation (LA). Furthermore, he performs chemical speciation analysis studies involving hyphenated techniques such as liquid and gas chromatography coupled to ICP-MS and also FIA systems coupled to AAS.

Objective To compare unenhanced versus enhanced knee joint magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess disease activity of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods Fifty-three knee joint MRI examinations were performed on a 3-Tesla system in 27 patients (age: 11.40 ± 3.61 years; 21 females, 6 males). MRI protocols comprised PD-weighted sequences in addition to the widely used standard protocol. JIA subgroups comprised oligoarticular arthritis (n = 16), extended oligoarthritis (n = 6), rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular arthritis (n = 3), enthesitis-related arthritis (n = 1), and psoriatic arthritis (n = 1). MR images were retrospectively analyzed by 3 experienced radiologists in two readings, using JAMRIS (juvenile arthritis MRI scoring) system and a modified IPSG (international prophylaxis study group) classification. In the first reading session, only unenhanced MR images were evaluated. In a second reading session, all images before and after contrast medium application were included. In order to avoid bias, an interval of at least 2 weeks was set between the two readings. The clinical JADAS10 (juvenile arthritis disease activity score) was calculated including clinical assessment and laboratory workup and correlated with MRI scores. Statistical analysis comprised Pearson’s correlation for correlating two scoring results of unenhanced and the enhanced MRI, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter- and intra-reader agreement. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated using ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curve analysis. Results Inter-reader agreement determined by ICC for unenhanced and enhanced MRI scores for IPSG was moderate (0.65, 95% CI 0.51–0.76, and 0.62, 95% CI 0.48–0.75) and high for JAMRIS (0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.89, and 0.82, 95% CI 0.74–0.89). Intra-reader agreement was good to very good for JAMRIS (0.85 95% CI 0.81–0.88, 0.87 95% CI 0.83–0.89 and 0.96 95% CI 0.92–0.98) and IPSG (0.76 95% CI 0.62–0.86, 0.86 95% CI 0.77–0.92 and 0.92 95% CI 0.86–0.96). Scores of unenhanced MRI correlated with contrast-enhanced MRI: JAMRIS (r = 0.97, R2 = 0.93, p < 0.01), modified IPSG (r = 0.95, R2 = 0.91, p < 0.01). When using JADAS10 as a reference standard, moderate accuracy for both unenhanced and enhanced MRI scores was noted: JAMRIS (AUC = 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.85, and AUC = 0.66, 95% 0.49–0.82), IPSG score (AUC = 0.68, 95% 0.50–0.86, and AUC = 0.61, 95% 0.41–0.81). Conclusions Our results suggest that contrast agent application could be omitted in JIA patients with an augmented knee MRI protocol comprising PD-weighted sequence. Key Points • Unenhanced MRI can detect disease activity of the knee joint in patients with JIA with equally high accuracy compared to contrast-enhanced MRI. • The intra- and inter-reader agreement was high for unenhanced and enhanced MRI JAMRIS scores, which indicate relatively good applicability of the scoring system, even for less experienced readers. • When using the clinical JADAS10 as a reference standard for the detection of disease activity, moderate accuracy for both unenhanced and enhanced MRI scores, both JAMRIS and IPSG, was noted, which might be caused by the fact that the majority of patients had either no or minimal clinical disease activity.

During its last century, the Ottoman Empire faced strong contestation of its political order, which had undergone radical changes that are generally discussed in relation to modernisation. Against this background, key social and political concepts in Ottoman Turkish shed old meanings and acquired new ones. This article examines the trajectory of the term millet in this period as a case study. Drawing on political and lexicographic texts from the Tanzimat era and afterwards, the article discusses the semantic shifts through which millet, traditionally closely related to din/religion, acquired connotations of a political community, not the least proto-national ones. This led to a polysemy that remained relatively stable until the end of the Ottoman era, when the political meaning of the term millet as “nation” gained dominance. This secularisation of the term reached its peak in the early Turkish republic, although the older, religious connotations of the term were never totally forgotten and are still evoked in conservative religious discourse.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Weltweit wird von einer durch die COVID-19-Pandemie bedingten Übersterblichkeit gesprochen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu prüfen, ob diese Übersterblichkeit nicht nur durch letale Krankheitsverläufe, sondern auch durch pandemieassoziierte gewaltsame Todesfälle verursacht wurde. Material und Methoden In einer retrospektiven Studie wurden 825 Sektionsgutachten des Leipziger Instituts für Rechtsmedizin des Jahres 2020 ausgewertet: darunter 72 Suizide und 14 Homizide, welche auf einen Zusammenhang zur COVID-19-Pandemie untersucht wurden. Einbezogen wurden Ergebnisse der kriminalpolizeilichen Ermittlungen, sowie die Todesursachenstatistik der jeweiligen zuständigen Behörden der Jahre 2015–2020. Es erfolgte eine anonymisierte Dateneingabe. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Insgesamt waren 5 von 72 Suiziden (6,94 %) und einer von 14 Homiziden (7,14 %) durch die COVID-19-Pandemie motiviert. Die Anzahl der Suizide in Deutschland war in den Jahren 2015 bis 2020 insgesamt rückläufig; deutschlandweit war kein signifikanter Anstieg der Suizide 2020 erkennbar, wohingegen die Anzahl der Suizide in Sachsen im ersten Pandemiejahr 2020 um 8,7 % (nicht signifikant) stieg. Diskussion In der untersuchten sächsischen Stichprobe waren ca. 7 % der Suizide und Homizide durch die COVID-19-Pandemie motiviert. Motive waren unter anderem: Ausgangsbeschränkungen, Reiseverbote, Angst vor einer Infektion mit dem COVID-19-Virus und pandemiebedingte Veränderungen im sozialen Umfeld. Die „COVID-19-bedingte Übersterblichkeit“ ist damit auch auf pandemieassoziierte gewaltsame Todesfälle zurückzuführen. Es wird beabsichtigt, die Untersuchungen für das zweite Pandemiejahr (2021) fortzuführen.

Climate change, extreme weather phenomena, droughts, fires etc. are just few examples of man-induced impact, jeopardizing the future of mankind. Businesses are increasingly held responsible for and try to manage their environmental impact. Environmentalism and lately sustainability (manifesting an equal pursuit of environmental, social, and economic goals) guide strategic orientation. Whereas large corporations anchor environmentalism in their mission statements and strategic positioning, the strategic reflection of sustainability and especially environmentalism in the business models of small enterprises is less researched. Their entrepreneurship builds on exploiting environmental opportunities and is deemed characteristic for small enterprises, but a lower penetration of strategic instruments paired with a predominant opportunistic behaviour seem to characterize SME´s strategic environmentalism. In order to examine the entrepreneurial environmentalism and the strategic value for SMEs an empiric study leaned on population ecology. An online survey with 291 small enterprises explored environmentalism, strategic profiling, and performance impact in an agricultural and entrepreneurial industry. Study results manifest a positive performance impact of sustainability-oriented and thereby ecologic environmentalism. Ecologic environmental consciousness has been identified for all generic strategic groupings but it separates into two distinctive clusters, one with a process and one driven by market focus. Foremost, eco-centric strategic measures were identified as core levers to increase product quality – a promising finding that secures further strategic ecological environmentalism.

Participants in study abroad (SA) programs (sojourners) are often encouraged to blog as a form of reflective writing, yet little is known about this practice. Generally, reflection facilitates sojourners’ engagement in their personal and professional growth. Drawing from two different but complementary frameworks, we analyzed blogs from 51 sojourners in short-term SA volunteer teaching placements to examine the reflection that occurred through their writing. The two frameworks revealed different aspects of blogging practices: types of reflection (Maarof, 2007) were primarily descriptive, but intercultural communicative competence learning (Elola & Oskoz, 2008) examples were more numerous and varied, documenting sojourners’ navigation of culture in SA. Sojourners did not typically use their blogs for dialogic or critical reflection, instead chronicling experiences or representing reflection as completed actions. Although blogging can be useful for reflection in SA, the results from this study suggest that careful scaffolding may be necessary to encourage critical reflection.

2021 marks the tenth anniversary of the AMNOG process and brought with it a new German administration-two good reasons to take stock of where we stand today, what has been achieved so far, and how the path of early benefit assessments in Germany should continue.From the perspective of manufacturers of cancer drugs, the AMNOG process, as a constantly evolving system, has for the most part proved itself-which does not mean that there is no longer room for improvement. Significant improvements have been achieved in the area of early consultation of medical societies regarding the selection of the appropriate comparator therapy as well as in the reimbursement of biomarker diagnostic tests in the outpatient sector. However, there is still a need for improvement, especially in the areas of patient-relevant outcomes accepted by the G-BA, the inclusion of real-world data in evidence assessments, or the transfer of evidence from certain patient groups to others.The current AMNOG structures were developed for the most part at a time when no one saw immuno-oncology or gene and cell therapies coming, when there were no multi-tumor drug approvals, and when few imagined that within a few years, the established tumor entities would be broken down into dozens of sub-entities on the basis of molecular genetic markers. Society wants these and other advances, and the HTA process must, therefore, take this into account in a healthcare system based on solidarity.

Human-driven biodiversity loss is progressively becoming a problem with dramatic consequences for the conservation of vital ecosystems. The increasing number of illegal killings of the grey wolf (Canis lupus, Linnaeus, 1758), a threatened species, displays the need for investigation and prosecution of such offences. Forensic entomology makes use of the knowledge about necrophagous insects to estimate a minimum time-since-death interval of the deceased person or animal, which can give important information on a possible perpetrator. The cadaver fauna along five decomposition stages of wolves in Germany was investigated in the period 2014-2021. The insects from 70 wolf cadavers, originating from all over Germany, were provided by the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin. The accumulated degree day (ADD) model was applied for the post-mortem interval estimation on wolf cadavers for the first time. A total of 20 coleopteran species and 14 different dipteran species were discovered and identified. Almost 99 % of all insect specimens were from the order of Diptera, and beetles (Coleoptera) accounted for only 1 % of the cadaver fauna. The blowflies (Calliphoridae) are of particular importance for forensic issues, accounting for about 66 % of all families. Carrion beetles (Silphidae) were found as the second most abundant family (about 21 %). In addition, combining all cases, a steadily increasing insect species richness S was detected from early decay to advanced decay (fresh S = 8; bloated S = 12; active decay S = 21; advanced decay S = 34). In the following remains stage, the species number decreased again (S = 24). However, no significant difference in the number of species was found between the stages of decay when the cases were considered individually. The temporal pattern of insect appearance was found to be congruent with those of previous studies. Furthermore, a time of death was determined for each case and compared to the pathologist's estimates. This study provides insights into the arthropod fauna of wolf remains for the first time, applies the ADD-Model for post-mortem interval estimation, and discusses the suitability of forensic entomology for wildlife death investigations.

In late 2014, four images of Supernova (SN) "Refsdal," the first known example of a strongly lensed SN with multiple resolved images, were detected in the MACS J1149 galaxy-cluster field. Following the images' discovery, the SN was predicted to reappear within hundreds of days at a new position ~8 arcseconds away in the field. The observed reappearance in late 2015 makes it possible to carry out Refsdal's (1964) original proposal to use a multiply imaged SN to measure the Hubble constant H0, since the time delay between appearances should vary inversely with H0. Moreover, the position, brightness, and timing of the reappearance enable a novel test of the blind predictions of galaxy-cluster models, which are typically constrained only by the positions of multiply imaged galaxies. We have developed a new photometry pipeline that uses DOLPHOT to measure the fluxes of the five images of SN Refsdal from difference images. We apply four separate techniques to perform a blind measurement of the relative time delays and magnification ratios (mu_i/mu_1) between the last image SX and the earlier images S1-S4. We measure the relative time delay of SX-S1 to be 376.0+5.6-5.5 days and the relative magnification to be 0.30+0.05-0.03. This corresponds to a 1.5% precision on the time delay and 17% precision for the magnification ratios, and includes uncertainties due to millilensing and microlensing. In an accompanying paper, we place initial and blind constraints on the value of the Hubble constant., Comment: Published in ApJ. Companion paper presenting H0 constraints published in Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.abh1322)

Critical literacy is a pedagogy that serves to mediate social justice issues and educate for transformative social action. We present a systematic review of how critical literacy has been incorporated in Canada’s provincial/territorial curriculum documents since the late 1990s and integrated in K-12 classrooms in the last decade. Our analysis shows that critical literacy has been addressed with varying degrees of explicitness in curricula, and there is an imbalance of studies on critical literacies among provinces and territories. We discuss implications and encourage stakeholders in education to explicitly embed critical literacy into curricula and promote critical literacy practices in the classroom.

The prevalence of dystonia has been studied since the 1980s. Due to different methodologies and due to varying degrees of awareness, resulting figures have been extremely different. We wanted to determine the prevalence of dystonia according to its current definition, using quality-approved registries and based on its relevance for patients, their therapy and the health care system. We applied a service-based chart review design with the City of Hannover as reference area and a population of 525,731. Barrier-free comprehensive dystonia treatment in few highly specialised centres for the last 30 years should have generated maximal dystonia awareness, a minimum of unreported cases and a high degree of data homogeneity. Prevalence [n/1mio] and relative frequency is 601.1 (100%) for all forms of dystonia, 251.1 (42%) for cervical dystonia, 87.5 (15%) for blepharospasm, 55.2 (9%) for writer’s cramp, 38.0 (6%) for tardive dystonia, 32.3 (5%) for musician’s dystonia, 28.5 (5%) for psychogenic dystonia, 26.6 (4%) for generalised dystonia, 24.7 (4%) for spasmodic dysphonia, 20.9 (3%) for segmental dystonia, 15.2 (3%) for arm dystonia and 13.3 (2%) for oromandibular dystonia. Leg dystonia, hemidystonia and complex regional pain syndrome-associated dystonia are very rare. Compared to previous meta-analytical data, primary or isolated dystonia is 3.3 times more frequent in our study. When all forms of dystonia including psychogenic, generalised, tardive and other symptomatic dystonias are considered, our dystonia prevalence is 3.7 times higher than believed before. The real prevalence is likely to be even higher. Having based our study on treatment necessity, our data will allow better allocation of resources for comprehensive dystonia treatment.

This article examines the migration motives of entrepreneurial Javanese migrants residing in the regional town of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara—a relatively resource-poor province in Eastern Indonesia. These migrants had generally worked in agriculture in their hometowns in Java but have engaged in and/or set up informal businesses since their arrival in Kupang. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach (household survey [n = 344]; in-depth interviews [n = 28]) in 2020, we identified the diverse underlying motives of Javanese entrepreneurial migration to Kupang. Most Javanese respondents emphasised the importance of a combination of factors, including their low levels of education in Java, greater opportunities to improve their quality of life, and tolerant and welcoming locals in Kupang. Associated with these factors, others migrated to escape the difficulties of agricultural work and the need to earn more income to fund their children’s education now and in the future. Our article offers new insights into how changing social and economic conditions in rural Java are increasingly driving migration to the rapidly growing urban clusters in Indonesia’s outer islands, leading to changing urban form, economic trajectories, and social relations.

Enteric fermentation from cattle results in greenhouse gas production that is an environmental concern and also an energetic loss. Several methods exist to quantify gas fluxes; however, an open circuit gas quantification system (OCGQS) allows for unencumbered quantification of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen from grazing cattle. While previous literature has proven the accuracy of an OCGQS, little work has been done to establish the minimum number of spot samples required to best evaluate an individual grazing animal’s gas fluxes and metabolic heat production. A GreenFeed system (C-Lock, Inc) was used to collect at least 100 spot samples each from 17 grazing cows. The mean gas fluxes and metabolic heat production were computed starting from the first 10 visits (forward) and increasing by increments of 10 until an animal had 100 visits. Mean gas fluxes and metabolic heat production were also computed starting from visit 100 (reverse) in increments of 10 using the same approach. Pearson and Spearman correlations were computed between the full 100 visits and each shortened visit interval. A large increase in correlations were seen between 30 and 40 visits. Thus, mean forward and reverse gas fluxes and metabolic heat production were also computed starting at 30 visits and increasing by 2 until 40 visits. The minimum number of spot samples was determined when correlations with the full 100 visits were greater than 0.95. The results indicated that the minimum numbers of spot samples needed for accurate quantification of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen gas fluxes are 38, 40, and 40, respectively. Metabolic heat production can be calculated using gas fluxes collected by the OCGQS with 36 spot samples. Practically, calculation of metabolic heat production will require 40 spot samples because the component gases for metabolic heat calculation require up to 40 spot samples. Published literature from non-grazing (confined) environments recommended a similar number of total spot samples. Large variation existed around the average number of spot samples for an animal per day, therefore a wide range of test durations may be needed to meet the same number of spot samples in different populations. For this reason, protocols for the OCGQS should be based on the total number of spot samples, rather than a test duration.

This chapter investigates strategic value of sustainability based on empirical data from German wineries. Two sources served to explore strategic aspects. An online panel filled by German wineries on strategy, innovation, and sustainability was complemented by a netnographic database on winery brand management. The results underline a leapfrogging growth of strategic importance of sustainability for German wine producers. Sustainability is becoming a strategic driver with far-reaching impulses for innovation and business model design. Sustainability accentuates the wineries´ generic positioning and offers potential for reputational differentiation. Sustainability is developing into a profiling vehicle and control instrument in the German wine industry. In particular, customer receptiveness and reputational value for strategic profiling promises sustainability further relevance. A positive performance impact nourishes expectations that sustainability can unfold transformational power in light of the market drive out and low market profitability.