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Pioneer transcription factors have the ability to access DNA in compacted chromatin. Multiple transcription factors can bind together to a regulatory element in a cooperative way and cooperation between pioneer transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2 is important for pluripotency and reprogramming. However, the molecular mechanisms by which pioneer transcription factors function and cooperate remain unclear. Here we present cryo-EM structures of human Oct4 bound to a nucleosome containing human Lin28B and nMatn1 DNA sequences, which bear multiple binding sites for Oct4. Our structural and biochemistry data reveal that Oct4 binding induces changes to the nucleosome structure, repositions the nucleosomal DNA and facilitates cooperative binding of additional Oct4 and of Sox2 to their internal binding sites. The flexible activation domain of Oct4 contacts the histone H4 N-terminal tail, altering its conformation and thus promoting chromatin decompaction. Moreover, the DNA binding domain of Oct4 engages with histone H3 N-terminal tail, and posttranslational modifications at H3K27 modulate DNA positioning and affect transcription factor cooperativity. Thus, our data show that the epigenetic landscape can regulate Oct4 activity to ensure proper cell reprogramming.

Co-liquefaction of lignite and biomass was carried out in an autoclave by varying the biomass type and initial hydrogen pressure as well as the catalyst. The properties of the catalysts, raw materials, and residues were characterized by Ultimate analyses, BET, H2-TPR, TG/DTG, and TPO. The results showed that synergetic effect between lignite and biomass (pine shoot, corn cob, and corn stalk) might be positive, insignificant, or even negative depending on biomass type and reaction conditions. Higher hydrogenation pressure favours the formation of oil and reduction of asphaltene. Catalysts also play important roles in the performance of co-hydrogenation of lignite and biomass. Highly active catalysts (Ni3W7) may form more active hydrogen species in the solution, stabilizing smaller fragments and increasing the formation of oil.

Based on analyzing the relationship between the atmospheric downward radiance and surface emissivity, this paper proposes a correlation criterion to optimize surface temperature during the process of temperature and emissivity separation from thermal infrared hyperspectral data, and puts forward the correlation-based temperature and emissivity separation algorithm (CBTES). The algorithm uses the correlation between the atmospheric downward radiance and surface emissivity to optimize surface temperature, and obtains surface emissivity with this temperature. The accuracy of CBTES was evaluated by the simulated thermal infrared hyperspectral data. The simulated results show that the CBTES can achieve high accuracy of temperature and emissivity inversion. CBTES has been compared with the iterative spectrally smooth temperature/emissivity separation (ISSTES), and the comparison results show that they have relative accuracy. Besides, CBTES is insensitive to the instrumental random noise and the change of atmospheric downward radiance during the measurements. As regards the nonisothermal pixel, its radiometric temperature changes slowly with the wavenumber when its emissivity is defined as r-emissivity. The CBTES can be used to derive the equivalent temperature of nonisothermal pixel in a narrow spectral region when we assumed that the radiometric temperature is invariable in the narrow spectral region. The derived equivalent temperatures in multi-spectral regions in 714–1250 cm−1 can characterize the change trend of nonisothermal pixel’s radiometric temperature.