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Modern agriculture has severely impacted the variety of life on earth. Agricultural expansion has cleared >50% of natural habitats on agriculturally usable land, while agricultural intensification has reduced the abundance and diversity of wildlife in farmed areas. Agri-environment schemes (AESs) offer opportunities to restore habitats for wildlife in farmed landscapes across Europe and elsewhere. This could help to (1) reverse declines in species of conservation concern and (2) provide ���ecosystem services���, such as pollination, which contribute to human wellbeing. AES interventions have led to increases in the abundance and diversity of wildlife. However, despite the scale of public investment in AESs, the size and significance of those increases are often unclear. Furthermore, the outcomes of AES interventions vary depending on features of the surrounding landscape, especially semi-natural habitat. Research to date has directed the allocation of AES interventions in a broad sense, for example towards landscapes with