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The purpose of this study was to test a motivational model on the links between situational and dispositional motivation and self-reported indiscipline/discipline based on the achievement goals theory. The model postulates that a task-involving motivational climate facilitates self-reported discipline, either directly or mediated by task orientation. In contrast, an ego-involving motivational climate favors self-reported indiscipline, either directly or by means of ego orientation. An additional purpose was to examine gender differences according to the motivational model proposed. Children (n = 565) from a large Spanish metropolitan school district were participants in this study and completed questionnaires assessing goal orientations, motivational climates and self-reported discipline. The results from the analysis of structural equation model showed the direct effect of motivational climates on self-reported discipline and provided support to the model. Furthermore, the gender differences found in self-reported discipline were associated with the differences found in the students' dispositional and situational motivation pursuant to the model tested. The implications of these results with regard to teaching instructional actions in physical education classes are discussed. Key pointsA task-involving motivational climate predicts self-reported discipline behaviors, either directly or mediated by task orientation.An ego-involving motivational climate favors self-reported undisciplined, either directly or mediated by ego orientation.A significant gender difference was found in the motivational disposition perceived climate and self-reported discipline.

A quantitative method to assess the in vitro foreign body reaction (FBR) of mononuclear phagocytes (MP) to polymers relevant in implants for prosthetics, advanced therapies, and regenerative medicine is presented. It integrates single‐cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) with immunogenic profiles of the MPs. In cell force spectroscopy experiments a single phagocyte, linked at the end of an atomic force microscopy cantilever, probes the adhesion forces between the cell and the polymer surface. SCFS measures adhesion forces in a range from 10 pN to 100 nN and with spatial resolution from cell size down to nanometers, accessing the early adhesion events established at contact times between milliseconds and minutes. The time evolution within the first 60 s of the adhesion force between the phagocyte and the polymer surface before and after the treatment with an immunosuppressive drug, viz. Minocycline, a Federal Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved third generation tetracycline with anti‐inflammatory effects, is then studied. The adhesion force values measured at the single cell level is shown to correlate to the immunogenic profiles obtained by analysis of biomarkers and morphology of the MPs in culture. Also, Minocycline causes a decrease of both proinflammatory gene expression profiles and adhesive forces of single cells

The interactions of a biodegradable scaffold with cells or living tissues depend on the time-evolution of the nanoscale properties of the scaffold. We present an in situ quantitative study on the early-stage swelling and degradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). A novel metrology scheme based on force microscopy measurements of the patterns of PLGA nanostructures is developed to characterize the evolution of topography, volume and nanomechanical properties. The volume and nanoscale roughness show an oscillating behaviour during the first eight days of immersion; at a later stage, we observe a continuous decrease of the volume. The effective Young's modulus exhibits a monotonic decrease from an initial value of about 2.4 GPa down to 9 MPa at day 14. The oscillating behaviour of the volume before the onset of full degradation is explained by a coupled diffusion-swelling mechanism. The appearance of a second maximum in the volume evolution results from the competition between swelling and degradation., This work was founded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007–2013] under the grant agreement no. 280772, project iONE-FP7 and MINECO (Spain), project CSD2010-00024.