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The paper investigates the long-term seismic behaviour of an underground reinforced concrete (RC) metro tunnel in Santiago, Chile, considering the combined effects of chloride-induced corrosion and cumulative, low-amplitude seismic shaking on the structure's performance. The soil-tunnel response is evaluated with the aid of transient, nonlinear finite element analysis using a two-dimensional (2D) plane strain numerical model that adopts advanced nonlinear models for the simulation of soil and concrete plasticity and the dynamic stiffness behaviour. The effects of corrosion deterioration are demonstrated in terms of time-dependent loss of rebar area and cover concrete stiffness and strength. The study illustrates the influence of ageing and repeated seismic shaking on lining deformation, crack development, and the modal characteristics of the intact and degrading systems. The results indicate that multiple low-amplitude events drive the non-degrading RC tunnel beyond its elastic regime without significant structural response consequences. A noticeable impact of corrosion deterioration on the structure's seismic performance is revealed, increasing with the number and intensity of earthquake events. Two different tunnel embedment depths are comparatively assessed. The analyses demonstrate larger co-seismic section convergence in the case of the deeper tunnel, yet a less pronounced effect of ageing and successive seismic loading compared to the shallow section, which is evident in the RC lining cracks at the end of shaking., Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 15 (3), ISSN:1674-7755, ISSN:2589-0417

La Vega de Granada es una de las comarcas españolas que presenta una mayor peligrosidad sísmica, donde se han registrado importantes eventos con intensidad macrosísmica (Io)≥VIII. A final de 2020 comenzó una serie sísmica (aún activa, en marzo de 2021), que ha alcanzado una Io=V-VI. En el marco de los estudios de riesgo sísmico, es necesario conocer la vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones. Así, esta investigación persigue estimar unos valores relativos de vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones. Para ello, partiendo de información proveniente de Catastro y del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, así como de las fechas de normativas sismorresistentes, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis multicriterio. Para la integración de los datos, los cálculos, la representación y el análisis de los mismos se ha empleado un sistema de información geográfica gratuito. Los resultados muestran que, principalmente, la zona oeste de Santa Fe es la que podría verse más afectada.AbstractLa Vega de Granada is one of the Spanish regions with the highest seismic hazard, where important events with macroseismic intensity (Io)≥VIII have been recorded. At the end of 2020 a seismic series began (still active, in March 2021), which has reached an Io=V-VI. In the framework of seismic risk studies, it is necessary to know the vulnerability of buildings. Thus, this research aims to estimate relative vulnerability values of buildings. For this purpose, a multi-criteria analysis was carried out based on information from the Cadastre and the National Geographic Institute, as well as on the dates of seismic-resistant regulations. A free geographic information system was used for data integration, calculations, representation and analysis. The results show that the area west of Santa Fe is the most likely to be affected.

Background To clarify the association between psychosocial problems and frailty in the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, and to develop strategies for preventive long-term care in the community, we launched the Kesennuma Study in 2019. This report describes the study design and the participants' profiles at baseline. Methods The prospective study comprised 9,754 people (4,548 men, 5,206 women) randomly selected from community-dwelling independent adults aged 65 to 84 who were living in Kesennuma City, Miyagi. The baseline survey was conducted in October 2019. It included information on general health, socio-economic status, frailty, lifestyle, psychological factors (e.g. personality, depressive moods), and social factors (e.g. social isolation, social capital). A follow-up questionnaire survey is planned. Mortality, incident disability, and long-term care insurance certifications will also be collected. Results A total of 8,150 questionnaires were returned (83.6% response rate), and 7,845 were included in the analysis (80.4%, mean age [SD] 73.6 [5.5] years; 44.7% male). About 23.5% were considered frail. Regarding psychological and social functions, 42.7% had depressive moods, 29.1% were socially isolated, and only 37.0% participated in social activities at least once a month. However, 82.5% trusted their neighbours. Conclusions While local ties were strong, low social activity and poor mental health were revealed as issues in the affected area. Focusing on the association between psychological and social factors and frailty, we aim to delay the need for long-term care for as long as possible, through exercise, nutrition, social participation, and improvement of mental health.

In 2020, Croatia was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and two earthquakes. As previous research showed that Internet use (IU) increased during the COVID- 19 pandemic, we carried out an online survey to determine the levels of problematic Internet use (PIU) and problematic specific Internet activities before and during the prolonged stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as earthquakes. We also determined the correlation between the PIU and specific Internet activities and anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms. According to the responses of 1, 118 participants from all Croatian regions, PIU increased by 14.1 percent (odds ratio [OR] 6.2), problematic social media use by 12.6 percent (OR 4.8), and uncontrolled online shopping by 5.3 percent (OR 5.8) in comparison with presurvey period. The PIU increase was significantly higher in participants reporting only pandemic-related stress than in those reporting both pandemic- and earthquake-related stress. Problematic social media use increased in those reporting only pandemic-related stress and both pandemic- and earthquake-related stress. The strongest correlation between PIU and problematic social media use and anxiety, depression, intrusion, and avoidance symptoms was found among those reporting both pandemic- and earthquake- related stress. The correlation between psychiatric measures and PIU and problematic specific Internet activities varied depending on the source of experienced or perceived stress. Our findings show the relationship between the problematic stress-related Internet behaviors, different types of stressors, and their impact on the overall PIU and problematic specific Internet activities in situations of prolonged stress.

Roughness, defined as unevenness of material surfaces, plays an important role in determining how engineering components or natural objects interact with other bodies and their environment. The emergence of fractal roughness on natural and engineered surfaces across a range of length scales suggests the existence of common processes and mechanisms for nucleation and evolution of roughness. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the origins of roughness and topography evolution on natural and engineered surfaces and their connection with subsurface deformation mechanisms. Directions for future research toward understanding the origins of roughness on solid surfaces are discussed.

After Port-au-Prince’s 2010 earthquake, Hospital Bernard Mevs (HBM) developed a collaboration with international medical volunteers to provide clinical care and medical resources; that evolved to include medical education as local Haitian staffing developed. There has been limited coordination among volunteers and local providers about ways in which volunteers can best serve the hospital, and literature that addresses how to coordinate volunteer efforts to support the educational needs of the local nursing staff is scant. Our objectives were to complete an educational needs assessment of the most common diagnoses encountered, requested topics for education, and preferred learning modalities as reported by Haitian pediatric nurses, and categorize the strengths of HBM and barriers to care to understand more fully the context within which nurses function, and how education and international volunteers may be related. In October 2019, 10 HBM pediatric nurses participated in small-group interviews. Questions were based on an interview guide and responses were coded and analyzed for recurring themes. The most common diagnoses were sepsis, hydrocephalus, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Topics for review included chest tubes, ventilator management, and ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Preferred learning modalities were didactics and hands-on workshops. Strengths of the hospital were team dynamics and education provided by HBM and international volunteers, whereas the most common barrier to care was lack of clinical supplies. This information is useful to guide future educational interventions, and this model may inform other programs with a volunteer presence in resource-limited settings to promote collaboration and self-directed learning.

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью совершенствования методов мониторинга характеристик подземных вод и их изменений в сейсмоактивных районах Республики Алтай. Подземные воды являются индикатором сейсмических процессов и реагируют на изменения напряженно-деформированного состояния горных пород в зонах очагов предстоящих тектонических землетрясений. Целью: выявление краткосрочных изменений содержания гелия и обобщенных гидрогеохимических показателей в высоко динамичных объектах мониторинга подземных вод Республики Алтай для поиска предвестников сильных сейсмических событий. Методы. В основу работы положены результаты ежесуточного мониторинга подземных вод на территории Республики Алтай, который осуществлялся в январе-феврале 2021 г. на пунктах наблюдения за температурным режимами и качественным составом подземных вод - скважина и колонка - Горно-Алтайского отделения «Сибирского регионального центра Государственного мониторинга состояния недр». Результаты. Впервые на территории Горного Алтая было проведено изучение динамики обобщенных геохимических характеристик и содержания гелия в подземных водах и показаны их кратковременные (1-3 сутки) изменения в связи с землетрясениями. Для проведения данных исследований были взяты две точки мониторинга подземных вод, расположенные в г. Горно-Алтайске (колонка) и с. Старый Бельтир (скважина), удаленные друг от друга на расстояние более 200 км Данные точки мониторинга были выбраны в связи с тем, что там было зафиксировано существенное изменение геохимических характеристик подземных вод при подготовке и протекании сейсмических событий в регионе. В работе дана характеристика сейсмического режима Алтае-Саянского региона в период мониторинга. Для выявления динамики содержания гелия и обобщенных геохимических показателей подземных вод в период 14.01-23.02.2021 г. нами было проведено опробование. Результаты опробования показали, что точка мониторинга Старый Бельтир, расположенная в разломной зоне вблизи эпицентральной зоны Чуйского землетрясения (2003 г.), характеризуется высокой чувствительностью изменений как обобщенных характеристик подземных вод, так и высокой степенью реагирования содержаний гелия на землетрясения. В результате исследований было выявлено, что Монгольское землетрясение (2021 г.) не оказало влияния на геохимический состав подземных вод изучаемых пунктов мониторинга, расположенных на территории Горного Алтая. В то же время в представленных пунктах мониторинга подземных вод в большей степени отражаются ближайшие к ним сейсмические события. Выбранные пункты мониторинга в ряде случаев не перекрывают друг друга и реагируют в основном на ближайшие к ним землетрясения, в том числе и на слабые. Наиболее динамичная реакция на землетрясения отмечена у гелия, pH, Eh, температуры. The relevance of the work is caused by the need to improve the methods for monitoring the characteristics of groundwater and their changes in the seismically active regions of the Altai Republic. Groundwater is an indicator of seismic processes and they react to changes in the stress-strain state of rocks in the zones of foci of upcoming tectonic earthquakes. The aim of the work is to identify short-term changes in the helium content and generalized hydrogeochemical indicators in the previously identified highly dynamic groundwater monitoring facilities of the Altai Republic in relation to the search for precursors of strong seismic events. Research methods. The work is based on the results of daily monitoring of groundwater in the Altai Republic, which was carried out in January-March 2021 at two observation points for temperature conditions and the qualitative composition of groundwater - well and a column - of the Territorial Center «Altaigeomonitoring». Results. For the first time on the territory of Gorny Altai, a study was made of the dynamics of generalized geochemical characteristics and helium content in groundwater and their short-term (1-3 days) changes due to earthquakes were shown. For this study, we used two groundwater observation points located in Gorno-Altaisk (street water fountain) and in the village Stariy Beltir (borehole) distant from each other of more than 200 km. These monitoring points were chosen due to the fact that a significant change in the characteristics of groundwater was recorded there during the preparation and course of seismic events in the region. The work gives a characteristic of the seismic setting of the Altai-Sayan region during the monitoring period. To identify the dynamics of the helium content and generalized geochemical indicators of groundwater in the period of January 14-February 23, 2021, we carried out sampling. The sampling results showed that the monitoring point Stary Beltir, located in the fault zone near the epicentral zone of the Chuya earthquake (2003), is characterized by a high sensitivity to changes in both generalized groundwater characteristics and a high degree of helium content response to earthquakes. At the same time, the seismic events closest to them are reflected in the presented groundwater monitoring points. The chosen monitoring points in some cases do not overlap each other and react mainly to the nearest earthquakes, including weak ones. The most dynamic response to earthquakes was noted in helium, pH, Eh, and temperature.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling condition with high incidence after an earthquake. The objective of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence and persistence of PTSD. Individuals (18-65 years old) who experienced the earthquake of September 19th, 2017, attended the National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM) between October and November 2017 (baseline n = 68). Participants were followed 4-6 (first follow-up, n = 40) and 7-9 (second follow-up n = 41) months after the earthquake. Delay returning to normal activities, a negative emotional valence to a previous earthquake, comorbidity with depression, history of childhood maltreatment, and low expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) were associated with PTSD in the basal assessment. The earthquake-related variable associated with the persistence of PTSD at the second follow-up was that the earthquake had directly affected the participants, either because they were evicted, had damage to their homes, or suffered some injury. Comorbidity with dysthymia, history of childhood maltreatment, and higher severity of PTSD in the basal assessment were associated with persistent PTSD in the second follow-up. The lower expression of the FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) in participants with persistent PTSD in the second follow-up was better explained by childhood physical abuse than with PTSD severity. These findings suggest that acute exposure to earthquake-related stressful situations is relevant for the initial risk of PTSD, while potential long-term stressful conditions are associated with its persistence. Likewise, molecular markers associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis dysregulation were differentially associated with PTSD diagnosis at the different assessment times.

Objective: The study’s aim is to identify the challenges in estimating personal damages in the early stages of a disaster. Methods: The study reviewed personal damage data in the reports on the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami published by Japanese public agencies from 2011 to 2020, including 159 situation reports by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency and 17 disaster-related indirect death reports by the Reconstruction Agency. The study compared the reported number of deaths, missing persons, and injuries with the latest statistics to evaluate how soon the disaster’s real damages were estimated. Results: The reported number of deaths significantly increased in the first 1.5 years, whereas the number of missing persons spiked in the first 30 days. It required approximately 1 year until the numbers approximated the current reference rate. The total casualties included 3739 indirect deaths. Conclusion: The results indicated an overestimation of missing persons, a possible underestimation of injuries, and the excess deaths due to indirect causes that complicated the estimation. The limitations of the current data collection approaches are the delay in reporting from the field and incomplete and unreliable information. A novel system is proposed, which directly collects data from all affected individuals anonymously.

Objective Social capital, or the resources that an individual can draw on through his or her social networks and the value ascribed to these resources by the individual, has been hypothesized to be an important factor in the development of mental health problems following a natural disaster. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted in this area. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential buffering effect of the 2 types of social capital-bonding and bridging social capital-on the association between severity of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a large sample of earthquake survivors in Iran. Method Participants were 600 adults who survived the Azarbaijan earthquake in Iran. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling method. PTSD symptoms were reported in 37% of the participants, 95% CI [34%, 41%]. Results Consistent with prior research, significant differences were found between areas that were highly affected and areas that were less affected by the disaster. Although both bonding and bridging social capitals were negatively related to PTSD symptoms, this buffering effect against PTSD symptoms was about 2 times as large for bridging capital than for bonding social capital. Conclusion While bridging and bonding social capital are both significant protective factors for mental health outcomes following natural disasters, bridging social capital may be more important. Future directions for this area of research are discussed, as are policy implications for disaster preparedness and postdisaster interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective Studies have indicated that trauma exposure is a common factor in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) and posttraumatic growth (PTG), but it is unclear whether PTSSs and PTG share a common underlying mechanism related to trauma exposure. To explore this issue, this study examined the mediating role of feelings of safety, hope, and coping strategies between trauma exposure and both PTSSs and PTG to elucidate differences in their underlying mechanisms. Method One year following the Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan province, China, 620 adolescents were selected to answer self-report questionnaires, and a structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. Results Trauma exposure was positively associated with PTSSs by two 1-step indirect paths of feelings of safety and emotion-focused coping strategies, and by two 2-step indirect paths of feelings of safety to both hope and emotion-focused coping strategies. Trauma exposure was positively associated with PTG by a 1-step indirect path of problem-focused coping strategies but negatively associated with PTG by two 2-step indirect paths of feelings of safety to both hope and problem-focused coping strategies, and by one 3-step indirect path of feelings of safety to hope to problem-focused coping strategies. Conclusions Trauma exposure is common to PTSSs and PTG but affects these differently via feelings of safety, feelings of hope, and coping strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A long-standing challenge in protein biophysics is to understand protein quake in myoglobin—the structural dynamics responsible for redistributing the excess heme energy after photolysis. Despite extensive efforts, the molecular mechanism of this process remains elusive. Using the energy flow theory, we uncovered a fundamental new phenomenon: the heme energy is redistributed by energy waves with a ubiquitous fundamental frequency and two overtones. Energy waves emanate from the heme into the myoglobin backbone via a conduit of five consecutive dihedrals of the proximal histidine, then travel quickly along the backbone to reach sidechains across the protein. This mechanism is far more effective than the diffusion-based mechanism from previous studies because waves are systematic while diffusion is random. To propagate energy waves, coordinates must cooperate, resulting in collective modes that are singular vectors of the generalized work functional. These modes show task partitioning: a handful of high-energy modes generate large-scale breathing motion, which loosens up the protein matrix to enable hundreds of low-energy vibrational modes for energy transduction.

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in the elderly population 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, China.A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted with 2579 elderly participants (≥ 60 years old) who were interviewed from January to May 2019. Preliminary screening was conducted using the scale by trained psychiatric nurses, followed by a diagnostic interview during the second stage using Chinese Version of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder by trained psychiatrists.A total of 2561 participants were included in this study with complete data. The weighted lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders in the elderly was 16.2% (95% CI 15.3-17.1), and the weighted 12-month prevalence was 15.2% (95% CI 13.4-17.0). Depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders were the most common mental disorders. The 12-month prevalence of all mental disorders were significantly higher in the elderly living alone, with chronic somatic disease, and being poor (P 0.05). The 12-month prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly higher in the elderly in extremely severely earthquake-affected areas (P 0.001).The results of this study show that mental health status of the elderly in Ya'an area differ by socio-economic development, geographical location, and natural disasters. The social and economic development characteristics, the impact of major natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), and population characteristics should be combined to formulate strategies and interventions to promote the mental health of the elderly.

The ground-based monitoring of the lower ionosphere by studying the perturbations of the subionospheric propagation of very-low-frequency/low-frequency (VLF/LF) signals is important in the research of a wide variety of geophysical and Sun/space extreme phenomena. Such perturbations are identified as anomalies in the signal received from the VLF/LF transmitters operating worldwide for military purposes, time code broadcasting, etc. Especially for the study of local ionosphere-influencing phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, typhoons, etc., the monitoring of several subionospheric propagation paths is necessary. However, it is very difficult to find in the market (or reproduce) hardware (HW) for wide-band VLF/LF receivers that could receive many different transmitters, while the involved software (SW) is mainly proprietary. Aiming to provide a low-cost and easy-to-build alternative for the scientists involved in this research field, we suggest a VLF/LF receiver setup based on amateur radio open-source HW and SW. Its key components are the so-called “mini-whip” active antenna and the freeware “SpectrumLab” and “GPS2Time”. The full HW schematics and all settings of the employed SW configuration for the proposed VLF/LF receiver setup are provided in the article. To check the reliability of the proposed receiver setup, two almost identical VLF/LF radio receivers were installed in the prefecture of Attica in Greece, in June and September of 2021, respectively. Examples of ionospheric perturbations due to different phenomena (solar flares, earthquakes, and a magnetic storm) are provided to show the ability of the proposed receiver setup to provide reliable data for ionosphere-related research.

This study sought to learn how women participated in the recovery process after the Kashmir earthquake of October 2005 in Union Council Langarpura, Azad Kashmir state of Pakistan. Focus-group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and participant observations were conducted with a total of 48 participants. The results revealed that women played various important roles in the reproductive, productive, and community spheres, encompassing, inter alia, normal household responsibilities of cooking, cleaning, and caring for cattle, and non-traditional tasks such as rebuilding the home. In addition, they participated in income-generating activities such as carrying construction materials and water for daily wages, dairy farming, and working in fields and in the education and health sectors. Community endeavours, meanwhile, consisted of search and rescue, caring for the injured, collective cooking and food sharing, and supervising the reconstruction of public structures, including schools, roads, and water supply facilities, and establishing a sewing centre to provide vocational training to local women.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على كيفية مشاركة النساء في عملية التعافي بعد زلزال كشمير في أكتوبر 2005 في مجلس اتحاد لانغاربورا بولاية آزاد كشمير الباكستانية. جرت مناقشات مجموعة التركيز (عددها 2)، والمقابلات شبه المنظمة (عددها 34)، وملاحظات المشاركين بإجمالي بلغ 48 مشاركاً. كشفت النتائج أن النساء في لانغاربورا اضطلعن بمختلف الأدوار المهمة في مجالات الصحة الإنجابية، والإنتاجية، والمجتمعية. تضمنت أدوار النساء واجباتهن المنزلية الاعتيادية المتمثلة في الطهي، والتنظيف، ورعاية الماشية. كما تضمنت مسؤوليات غير تقليدية مثل إعادة بناء منازلهن. كما اضطلعت النساء في لانغاربورا بأدوار إنتاجية تتمثل في المشاركة في الأنشطة المدرة للدخل مثل حمل مواد البناء، والمياه مقابل أجر يومي، والعمل في الحقول، ومزارع الألبان، والعمل في قطاعي التعليم والصحة. من ناحية أخرى، تألفت الأدوار المجتمعية من أنشطة بحث وإنقاذ، ورعاية للمصابين، وطهي جماعي، وتقاسم للطعام، وأدوار غير تقليدية للإشراف على إعادة بناء المباني العامة، بما في ذلك المدارس، والطرق، ومرافق إمدادات المياه، وإنشاء مراكز الخياطة، لتوفير تدريب مهني للمرأة المحلية. عبارات محورية: الزلزال، النوع الجنساني، باكستان ، التعافي، النساء.本研究旨在了解在2005年10月克什米尔地震之后，在巴基斯坦控制的阿扎德克什米尔的琅迦普拉地区（Langarpura）的联合议会，妇女是如何参与恢复进程的。该研究开展了焦点组讨论（n=2）、半结构访谈（n=34）和参与者观察，总计48名参与者参加了研究。结果显示，琅迦普拉地区的妇女在繁衍后代、生产和社区领域扮演了各种重要的角色。妇女在其中扮演的角色，包括做饭、清洁和照顾牛群的常规家庭责任，此外，还包括非传统的责任，比如重建家园。琅迦普拉地区的妇女还扮演了生产领域的角色，包括参加创收活动，如搬运建筑材料和水，以赚取日薪，在田间工作，乳品业劳作，以及从事教育和卫生领域的工作。另一方面，妇女的社区角色包括搜索和救援活动，照顾伤员，集体做饭与共享食物，此外，还包括非传统角色，监督公共设施重建，包括学校、道路和供水设施，以及创办缝纫中心，为当地妇女提供职业培训。 关键词：地震、性别、巴基斯坦、恢复、妇女.

Bachkground: The risk factors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms have been well-established, but whether the network structure of their symptoms changes over time remains unclear. This study aims to examine the six-year changes of network structure of PTSS and depressive symptoms among Wenchuan earthquake adult survivors in China.Methods: In this pooled cross-sectional study, respondents were sampled from the same population at each of the five waves (N = 1343, 1205, 1177, 1376, and 1339). The network structure of them was investigated using network analyses.Results: The study shows network connections stable across waves were the positive connections between hyperarousal and intrusions, hyperarousal and somatic symptoms, and two dimensions of positive effects. Stable negative connections were those between depressed affects and positive effects, avoidance and depressed affects, avoidance with interpersonal symptoms and avoidance with somatic symptoms. Across waves, fearful emotion consistently was the strongest bridge symptom connecting with PTSS symptoms. However, for PTSS the strongest bridge symptom varied across time as it was avoidance in wave 1 but were hyperarousal in other four waves.Limitations: This study was based on a pooled cross-sectional survey, which inhibits conclusions regarding causal influences between symptoms at the individual patient level.Conclusions: The network structure of PTSS and depressive symptoms was partly stable, yet also varied across survey waves. Core symptom clusters for PTSS and depressive symptoms were avoidance and depressed affect, respectively. The central role of these clusters in PTSS and depressive symptoms has important implications to future psychiatric programs.

Seismic tomography model for the article:Perez-Forero D., I. Koulakov, C. Vargas, T. Gerya, N. Al Arifi (2023) Lithospheric delamination as the driving mechanism of intermediate-depth seismicity in the Bucaramanga nest, Colombia. The tomography model presented in the paper are obtained using the LOTOS code by Koulakov (2009). The packed file contains the full version of the code with initial data and parameters used for calculating P and S velocity models beneath Bucaramanga, Colombia. The packed file contains README.PDF with the detailed instructions on how to run the code and obtain the same results as presented in the paper. This version of the code is adopted for the Windows OS and contains the entire program listing and the full project structure for Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and Intel Visual Fortran. More details on the LOTOS code can be found at www.ivan-art.com/science/LOTOS

Reliable estimation of earthquake source parameters is fundamental to improve our understanding of earthquake source physics and for ground-motion modeling in seismic hazard assessment. Nowadays, methods traditionally used for investigating the source parameters of earthquakes with Mw≥3, such as spectral fitting or spectral ratio approaches, are also extensively applied to smaller magnitude events because of the increase in the number of stations and the more common borehole installations. However, when working with recordings of such minor and microearthquakes, significant limitations of the usable frequency range spanned by the spectra arise. At the lower end, signal-to-noise ratio constraints limit the usage of low frequencies, whereas at the upper end, the sampling rates of typical seismological networks as well as high-frequency attenuation can be limiting factors. In addition, earthquake source parameters determined from ground-motion spectra are known to exhibit potentially serious trade-offs, in particular the corner frequency and high-frequency attenuation. In this study, we go beyond the typical discussion of these trade-offs using simplistic spectral models by investigating the impact of the background wave propagation model on the source parameter trade-offs as well as its effect on the feasibility of obtaining useful source parameters by means of spectral fitting for minor and microevents. The analysis takes advantage of ad hoc simulated synthetic seismograms with well-defined underlying background propagation models and considers increasing complications in these models (intrinsic and scattering attenuation). The results show that with given realistic background models and usable frequency bands, the source parameter estimation for minor and microevents can be significantly biased, and not surprisingly, this bias is mainly affecting the estimation of the corner frequency. We highlight the inherent limitations of joint spectral fitting approaches for the determination of source parameters from minor and microearthquakes, which should always be viewed with great caution when physically interpreted.

Human life and property are often seriously threatened and lost due to natural disasters such as earthquakes. As a spatial information system, the geographic information system (GIS) can collect, store, and manage the local or whole related physical data of the surface space to be measured with the support of software and hardware. The physical data is collected through GIS for performance testing. The data are collected from the aftershock event records of the Wenchuan earthquake. Among them, 14,000 Wenchuan earthquake events are used as the original data set, and 8,800 aftershock events are used as the test data set. Seismic data involves the detection of multiple physical quantities, which makes the seismic data gradually increase, many data have no obvious linear relationship, and traditional detection methods are difficult to meet the detection requirements. The artificial intelligence method led by a convolutional neural network (CNN) can perform pattern matching on complex nonlinear variables, and models with general characteristics can be generated from different seismic waveforms for the prediction of seismic waveforms. The results show that GIS can effectively intercept and collect seismic physical signals. The training and detection accuracy of CNN combined with GIS physical data is higher than 90%. Compared with traditional training methods, CNN is obviously superior in detection accuracy and recall rate. At the same time, a large number of microseismic events that are easily missed by manual selection can also be found.

Portland has become a hot spot for geological discussions over the last few years. The event that has everyone talking, and preparing for, is the Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake.Cascadia is categorized as a catastrophic natural, seismic event, where the Juan De Fuca plate and the North American plate subduct off the Northwest coast, causing a violent response in the zone between the two plates. Geological history has shown us that every 200- 300 years, a major seismic event occurs in this area of the Pacific; in current disaster discussions in the emergency management industry, where this author has resided for the last 6 years, it is not a matter of if, but a matter of when. The Cascadia event will cause a massive earthquake, affecting millions of lives and costing just as much if not more.Currently, there is no model that exists to equate for all of the following: damages to pipes, restoration, and disruption, and maximum thresholds for utility usage. The models and plans discussed in this paper will cast a needed spotlight for establishing a new model combining these elements and more.It is vital that efforts be made to calculate, beyond a base percentage rate of recovery, what Oregon and the region will lose and what it will take regain a “back to business” level of operations, economically, structurally, and environmentally. Many calls were placed with nonprofit energy stewards to determine these statistics, but no current information was available, or easy to attain, further emphasizing a need for real-time utility data.

This article briefly reviews the evolution and evidence-base of Control-Focused Behavioral Treatment (CFBT), largely self-helpbased treatment that involves no cognitive interventions, focuses solely on reducing avoidance behaviors through self-exposure to anxiety-evoking trauma cues, and, unlike other interventions, aims to enhance sense of control over traumatic stressors, rather than anxiety reduction. As such, it is radicallydifferent from other interventions in both theory and practice. Our studies have shown improvement rates of 80%-85% with a single treatment session in earthquake survivors. When administered in an average of 6 sessions in war and torture survivors, it achieved 82% reduction in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD), leaving 97% of the cases nearly asymptomatic or with only mild PTSD symptoms. Meta-analytical comparisons suggest that such improvement rates are substantially higher than those achieved byother evidence-based treatments.

The Tōhoku Theater Project was completed 2 years after the natural and nuclear disasters in Tōhoku, Japan, on March 11, 2011. It employed the dramatic arts to support the healing process, promote resilience, and increase dialogue and understanding about mental health among individuals who were directly affected by the disasters. The four performances fostered important discussions regarding the psychological impact of the Tōhoku disasters. Participants (N=143) found the theater performance effective at facilitating discussion, increasing empathy, and enhancing mental health knowledge, coping, and resilience. The performances provided critical information about access to services; many participants reported that they had not known where to seek help for mental health prior to their involvement with the Tōhoku Theater Project. Lessons learned may inform community-based strategies that promote mental health and healing in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health disasters.

This study aims to examine the mechanical, environmental, and economic properties of recycled aggregate concretes produced using emerged recycled concrete aggregates from the buildings that were demolished in a controlled way after the 24 January 2020, Elazig-Sivrice earthquake. For this purpose, 24 series of recycled aggregate concretes were produced, water-to-cement ratios of 0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.50, and cement dosages were chosen as 320-370-420 kg/m

Carrying out monitoring surveys in seismic regions is good practice both for the assessment of land deformation and the evaluation of building structures standing on it. In this work, topographic levelling and DInSAR techniques have been used for displacement measurement. These geomatic techniques are rarely applied in the same context and attempts are made to combine the results obtained for having a complete analysis of the site. The proposed work analyses, compares and discusses topographic levelling and advanced multi-temporal DInSAR techniques used to detect and measure ground deformation when the occurrence of seismic events might have played a role in the displacement. The area of interest had already been under observation through ground-based monitoring surveys, by means of metal bolts attached to façades of buildings detected by topographic level, from 1998 to 2021. The DInSAR analysis was carried out exploiting Sentinel-1A/B data acquired during the period 2014–2021. The goal of the DInSAR processing stage of the procedure is to derive the deformation map of the area of interest from SAR data. A zero date has been set for both survey methods in order to define similar time series for comparison analysis. The results showed that ground displacements measured by levelling and DInSAR have similar trends. On the geomorphological aspect, the same distribution map of terrain subsidence is found in both techniques.

Survivors of natural disasters are at a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Behavioral risk factors, including modifiable diet, need to be identified. Thus far, the association between dairy intake and new-onset hypertension among these survivors is unknown. Therefore, we investigated this relationship. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 4475 survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 who participated in a 7-year follow-up survey. New-onset hypertension was assessed using annual health checkup data. Information on the frequency of dairy intake was obtained using a self-report questionnaire. The hazard ratio for developing hypertension according to the frequency of dairy intake was calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The total number of person-years observed was 20,042, with a median follow-up of 5.4 years. During the observation period, 1554 individuals developed hypertension. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of new-onset hypertension were significantly lower in those who consumed dairy products once per day (0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.94) and twice or more times per day (0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.99) than in nonconsumers; the inverse linear trend was marginally significant (P = 0.083). This association was not affected by lipid metabolism and was consistent across subgroups by sex, age, behavioral factors, cardiometabolic factors, and housing type due to the disaster. A higher frequency of dairy intake was associated with a lower risk of new-onset hypertension in community-dwelling survivors of earthquakes and tsunamis. Dietary guidance involving dairy intake could reduce the risk of developing hypertension among these survivors.

An earthquake in 2018 resulted in irreparable damage to the Port of Spain General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago, and severely affected orthopaedic services. This study investigates the rate and reasons for cancellation on the day of surgery of orthopaedic cases during the post-earthquake period. We prospectively collected data on all cases scheduled to undergo surgery during the study period. Information was gathered on patient demographics, the number and reasons for cancellation. Data were analysed using Analyse-it for Microsoft Excel 5.40 (Analyse-it Software Ltd). Our results show that 43 patients were cancelled, resulting in a 44.3% cancellation rate. Patients who had their surgery cancelled were older, with a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class compared with patients whose surgery was not cancelled. Hospital-related factors were found to be responsible for the majority of cancellations. Placed in context, our findings suggest that limited operating time due to the earthquake-induced hospital damage was the principal reason for the high rate of surgery cancellations.

Coseismic fault sealing and fluid pressurization during earthquakes Lu Yao, Shengli Ma, Giulio Di Toro 1. Experimental Data Space-delimited files with calibrated measurements of: Time (s) Equivalent slip rate (m/s) Displacement (m) Friction coefficient Axial displacement (mm) Bulk pore pressure (MPa) Temperature (°C) The original sampling rate was 2 kHz for all the experiments. In the data processing, the data prior to and after the high-speed sliding (2 m/s) were resampled with much longer time interval to reduce the size of the data file, while the data of the high-speed sliding were kept with the original sampling rate. 2. Numerical modeling of sealing-enhanced thermal pressurization withComsol Multiphysics We present two examples of numerical models built with Comsol Multiphysics (ver. 5.4) for thermal pressurization modeling with consideration of the existence of sealing zone(s), which is/are generated by intense wear and local melting processes. The solutions have been cleared to reduce the size of the files but could be reproduced by running the models in Comsol Multiphysics. The two examples are for the geometrical models containing one and three ring-shaped sealing zones, respectively, with the key parameters as listed below: Permeability (m^2), bulk shear zone, 1e-15; sealing zone, 1e-18 Porosity, bulk shear zone, 0.3; sealing zone, 0.1

We investigate the problem of fluid injection at constant pressure in a 2D Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) with randomly oriented and uniformly distributed frictionally-stable fractures. We show that this problem shares similarities with the simpler scenario of injection in a single planar shear fracture, investigated by Bhattacharya and Viesca (2019); Viesca (2021) and whose results are here extended to include closed form solutions for aseismic moment as function of injected volume $$V_\mathrm{{inj}}$$ V inj . Notably, we demonstrate that the hydro-mechanical response of the fractured rock mass is at first order governed by a single dimensionless parameter $$\mathcal {T}$$ T associated with favourably oriented fractures: low values of $$\mathcal {T}$$ T (critically stressed conditions) lead to fast migration of aseismic slip from injection point due to elastic stress transfer on critically stressed fractures. In this case, therefore, there is no effect of the DFN percolation number on the spatio-temporal evolution of aseismic slip. On the other hand, in marginally pressurized conditions ($$\mathcal {T} \gtrsim 1$$ T ≳ 1 ), the slipping patch lags behind the pressurized region and hence the percolation number affects to a first order the response of the medium. Furthermore, we show that the aseismic moment scales $$\propto V_\mathrm{{inj}}^2$$ ∝ V inj 2 in both limiting conditions, similarly to the case of a single planar fracture subjected to the same injection condition. The factor of proportionality, however, depends on the DFN characteristics in marginally pressurized conditions, while it appears to be only mildly dependent on the DFN properties in critically stressed conditions.

Objective:To date, there is limited evidence for health care providers regarding the determinants of early assessment of poor outcomes of adult in-patients due to earthquakes. This study aimed to explore factors related to early assessment of adult earthquake trauma patients (AETPs).Methods:The data on 29,933 AETPs in the West China Earthquake Patients Database (WCEPD) were analyzed retrospectively. Then, 37 simple variables that could be obtained rapidly upon arrival at the hospital were collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses were performed. A nomogram was then constructed.Results:Nine independent mortality-related factors that contributed to AETP in-patient mortality were identified. The variables included age (OR:1.035; 95%CI, 1.027-1.044), respiratory rate ([RR]; OR:1.091; 95%CI, 1.050-1.133), pulse rate ([PR]; OR:1.028; 95%CI, 1.020-1.036), diastolic blood pressure ([DBP]; OR:0.96; 95%CI, 0.950-0.970), Glasgow Coma Scale ([GCS]; OR:0.666; 95%CI, 0.643-0.691), crush injury (OR:3.707; 95%CI, 2.166-6.115), coronary heart disease ([CHD]; OR:4.025; 95%CI, 1.869-7.859), malignant tumor (OR:4.915; 95%CI, 2.850-8.098), and chronic kidney disease ([CKD]; OR:5.735; 95%CI, 3.209-10.019).Conclusions:The nine mortality-related factors for ATEPs, including age, RR, PR, DBP, GCS, crush injury, CHD, malignant tumor, and CKD, could be quickly obtained on hospital arrival and should be the focal point of future earthquake response strategies for AETPs. Based on these factors, a nomogram was constructed to screen for AETPs with a higher risk of in-patient mortality.

Previous studies documented colonies of the cheilostome bryozoan Biflustra irregulata rafting across the Pacific Ocean on debris from the 2011 Great East Japan megathrust earthquake and resulting tsunami. They arrived in the eastern Pacific on floating non-biodegradable tsunami debris from 2014 to 2016. Based on a newly discovered occurrence of this species off the west coast of Mexico, we report that this species has successfully expanded its range from the Indo-Pacific to the northeast Pacific following this dispersal event. Colonies were found encrusting barnacles on spiny lobsters from the southeastern Gulf of California.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Taiwan set up disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) after the Chi-Chi earthquake, but these teams lack unified standards. METHODS This study was divided into two phases. Phase I was a Delphi study conducted in 2019 with 26 experts who were invited to establish Taiwan's DMAT standards by modifying the World Health Organization Emergency Medical Team (WHO EMT) type I fixed standards. Phase II was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2020. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the disaster preparedness of DMATs by standards set in phase I. RESULTS In phase I, Taiwan's DMAT standards were established after three rounds of Delphi consensus, with a response rate of 88.5%. The major departures from the WHO EMT standards were the exclusion of obstetric care, mental health, rehabilitation, and laboratory and blood transfusion standards and the addition of an ultrasound standard. During phase II, a total of 32 teams were invited, and the response rate was 96.9%. The overall standard achievement rate was 56.9%, and the three lowest achievement rates corresponded to sanitation (22.6%), medical malpractice insurance (25.8%), and pharmacy and drug supply (25.8%). The national DMATs, official DMATs, DMATs funded by government, and DMATs with ≥10 years of experience had significantly higher achievement rates for partial or overall standards. CONCLUSION Using localized standards to evaluate the disaster preparedness of each team, DMATs were found to have many shortcomings mainly due to the lack of unified government announcement standards, legal protection, and adequate financial support.

Integrated mapping is essential in geological studies to assess risks of earthquake hazards. Cartographic techniques have become a commonplace approach to visualizing data in the continuous geologic and geophysical fields. However, traditional GIS mapping is a manual process with a time-consuming workflow that can lead to mistakes and misinterpretation of data. This study applied two mapping approaches to address this problem: Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) used for automated cartographic workflow employing scripts and QGIS used for traditional geologic mapping. The study area includes Ethiopia, notable for its complex geologic setting. The study aimed to analyse the relationships between the geophysical, geological, topographic and seismic setting of the country by presenting six new thematic maps:1 topography based on the GEBCO/SRTM15+ high-resolution grid;2 geological units with consistent lithology and age from the USGS database;3 geological provinces with major Amhara Plateau and Somali Province using USGS data;4 geoid based on the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008) grid;5 free-air gravity anomaly model using satellite-based remote sensing data;6 seismicity showing earthquakes and volcanos from 05/03/1990 to 27/11/2020.The comparison of the topography, seismicity, geophysics and surface geology of the Afar Depression and the Great Rift Valley was based partly on extant literature on the geologic setting of Ethiopia which primarily focuses upon discussing tectonic processes that took place in the East African Rift System in the past. The current study contributes to the previous research and increases cartographic data on the geology and geophysics of Ethiopia. The outcomes can be implemented in similar regional projects in Ethiopia for geophysical and geological monitoring.

To analyze the pathways and mechanisms underlying the impact of guilt on suicide risk using a well-controlled longitudinal study, we examined the mediating roles of intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this association.Four hundred and eight adolescent survivors (MThe results indicated that guilt had a direct and positive effect on suicide risk. Intrusive rumination and PTSD mediated the relationship between guilt and suicide risk. Guilt could increase deliberate rumination, but deliberate rumination did not significantly predict PTSD and suicide risk.Negative postdisaster emotions, such as guilt, can enhance the combined effects of cognition and psychological disorders on suicide risk. Guilt affects suicide risk indirectly through intrusive rumination and PTSD but not through deliberate rumination.

Today, according to the occurrence of numerous disasters in allover over the world, designing the proper and comprehensive plan for relief logistics has received a lot of attention from crisis managers and people. Besides, considering resilience capability along with operational and disruption risks leads to the robustness of the humanitarian relief chain (HRC), and this comprehensive framework ensures the essential supplies delivery to the beneficiaries and is close to real-world problems. The resilience parameters used for the second objective are obtained by a strong Best Worst Method (BWM). Another supposition of the model is the consideration of uncertainty in all stages of the proposed problem. Moreover, the multiple disasters (sub-sequent minor post disasters) which can increase the initial demand are considered. Furthermore, the proposed model is solved using three well-known metaheuristic algorithms includes non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), network reconfiguration genetic algorithm (NRGA), and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), and their performance is compared by several standard multi-objective measure metrics. Finally, the obtained results show the robustness of the proposed approaches, and some directions for future researches are provided.

This paper examines three common critiques of 'resilience': (i) that it is a 'top-down' policy discourse that pays too little regard to local specificities; (ii) that resilience policy represents a neoliberal shift towards the responsibilisation of communities and a retreat of the state from its role in providing protection; and (iii) that the focus on resilience tends to divert attention from the underlying causes of vulnerability. Using data collected after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, the paper argues that these critiques have mixed salience in this context, but that (i) and (iii) in particular point to important problems in how the central government and its international partners have approached enhancing the resilience of communities. While there are benefits to considering resilience at the local level, it is important to recognise the inequalities within communities, how these might be reflected in differential degrees of vulnerability, and how they might be reinforced through resilience-building programmes.تعرض مفهوم المرونة لعدد من الانتقادات. في هذا البحث، ندرس الثلاثة نقاط الأكثر شيوعًا: 1) أن المرونة هي خطاب سياسي “من أوله إلى آخره” والذي لا يولي اهتمامًا كبيرًا للخصوصيات المحلية 2) تمثل سياسة المرونة تحولاً ليبراليًا جديدًا نحو اضفاء المسؤولية على المجتمعات المحلية وتراجع الدولة عن دورها في توفير الحماية 3) يميل التركيز على المرونة إلى تحويل الانتباه بعيدًا عن الأسباب الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية الكامنة وراء الضعف. نتناقش بأن هذه الانتقادات لها أهمية مجتمعة في هذا السياق بالذات حيث تم استخدام البيانات التي تم جمعها في نيبال بعد الزلزال من بارباك، وتقع القرية في مركز زلزال غوركا 2015، ومقر المقاطعة وعلى المستوى الوطني في كاتماندو وتشير الأولى والثالثة على وجه الخصوص إلى مشاكل مهمة في الطرق التي تعاملت بها حكومة نيبال وشركاؤها الدوليون مع مهمة قدرة المجتمعات النيبالية على الصمود. نناقش بأنه في حين أن هناك فوائد للنظر في المرونة على مستوى المجتمع، إلا أنه من المهم التعرف على عدم المساواه داخل المجتمعات وكيف يمكن أن ينعكس ذلك على المستويات المختلفة من الضعف، وكيف يمكن تعزيزها من خلال برامج بناء القدرة على الصمود. الكلمات الدليلية: الزلازل، نيبال، المرونة، المسؤولية، الضعف.“恢复性”的概念受到了许多批评。在本文中，我们研究了三种最普遍的批评：i) 恢复性政策是一种自上而下的政策，很少考虑当地的特殊性； ii) 恢复性政策代表着向社会责任化的新自由主义转变，代表国家不再扮演保护性角色； iii) 人们关注恢复性，往往会将注意力从社会、政治和经济等造成脆弱性的潜在因素上转移开。我们分析了从尼泊尔地震后的巴尔帕克、2015年廓尔喀地震震中的村庄、地区总部和加德满都国收集的数据，认为这些批评在这种特定背景下具有联合显著性，但第一点和第三点特别指出了尼泊尔政府及其国际合作伙伴在增强尼泊尔社会恢复性的方式中存在的重要问题。我们认为，虽然在社会层面考虑恢复性有好处，但要认识到社会的不平等问题，要了解社会不同的脆弱程度如何反映了不平等问题，如何在恢复性建设计划中改善这些问题。 关键词： 地震、尼泊尔、复原力、责任感、脆弱性.

There is growing expectation that local volunteers will play a more integrated role in disaster response, yet emergent volunteer groups are often 'outsiders' to crisis management. Questions have been raised, therefore, about how emergent groups can forge relationships with established response agencies. This paper analyses how the Student Volunteer Army, as an emergent group, gained 'authority to operate' after the earthquakes in Canterbury, New Zealand, in 2010-11. It traces how the volunteers accrued authority through multiple sources of permission and credibility and demonstrates the possibility for established response agencies and emergent groups to generate impactful and mutually supportive relationships. However, the analysis also points to two interrelated tensions that can arise, regarding the terms by which emergent groups are recognised, and the 'distance' considered necessary between the two parties. The discussion considers the implications for inclusiveness, risk, and responsibility of further integrations of emergent volunteers in disaster response.هناك توقعمتزايد بأنيلعب المتطوعونالمحليوندورًا أكثرتكاملاً في الاستجابةللكوارث، ومعذلك غالبًا ماتكون المجموعاتالناشئة"خارجة" عنإدارة الأزمات،مما يبعث علىالتساؤل حولالظروفوالعملياتالتي يمكنلهذهالمجموعات منخلالها إقامةعلاقات معوكالاتالاستجابةالقائمة، والتوتراتالتي يمكن أنتنشأ تلكالتفاعلات. يحلل هذه المقالكيف اكتسبالطلابالمتطوعون،كمجموعة ناشئة،"سلطة العمل"في أعقابزلازل 2010-2011 فيكانتربري،نيوزيلندا. توضح دراستناكيف يمكن لوكالاتالاستجابةالراسخةوالمجموعاتالناشئةتشكيل علاقاتذات تأثيركبير وداعمة لبعضهاالبعض. ومعذلك، يشيرتحليلناأيضًا إلىنوعين منالتوتراتالمترابطةالتي يمكن أنتنشأ، فيمايتعلقبالشروط التييتم من خلالهاالتعرف علىالمجموعاتالناشئة، و"المسافة"التي تعتبرضرورية بينالمجموعاتالناشئةووكالاتالاستجابةالقائمة. يبحثنقاشنا في آثارالشموليةوالمخاطروالمسؤوليةإذا أريد دمجالمتطوعينالناشئينأكثر فيالاستجابةللكوارث. الكلماتالمفتاحية : متطوعونناشئون؛السلطة؛إدارةالكوارث؛ زلازلكانتربري.人们越来越期待当地志愿者在灾难应对中发挥更综合的作用，然而，新兴群体往往是危机管理的“局外人”，这促使人们质疑这些群体与既定应对机构建立关系的条件和过程，以及这些互动可能产生的紧张关系。本文分析了在2010-2011年新西兰坎特伯雷地震发生后，学生主导的志愿者们作为一个新兴群体是如何获得“履行职责的权力”的。我们的研究阐述了已建立的反应机构和应急小组如何形成巨大影响和相互支持的关系。。不过，我们的分析也指出了两种可能出现的相互关联的紧张关系，即对新兴群体的认可条件，以及新兴群体与既有响应机构之间被认为必要的 “距离”。论述中考虑了如果要将新兴志愿者进一步融入到救灾工作中，在包容性、风险和责任方面的影响。 关键词：新兴志愿者；权力；灾害管理；坎特伯雷地震.

Background:Southeast Asia is the second biggest region in the world in terms of the total number of natural disasters since 1900. Therefore, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) initiated regional challenges toward strengthening regional collaboration for disaster prevention and response since the earthquake of Sumatra in Indonesia occurred in 2004. Moreover, ASEAN Leaders signed “the ASEAN Declaration on One ASEAN, One Response” in 2016. Under these circumstances, ASEAN decided to implement the Project for Strengthening the ASEAN Regional Capacity on Disaster Health Management (ARCH Project).Objectives:The objective of the ARCH Project is to strengthen coordination on disaster health management (DHM) for rapid and effective response to disasters occurring in the ASEAN region and to enhance the capacity of each ASEAN Member State (AMS) on DHM. This article aims to overview the outline and its strategy, and review the progress of the project.Methods:ARCH Project is an ASEAN official project supported by Japan’s official development assistance. Five outputs were launched for: (1) coordination platform on DHM; (2) framework of regional collaboration practices; (3) tools for effective regional collaboration; (4) enhancement of academic network on DHM; and (5) capacity development activities for each AMS. The Project was reviewed in terms of accomplishment and evaluation criteria.Results:Regional Coordination Committee on DHM was established as a coordination platform to: Oversee the implementation of the ARCH Project for the Output 1; Regional Collaboration Drill was developed and conducted for the Output 2; The standard operating procedure for coordination of emergency medical teams (EMTs) in ASEAN was developed for the Output 3; Various presentations on ARCH were made in academic conferences for the Output 4; and Several training programs and educational curricula were developed for the Output 5. The Project has accomplished its Project Purpose and satisfied all the indicators set. ARCH Project has high Relevance, Impact, Sustainability, and Effectiveness, while some improvements in Efficiency are needed.Conclusions:ARCH Project is the first-ever successful regional cooperation mechanism and standardization of DHM in ASEAN, one of the most disaster-prone regions. It also contributes to the capacity building of AMS. The ARCH Project has a remarkable impact on the resilience and flexible medical response to disasters, although continuous efforts of stakeholders to make this initiative sustainable are necessary.

Earthquakes are one of the most dangerous natural disasters facing humans because of their occurrence without warning and their impact on their lives and property. In addition, predicting seismic movement is one of the main research topics in seismic disaster prevention. In geological studies, scientists can predict and know the locations of earthquakes in the long term. Therefore, about 80% of the major global earthquakes lie along the Pacific Ring belt, known as the Ring of Fire. Machine learning methods have also been used for short-term earthquake prediction, and studies have applied the random forest method to determine the factors that precede earthquakes. The machine learning method was based on various decision trees, each of which predicted the time to the nearest oscillation. The third group of scientists used the hybrid prediction method, which combines machine learning and geological studies. This research deals with a review of most of the geological studies and machine learning techniques applied to earthquake data sets, which showed a total lack of prediction of potential earthquakes through one approach, so studies designed by geologists were combined with machine learning.

With the aim to investigate the rupture complexity and the radiated wave field of 2017, Mw 3.9, Ischia earthquake, south-west of Naples (Italy), we used finite-fault modeling to invert the near-source (and searched for the best-fit kinematic rupture parameters. This analysis showed that the rupture nucleated at about 600 m west of IOCA and 1.1-km depth, along a 1 km, NW-SE striking fault (i.e., thrust with right-lateral component), with a rupture velocity of about 0.7 km/s. The retrieved rupture model coupled with multipath reverberations effects related to a thin, low-velocity near-surface volcanic sedimentary layer, well explains the observed long ground motion duration and the large amplitudes recorded all over the island. Finally, the apparent source time function (STF), obtained from inverse modeling using a theoretical Green’ function (GF), is validated by implementing an empirical GF (EGF) analysis.

Asthma and atopic dermatitis are common among schoolchildren. The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 caused serious damage to buildings and infrastructure as well as the total or partial collapse of many hospitals and medical clinics. The aim of this study was to examine the association between recurrence or exacerbation (recurrence/exacerbation) of asthma or atopic dermatitis at the time of disaster and allergic symptoms several years later in schoolchildren. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via a parent-administered questionnaire between 2013 and 2015 in Miyagi Prefecture, northeast Japan. We analyzed the data of 2,399 schoolchildren with a diagnosis of asthma and 2,107 with a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Among those who had experienced recurrence/exacerbation of their symptoms soon after the disaster, the prevalence of later wheezing and eczema was 71.2% (N = 195) and 81.9% (N = 379), respectively. Recurrence/exacerbation of allergic symptoms just after the disaster was positively associated with wheezing (odds ratio, OR 6.54, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 4.94-8.67) and eczema (OR 8.12, 95% CI 6.25-10.55) several years later. Disasters might have long-term effects on the allergy symptoms of children. It is necessary to prepare for prevention of recurrence/exacerbation, to treat allergic symptoms, and to support children to continue their allergy treatments and daily care when a disaster strikes.

After the Great East Japan Earthquake, Tohoku University began to provide mental health services during the acute phase of the disaster in cooperation with Shichigahama Town, one of the municipalities located in the coastal area of the Miyagi Prefecture that was severely damaged by the earthquake and tsunami; it continued to be providing long-term mental health activities, incorporating annual surveys for affected residents in the town for 10 years. Ten years of combination of surveys and outreach activities first depicted detailed longitudinal alterations in the mental health conditions of communities affected by a catastrophe. While posttraumatic stress reaction had recovered year by year after the year following the Great East Japan Earthquake, recovery from psychological distress retreated between 2014 and 2017, probably due to the relocation from temporal to eternal housing conditions. The annual cycles of assessment and provision of mental health support and promotion activities continued for 10 years can be an initial model for evidence-based, long-term post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support for the affected communities. Data regarding subsequent disasters should be collected in comparable ways, in order to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the accumulated data for planning and providing evidence-based post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support.

To understand fungal contamination in the indoor environments of the disaster region, surveys were conducted to detect mycoflora in temporary shelters, prefabricated temporary housing, private housing, and rented apartments in areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. The results from the surveys of temporary shelters indicated that the indoor-air fungal counts at all sampling points were less than 1000 colony forming units (cfu)/m

Seimological data, tectonic info, structrural damage interpretation, acceleration recordings, elastic response spectra, fault rupture at ground surface, evidence of soil liquefaction

Two devastating earthquakes of magnitude MW 7.8 and MW 7.5 hit Turkey on February 6, 2023. The earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone, westwards of Gaziantep, Turkey. The quake was followed by intensive aftershock activity. This study presents initial results from interferometric processing of SAR data from the European Space Agency Sentinel-1 mission revealing the affected area and the magnitude of the deformations that occurred after the earthquakes. The produced maps are combination of data from several sources. Data of the epicenters of the events are from EMSC1, and the active faults are from EDAF2, both considered to be the driving forces of these ground movements. SAR data were used to produce information showing the actual surface displacements. It needs to be highlighted that the said information reflects not the consequences of the single seismic event but the effect of all earthquakes that took place in the investigated region between the dates of registration by the SAR instrument. In this paper, the presented results are only part of the larger set of interferograms and maps of the derived from them vertical displacements.

On 6 February 2023, Turkey was hit by one of the worst earthquakes in its history. Buildings were destroyed and damaged across the southern and eastern provinces. The official death toll is already over 50,000, and it is conceivable that the real numbers will be much higher. The earthquake also exposed the scale of political and institutional deterioration in Turkey. During Recep Tayyip Erdoægan's two decades in power, Turkey has experienced an enormous construction boom, evolved into an important player in humanitarian aid, and become an increasingly important regional military actor. However, the earthquake revealed that the highly centralised and personalised system of power had weakened state institutions and undermined their capacity to deliver. Turkey needs to reform its disaster management and governance. The European Union should assist the recovery and reconstruction efforts by targeting aid and using the momentum to mitigate anti-Westernism.