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Fil: Requier, Fabrice. Université Paris-Saclay. CNRS. IRD. UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie. Francia. Fil: Pérez-Méndez, Nestor. IRTA-Amposta. España. Fil: Andersson, Georg K. S. Lund University. Centre for Environmental and Climate Research. Suecia. Fil: Blareau, Elsa. Université Paris-Saclay. CNRS. IRD. UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie. Francia. Fil: Merle, Isabelle. Université Paris-Saclay. CNRS. IRD. UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie. Francia. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Pollinators are critical for food security; however, their contribution to the pollination of locally important crops is still unclear, especially for non-bee pollinators. We reviewed the diversity, conservation status, and role of bee and non-bee pollinators in 83 different crops described either as important for the global food market or of local importance. Bees are the most commonly recorded crop floral visitors. However, non-bee pollinators are frequently recorded visitors to crops of local importance. Non-bee pollinators in tropical ecosystems include nocturnal insects, bats, and birds. Importantly, nocturnal pollinators are neglected in current diurnal-oriented research and are experiencing declines. The integration of non-bee pollinators into scientific studies and conservation agenda is urgently required for more sustainable agriculture and safeguarding food security for both globally and locally important crops.

La Amazonía brasileña ha estado históricamente afectada, en especial durante el siglo xx, por actividades para la acumulación de capital en el Norte global mediante la desposesión de territorios, la deforestación, la explotación de recursos naturales, la minería y otras prácticas extractivistas. Sin embargo, con la emergencia de agendas y actores encargados de la promoción del «desarrollo sostenible», se han puesto en marcha numerosos planes y programas (CDM, REDD+, etc.) que han transformado las estrategias de acumulación, compatibilizándolas con la conservación, a través del «capitalismo verde». Este artículo busca desentrañar las implicaciones de esta transformación en la explotación del territorio amazónico brasileño, y su inserción en la ecología-mundo, a nivel político, socioeconómico y de género desde un enfoque estructuralista, marxista y ecofeminista.

Fil: Fioroni, Facundo. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Fioroni, Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Fernández, Natalia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Fernández, Margarita M. The Pennsylvania State University. Dept. of Ecosystem Sciences and Management. Estados Unidos. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Light availability and calafate fruit production in a native mixed shrubland (Río Negro, Argentina). Non-timber forest products (NTFP), such as wild berries, are of great importance for rural communities and vulnerable social groups due to the economic income they might generate and their role in these people’s nutrition. To optimize forest plants productivity is necessary to study their ecological needs, such as light availability. Calafate (Berberis microphylla) fruits are NTFP of interest. However, there is little information about the relation between their productivity and light availability. In this study, the potential of a native mixed shrubland as supplier of calafate fruits and its relation with light availability was analyzed. To achieve this, the presence and number of fruits in calafate plants naturally established in a native shrubland in El Foyel, Río Negro, and exposed to different light intensities were evaluated. An estimation of the productivity of the shrubland sampled was also made for different levels of light availability. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the data. It was found that greater canopy openness corresponded to a higher probability of fruiting and to a greater number of fruits per plant. In addition, a positive relationship was found between plant height and number of fruits. It was estimated that the highest fruit production would be found in a 100% canopy openness scenario, in which case, ~54.87 kg/ha would be obtained. It was concluded that light availability is an essential factor for calafate fruiting. Moreover, considering that the average canopy openness of the sampled shrubland was 22.2%, it is considered that an appropriate environmental management is necessary to optimize the use of this species in a sustainable and economically convenient way. Los productos forestales no madereros (PFNM), como los frutos silvestres, son de gran importancia para las comunidades rurales y los grupos sociales vulnerables debido al ingreso económico que permiten y al rol que cumplen en su alimentación. Para optimizar su aprovechamiento es necesario estudiar las necesidades ecológicas de las plantas que los producen, como la luz, que afecta su desarrollo y reproducción. Los frutos del calafate (Berberis microphylla) son un PFNM de interés, aunque hay poca información sobre la relación entre su aprovechamiento y la disponibilidad de luz del ambiente. En este estudio se analizó la potencialidad del matorral mixto nativo como proveedor de frutos de calafate y su relación con la disponibilidad de luz. Para ello, se evaluó en un matorral nativo en El Foyel, Río Negro, la presencia y el número de frutos en plantas de calafate naturalmente establecidas en el lugar y expuestas a distintas intensidades de luz. También se estimó la productividad del matorral muestreado para diferentes niveles de disponibilidad de luz. Para analizar los datos se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados. Una mayor apertura del dosel se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de fructificación y con mayor número de frutos por planta. Además, se encontró una relación positiva entre la altura de las plantas y el número de frutos. Se estimó que la mayor producción de fruta se encontraría en un escenario de apertura del dosel del 100%, en cuyo caso se obtendrían ~54.87 kg/ha. Se concluyó que la disponibilidad de luz es un factor fundamental para la fructificación del calafate. Además, teniendo en cuenta que la apertura de dosel promedio del matorral muestreado resultó ser 22.2%, se considera que es necesario un manejo apropiado del ambiente para optimizar el aprovechamiento de esta especie de manera sustentable y económicamente conveniente.

The vast variation in floral traits across angiosperms is often interpreted as the result of adaptation to pollinators. However, studies in wild populations often find no evidence of pollinator-mediated selection on flowers. Evolutionary theory predicts this could be the outcome of periods of stasis under stable conditions, followed by shorter periods of pollinator change that provide selection for innovative phenotypes. We asked if periods of stasis are caused by stabilizing selection, absence of other forms of selection or by low trait ability to respond even if selection is present. We studied a plant predominantly pollinated by one bee species across its range. We measured heritability and evolvability of traits, using genome-wide relatedness in a large wild population, and combined this with estimates of selection on the same individuals. We found evidence for both stabilizing selection and low trait heritability as potential explanations for stasis in flowers. The area of the standard petal is under stabilizing selection, but the variability is not heritable. A separate trait, floral weight, presents high heritability, but is not currently under selection. We show how a simple pollination environment coincides with the absence of current prerequisites for adaptive evolutionary change, while heritable variation remains to respond to future selection pressures.

En este monográfico de Hipertext.net titulado Interfaces: redes, ecología y evolución confluyen investigaciones que han aplicado el concepto de interfaz para analizar diferentes ámbitos de la vida social y cultural. Si bien ese concepto ya tiene más de un siglo de vida, en las últimas décadas quedó fijado a la idea de “interfaz (gráfica) de usuario”. El monográfico lleva el concepto de interfaz mucho más allá y lo propone como instrumento de análisis para comprender las mutaciones de la sociedad contemporánea y guiar acciones concretas para hacer frente a sus desafíos.

We explored the relative importance of climate oscillations and human-driven disturbances on the change in vegetation biomass in agroecosystems, and whether it is associated with land use. Our main contribution is a quantitative treatment of these factors in equivalent terms, i.e. not assuming any of them to be principal. The study was carried out in the drylands of the Iberian Peninsula, NW Maghreb, Palestinian West Bank, Mozambique, China and NE Brazil, using satellite time-series and the corresponding climate fields, at ten-year observation periods with spatial and temporal resolutions of 1000 m (250 m in Palestine) and one year, respectively. For each region, we separated the relative weights of climate and time by fitting multiple-stepwise regressions to a vegetation index as the dependent variable, and annual aridity (Aridity) and year number (Time) as predictors. The relative strength of the resulting standard partial regression coefficients was then compared by the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and their combined associations with land uses were determined using Chi-square tests. Some points of convergence are as follows: (1) The relative weights of Aridity and Time depend on particular regional conditions and can be determined. (2) Such weights are associated with land use intensification, such that if vegetation increases over Time, Aridity increases its relative importance with intensification; if vegetation is degrading, Aridity is always more important than Time. (3) Aridity is an indicator of vulnerability to climate warming. Resilience can be improved by reducing land use intensification. 4. Vulnerability may worsen under constant climate if agriculture is intensified. These patterns enhance an integrated understanding of Sustainable Development Goals Indicator 15.3.1, particularly its land cover and productivity trend components., This study was funded by the European Commission [LifeWatch ERIC—SUMHAL ref. LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-13, MELODIES— FP7 Contract 603525 and BIODESERT—ERC Grant Agreement 647038], the European Space Agency [DUE—DesertWatch Extension Contract 18487/04/I-LG, and Dragon Projects 10367 and 32396] and Tragsatec (Grupo Tragsa) [Contract 25.604].

Gift and methodological animism How tackle the environmental challenges we are facing if not by (re)forging an alliance with nature ? This paper advocates “methodological animism” and shows that such an alliance implies to “make community” with natural entities as much as with humans, and to do so, to view them as quasi-subjects, or rather as gift givers. As if nature was in actuality giving us something and thus was inviting us to establish a relationship of recognition and gratitude with it., Don et animisme méthodologique Comment faire face aux défis environnementaux sinon en (re)nouant alliance avec la nature ? Plaidoyer pour un « animisme méthodologique » , ce texte montre qu’une telle alliance suppose de « faire société » avec les entités naturelles tout autant qu’avec les humains et, pour cela, de les considérer comme des quasi-sujets. Plus encore, comme des sujets de don : comme si la nature nous donnait effectivement quelque chose et nous invitait ainsi à entrer avec elle dans une relation de reconnaissance et de gratitude., Don y animismo metodológico ¿ Cómo podemos hacer frente a los retos medioambientales si no es (re)fundando una alianza con la naturaleza ? Este texto defiende un “animismo metodológico” y muestra que tal alianza presupone que “formamos sociedad” con las entidades naturales tanto como con los humanos, y para ello debemos considerarlas como cuasi-sujetos. Más que eso, como sujetos de don : como si la naturaleza nos diera algo y nos invitara a entrar en una relación de reconocimiento y gratitud con ella., Caillé Alain,Chanial Philippe. Don et animisme méthodologique. In: Communications, 110, 2022. Vivantes interactions. pp. 87-98.

Serge Moscovici in his life. A central marginality Undoubtedly, an ethical turn took place in the human and social sciences across the 1970s and 1980s. In the field of psychology and ethnology, and more particularly in the wake of Serge Moscovici’s and Robert Jaulin’s works, who occupied a central marginality within Academia, the approach to our relationship with politics and with nature was reshaped. A new order of critique was established that was to upend the way we understand the world and its problems. At the same time, as identity and civilizations were increasingly perceived as critical issues, colonialism started to being questioned and the issue of nature became central., Serge Moscovici dans sa vie. Une marginalité centrale Entre les années 1970 et 1980 s’est opéré dans les sciences humaines un tournant éthique indiscutable. Dans le secteur de la psychologie et de l’ethnologie, et plus particulièrement dans le sillage de Serge Moscovici et Robert Jaulin, occupant une marginalité centrale au sein de l’université, s’opérait un changement de l’approche de notre rapport au politique et à la nature. Un nouvel ordre critique s’instaurait qui allait bouleverser la façon d’appréhender le monde et ses problèmes. Dans le même temps où monte le souci de l’identité et des civilisations, le colonialisme est mis en accusation et la question naturelle devient la question centrale., Serge Moscovici en su vida. Una marginalidad central Entre los años 1970 y 1980 se produjo un indiscutible giro ético en las ciencias humanas. En el ámbito de la psicología y la etnología, y más concretamente en la estela de Serge Moscovici y Robert Jaulin, desde una marginalidad central dentro de la universidad, se estaba produciendo un cambio en el planteamiento de nuestra relación con la política y la naturaleza. Se estaba estableciendo un nuevo orden critico que iba a dar un vuelco a la forma de entender el mundo y sus problemas. Al tiempo que aumentaba la preocupación por la identidad y las civilizaciones, se condenaba el colonialismo y se ponía el foco en las cuestiones de la naturaleza., Dibie Pascal. Serge Moscovici dans sa vie. Une marginalité centrale. In: Communications, 110, 2022. Vivantes interactions. pp. 209-219.

Carrion production is one of the most crucial yet neglected and understudied processes in food webs and ecosystems. In this study, we performed a large-scale estimation of the maximum potential production and spatial distribution of ungulate carrion biomass from five major sources in peninsular Spain, both anthropogenic (livestock, big game hunting, roadkills) and natural (predation, natural mortality). Using standardized ungulate carrion biomass (kg/year/100km2) estimates, we evaluated the relationship between ungulate carrion production and two ecosystem-level factors: global human modification (GHM) and primary productivity (NDVI). We found that anthropogenic carrion sources supplied about 60 times more ungulate carrion biomass than natural sources (mean = 90,172 vs. 1533 kg/year/100km2, respectively). Within anthropogenic carrion sources, livestock was by far the major carrion provider (91.1% of the annual production), followed by big game hunting (7.86%) and roadkills (0.05%). Within natural carrion sources, predation of ungulates provided more carrion (0.81%) than natural mortality (0.13%). Likewise, we found that the spatial distribution of carrion differed among carrion sources, with anthropogenic carrion being more aggregated in space than natural carrion. Our models showed that GHM was positively related to carrion production from livestock and roadkills, and that wild ungulate carrion supplied by natural sources and big game hunting was more frequently generated in more productive areas (higher NDVI). These findings indicate a disconnection between the main ungulate carrion source (livestock) and primary productivity. Ongoing socio-economic changes in developed countries (for example increase of intensive livestock husbandry and rewilding processes) could lead to additional alteration of carrion production processes, with potential negative impacts at the community and ecosystem levels. Overall, we highlight that carrion biomass quantification should be considered a crucial tool in evaluating ecosystem health and delineating efficient ecosystem management guidelines in the Anthropocene. JM was supported by a Basque Government predoctoral grant (PRE_2018_2_0112), ACA by a contract Juan de la Cierva Incorporación (IJCI-2014-20744; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain) and a Post Doc contract Programa Viçent Mut of Govern Balear (PD/039/2017, Spain), MM by a Ramón y Cajal research contract from the MINECO (RYC-2015-19231), ZMR and LNA by contracts cofounded by the Generalitat Valenciana and the European Social Fund (APOSTD/2019/016 and ACIF/2019/056, respectively), and by a Ramón y Cajal research contract from the MINECO (RYC-2019-027216-I) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (SEJI/2018/024). This study was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and EU ERDF funds through the projects RTI2018-099609-B-C21, CIAGRO-UMH, and CGL2017-89905-R.

This work was partially supported by DETECTOR (grant no. A-RNM-256-UGR18, Universidad de Granada/FEDER), LifeWatch SmartEcoMountains (grant no. LifeWatch-2019-10-UGR-01, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Universidad de Granada/FEDER), BBVA DeepSCOP (Ayudas Fundacion BBVA a Equipos de Investigacion Cientifica 2018), DeepL-ISCO (grant no. A-TIC-458-UGR18, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/FEDER), SMART-DASCI (grant no. TIN2017-89517-P, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Universidad de Granada/FEDER), BigDDL-CET (grant no. P18-FR-4961, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Universidad de Granada/FEDER), RESISTE (grant no. P18-RT-1927, Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento y Universidad from the Junta de Andalucia/FEDER), Ecopotential (grant no. 641762, European Commission), PID2020-119478GB-I00, the Conselleria de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana, the European Social Fund (grant no. APOSTD/2021/188), the European Research Council (ERC grant no. 647038/BIODESERT), and the Group on Earth Observations and Google Earth Engine (Essential Biodiversity Variables -ScaleUp project)., Land use and land cover (LULC) mapping are of paramount importance to monitor and understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth system. One of the most promising ways to create accurate global LULC maps is by building good quality state-of-the-art machine learning models. Building such models requires large and global datasets of annotated time series of satellite images, which are not available yet. This paper presents TimeSpec4LULC (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5913554; Khaldi et al., 2022), a smart opensource global dataset of multispectral time series for 29 LULC classes ready to train machine learning models. TimeSpec4LULC was built based on the seven spectral bands of the MODIS sensors at 500m resolution, from 2000 to 2021, and was annotated using spatial–temporal agreement across the 15 global LULC products available in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The 22-year monthly time series of the seven bands were created globally by (1) applying different spatial–temporal quality assessment filters on MODIS Terra and Aqua satellites; (2) aggregating their original 8 d temporal granularity into monthly composites; (3) merging TerraCAqua data into a combined time series; and (4) extracting, at the pixel level, 6 076 531 time series of size 262 for the seven bands along with a set of metadata: geographic coordinates, country and departmental divisions, spatial–temporal consistency across LULC products, temporal data availability, and the global human modification index. A balanced subset of the original dataset was also provided by selecting 1000 evenly distributed samples from each class such that they are representative of the entire globe. To assess the annotation quality of the dataset, a sample of pixels, evenly distributed around the world from each LULC class, was selected and validated by experts using very high resolution images from both Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. This smartly, pre-processed, and annotated dataset is targeted towards scientific users interested in developing various machine learning models, including deep learning networks, to perform global LULC mapping., DETECTOR (Universidad de Granada/FEDER) A-RNM-256-UGR18, LifeWatch SmartEcoMountains (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Universidad de Granada/FEDER), LifeWatch-2019-10-UGR-01, BBVA DeepSCOP (Ayudas Fundacion BBVA a Equipos de Investigacion Cientifica 2018), DeepL-ISCO (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/FEDER) A-TIC-458-UGR18, SMART-DASCI (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Universidad de Granada/FEDER) TIN2017-89517-P, BigDDL-CET (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Universidad de Granada/FEDER) P18-FR-4961, RESISTE (Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento y Universidad from the Junta de Andalucia/FEDER) P18-RT-1927, European Commission 641762, Conselleria de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana, European Social Fund (ESF) APOSTD/2021/188, European Research Council (ERC), European Commission 647038/BIODESERT, Group on Earth Observations and Google Earth Engine (Essential Biodiversity Variables -ScaleUp project) PID2020-119478GB-I00

La filosofía de la técnica propuesta por Heidegger tiene uno de sus hilos conductores en la crisis ecológica. A partir de aquí se pueden señalar sus vínculos con la tradición del marxismo y la economía ambiental, la propuesta del decrecimiento y una renovada filosofía de la naturaleza. The philosophy of technique proposed by Heidegger has one of its leiv motives in the ecological crisis. From here, its links with the tradition of Marxism and environmental economics, the degrowth proposal and a renewed philosophy of nature can be pointed out. Keywords: technique, industrial capitalism, ecology

Fil: Galetto, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina. Fil: Aizen, Marcelo A. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Rio Negro, Argentina. Fil: Arizmendi, María del Coro. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. Fil: Freitas, Breno M. Universidade Federal do Ceará. Brasil. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Giannini, Tereza C. Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel. Brasil. Fil: Lopes, Ariadna V. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Brasil. Fil: Do Espírito Santo, Mário M. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Brasil. Fil: Maués, Márcia M. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Brasil. Fil: Nates-Parra, Guiomar. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Colombia. Fil: Rodríguez, Jaime I. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Bolivia. Bolivia. Fil: Quezada-Euán, José J. G. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. México. Fil: Vandame, Remy. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. México. Fil: Viana, Blandina F. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Brasil. Fil: Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera L. Instituto Tecnológico Vale Desenvolvimento Sustentavel. Brasil. The conservation status of pollinators and pollination in Latin America (LA) is reviewed. The knowledge regarding native and managed pollinators (e.g., honeybee and stingless bees) and pollination services was synthetized, and the guidelines to improve the opportunities for conservation are provided, considering the threats to pollinators and the perspectives from traditional and local knowledge. The analysis indicates that diverse threats (e.g., large-scale agriculture, deforestation, overuse of agrochemicals) are linked with pollination and pollinator decline, which affect the reproduction of most native plants and the yields of many crops. LA harbours the highest bee diversity worldwide, with 26% of the total recorded species, and it is a biodiversity hotspot of vertebrate pollinators, including hummingbirds, perching birds, nectarivorous bats and other mammal pollinators. Specific recommendations to conserve native pollinators and to improve pollination services are provided, which could be considered by stakeholders and governments aiming to elaborate biocultural conservation. For example, introducing policies and legal responses for incentives to help farmers maintain natural habitats and forests, to replace or reduce agrochemicals and to improve diversified crop production with agroecological practices; refining agrochemical regulations to minimize the exposure of pollinators to insecticides and herbicides; improving knowledge and education on pollinators and pollination gives societies worldwide the opportunity to change current hegemonic agricultural practices and consumption paerns; integrating different land ethical views of ethnic minorities on a sustainable relationship between production and biodiversity. A wider view combining social, ecological, cultural dimensions may support beer decision making. This holistic socio-agroecological perspective is urgently needed to conserve and manage pollinators at different spatial and temporal scales, and to integrate pollination services, pollinator-friendly habitat management approaches and diversified farming systems. Se realizó una revisión sobre el estado de conservación de los polinizadores y la polinización en América Latina (LA). Se presentan pautas para mejorar las oportunidades de conservación, considerando las amenazas a los polinizadores y las perspectivas desde el conocimiento tradicional y local. El análisis indica que diversas amenazas (e.g., agricultura a gran escala, deforestación, uso excesivo de agroquímicos) están vinculadas con la disminución de polinizadores, afectando la reproducción de las plantas nativas y los rendimientos de muchos cultivos. LA alberga la mayor diversidad de abejas en todo el mundo y una gran diversidad de polinizadores vertebrados (e.g., colibríes, aves de percha nectarívoras, murciélagos nectarívoros y otros mamíferos). Se proporcionan recomendaciones para proteger los polinizadores nativos y mejorar los servicios de polinización, las que podrían ser consideradas por los tomadores de decisiones y así promover la conservación biocultural. Por ejemplo, desarrollar instrumentos legales, políticas e incentivos para ayudar a los agricultores a mantener los hábitats naturales, para reemplazar o reducir el uso de agroquímicos y para promover las prácticas agroecológicas; perfeccionar las reglamentaciones sobre aplicación de agroquímicos para minimizar la exposición de los polinizadores a insecticidas y herbicidas; mejorar la comunicación pública del conocimiento sobre los polinizadores y la polinización para incentivar un cambio en las prácticas agrícolas hegemónicas y los patrones de consumo actuales; considerar otras éticas ambientales de las minorías étnicas para enfatizar la necesidad de promover una relación sostenible entre producción de alimentos y biodiversidad. Se necesita urgentemente una visión más amplia que combine las dimensiones sociales, ecológicas y culturales para una mejor toma de decisiones. Esta perspectiva socio-agroecológica holística es importante para conservar y gestionar los polinizadores a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, y para poder integrar los servicios de polinización con enfoques de gestión del territorio favorables a los polinizadores y con sistemas agrícolas diversificados.

Anthropic activities have modelled and simplified southern European forest landscapes for centuries. Over recent decades, new drivers related to human-mediated global change have induced the redistribution of tree species and an increase in more complex forests. However, the current large-scale patterns and drivers of these changes are yet to be fully described for the Mediterranean Basin. In this frame, this work identifies and examines changes in dominance and composition from pure to mixed forests across bioclimatic gradients and forest types in Iberian forests over recent decades based on data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory from 1960 to 2020. Then, considering different environmental, anthropic, and disturbance variables we also identify some of the most important drivers associated with the shifts observed from 1986 to 2020. Our results confirm an ongoing increase in mixed forests involving the replacement of conifers by broadleaved species. These shifts are greater in the Atlantic biogeoregion and in pure broadleaved deciduous forests. Climate warming-associated disturbances such as drought severity together with land use legacies and forest types showed the strongest relationships with the observed changes in the studied forests. Our results support the premise put forward by palaeoecologists which states that the increase in tree mixtures is a natural process reversing the historical human-induced simplification of Iberian forests. The increasing importance of mixed forest in southern Europe makes decisive the revision of forest classifications as well as forest management and conservation plans in order to include these increasingly abundant novel stands in forest policies.

O Aedes aegypti é um inseto de ampla dispersão vetorial e importância epidemiológica, por ser um dos principais vetores de arboviroses. A estratégia de marcação-liberação-recaptura de vetores fornece fortes evidências sobre aspectos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de insetos, especialmente relacionados aos aspectos biológicos e ecológicos, elementos importantes de serem conhecidos na perspectiva de desenvolver ações mais precisas de controle vetorial. Diante disso, propõe-se a confecção de uma revisão de escopo com a finalidade de “mapear evidências científicas que abordem os aspectos relacionados ao Aedes aegypti a partir da estratégia de marcação-liberação-recaptura”. Através da definição do PC (População e conceito) foram definidos os elementos de pesquisa e eleição de palavras-chave de busca, utilizando-se do JBI e PRISMA-Scr para elaboração do protocolo do estudo. Serão consultadas em inglês nas bases de dados: MEDLINE/PubMed (via National Library of Medicine), Web of Science - Coleção Principal (Clarivate Analytics), Scopus, Embase, Portal Regional da BVS e Cochrane Library. As publicações serão avaliadas por dois revisores, com auxílio de um terceiro, através do Rayyan® e sintetizadas através de planilhas eletrônicas. Espera-se que através desta revisão seja possível compreender aspectos gerais do comportamento do Aedes aegypti e particularidades loco-regionais, segundo o local de realização da pesquisa, reunindo evidências que nos permitam desenvolver estratégias mais eficazes de controle vetorial.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a existência de recontextualização do conceito de biodiversidade no discurso dos elaboradores de um curso de formação de professores. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada para investigar as características do texto fornecido pela apostila do curso e pela palestra proferida, comparando-as com o texto científico original sobre as dimensões da biodiversidade. Os resultados evidenciam que os conceitos foram modificados de seu sentido original, havendo omissão de termos, adição de sentenças, valores e exemplificações, sendo que a apostila manteve mais características do texto original quando comparado à palestra. Ao mesmo tempo, houve a recontextualização de um texto estritamente científico para uma versão compatível com o contexto do curso de formação. O trabalho defende que a formação de professores de ciências perpasse as dimensões filogenética, genética e funcional da biodiversidade a fim de alcançar a transformação cultural e a superação de situações socioambientais desiguais RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es verificar la existencia de una recontextualización del concepto de biodiversidad en el discurso de los desarrolladores de un curso de formación docente. Se utilizó el análisis de contenido para investigar las características del texto proporcionado por el folleto del curso y la conferencia, comparándolos con el texto científico original sobre las dimensiones de la biodiversidad. Los resultados muestran que se modificaron los conceptos con relación a su significado original, con omisión de términos, adición de oraciones, valores y ejemplificaciones, y el folleto mantuvo más características del texto original en comparación con la conferencia. Al mismo tiempo, un texto estrictamente científico fue recontextualizado en una versión compatible con el contexto del curso de formación. El artículo argumenta que la formación de profesores de ciencias permea las dimensiones filogenética, genética y funcional de la biodiversidad para lograr la transformación cultural y la superación de situaciones socioambientales desiguales. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to determine if there was a recontextualization of the concept of biodiversity in the discourse of the developers of a teacher training course. Content analysis was used to investigate the characteristics of the booklet provided by the course handout and the lecture given, comparing them with the original scientific text about the dimensions of biodiversity. The results show that the concepts were modified from their original meaning, with omission of terms, addition of sentences, values and exemplifications, and the booklet kept more characteristics of the original text when compared to the lecture. At the same time, a strictly scientific text was recontextualized into a version compatible with the context of the training course. We argue that the training of science teachers should encompass the phylogenetic, genetic, and functional dimensions of biodiversity to achieve cultural transformation and overcome unequal socio-environmental situations.

[EN] Artistic proposals related to care, especially in its aspects of caring for the environment and for communities, are increasing in the cultural panorama. Different institutions show a growing tendency to include them in their programs. This article provides a contextualization of caring and ecological ethics, especially focused on caring for the environment. An analysis of two artistic projects is also included. These projects are based on the different phases of the care process and they were a part of the European art biennial Manifesta and of the Palazzo Strozzi cultural institution. It is concluded from this analysis that these projects show the capacity of art to communicate and promote contextual thoughts and that they do so by emphasizing the role of the collective in the creative process., [ES] Las propuestas artísticas relacionadas con el cuidado, especialmente en sus vertientes de cuidado por el entorno y por las comunidades, están cada vez más presentes en el panorama cultural, siendo diversas las instituciones que manifiestan una tendencia creciente a incluirlas en sus programas. En el presente artículo se realiza una contextualización de la teoría de la ética del cuidado y de la ética ecológica, especialmente centradas en el cuidado del entorno. En base a las distintas fases en las que se divide el proceso de cuidado se analizan dos proyectos artísticos pertenecientes a la bienal de arte europea Manifesta y a la organización cultural de Palazzo Strozzi. Concluyendo de este análisis que al poner énfasis en lo colectivo y en la implicación del papel cultural en su conformación, estos proyectos evidencian la capacidad del arte para comunicar y promover pensamientos contextuales.

A flutuação populacional da noiva-do-arroz, Rupela albinella Cramer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), em arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina não é conhecida. Isto dificulta o planejamento global do manejo integrado de pragas a ser implantado nas lavouras. Desta forma, objetivou-se monitorar a incidência de mariposas da noiva-do-arroz, visando conhecer a flutuação populacional e determinar as épocas de maior ocorrência desse inseto nas lavouras. Armadilhas luminosas foram instaladas em áreas de cultivo de arroz irrigado na Estação Experimental da Epagri em Itajaí, SC e no Centro de Treinamento da Epagri, em Araranguá, SC. A partir de setembro de 2008 a março de 2021, as armadilhas foram ligadas das 16 às 9 horas, uma vez por semana, exceto de maio a agosto de cada ano, quando permaneceram desligadas. A flutuação populacional de mariposas R. albinella caracteriza-se pelo incremento inicial contínuo e posterior decaimento contínuo de indivíduos ao longo do tempo. Em Santa Catarina, as maiores populações em lavoura de arroz irrigado ocorrem no mês de dezembro no Sul Catarinense e em março no Litoral Norte.

O artigo expõe os conceitos de antropoceno e ecologia na relação com a arte teatral, para problematizar possibilidades que artistas têm de produzir ideias e valores em consonância com a urgência ecológica nas relações individuais e coletivas entre os seres humanos e a natureza. Por meio de três caminhos, como meios de constituir as relações cênicas no teatro, a autora questiona sobre as ações humanas, seus limites e alcances na relação com as transformações globais planetárias, possíveis de serem representadas e sensibilizadas em cena, desde o tema, o projeto cenográfico e espacial ao projeto estético.

O presente artigo foi escrito a partir de nossa pesquisa de Pós- Doutorado, cujo título é EcoFilosofia: Heidegger e Deleuze/ Guattari - diálogo virtual, concluída em 2020. Nesta pesquisa, tentamos demonstrar a hipótese segundo a qual a EcoFilosofia é um conceito que subjaz tanto o pensamento de Martin Heidegger quanto o de Gilles Deleuze e de Félix Guattari. Isto significa que o conceito de EcoFilosofia é o impensado do pensamento de tais pensadores. Aqui, o impensado não significa o não pensado, mas o pensado, que, no entanto, não foi devidamente enunciado pelos mesmos. Donde por que a justificava maior desta pesquisa, a saber, enunciar o conceito de EcoFilosofia tal como foi pensado, de um lado, pelo pensador alemão, e, de outro, pela dupla de pensadores franceses. Mas, justamente, ao enunciar o conceito de EcoFilosofia no pensamento tanto de Heidegger quanto da dupla Deleuze e Guattari, também contribuímos para a sua criação - uma criação conceitual coletiva. This article was written from our Post-Doctoral research, whose title is EcoPhilosophy: Heidegger and Deleuze/Guattari - virtual dialogue, completed in 2020. In this research, we tried to demonstrate the hypothesis according to which EcoPhilosophy is a concept that underlies both the thinking of Martin Heidegger and that of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. This means that the concept of EcoPhilosophy is the unthinkable thought of such thinkers. Here, the unthought does not mean the no thought, but the thought, which, however, was not properly enunciated by them. Hence why this research was most justified, namely, to enunciate the concept of EcoPhilosophy as thought, on the one hand, by the German thinker, and, on the other, by the pair of French thinkers. But precisely by enunciating the concept of EcoPhilosophy in the thought of both Heidegger and the duo Deleuze and Guattari, we also contributed to its creation - a collective conceptual creation. Este artículo fue escrito a partir de nuestra investigación Post- Doctoral, cuyo título es EcoFilosofía: Heidegger y Deleuze/ Guattari - diálogo virtual, completado en 2020. En esta investigación, intentamos demostrar la hipótesis según la cual la EcoFilosofía es un concepto que subyace tanto en el pensamiento de Martin Heidegger como en el de Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari. Esto significa que el concepto de EcoFilosofía es el pensamiento impensable de tales pensadores. Aquí, lo impensado no significa lo no pensado, sino el pensamiento, que, sin embargo, no fue debidamente enunciado por ellos. De ahí que esta investigación estuviera más justificada, a saber, para enunciar el concepto de EcoFilosofía como pensado, por un lado, por el pensador alemán, y, por otro, por la pareja de pensadores franceses. Pero precisamente al enunciar el concepto de EcoFilosofía en el pensamiento tanto de Heidegger como del dúo Deleuze y Guattari, también contribuimos a su creación, una creación conceptual colectiva. Cet article est issu de notre recherche Post-Doctorale, dont le titre est EcoPhilosophie: Heidegger et Deleuze/Guattari - dialogue virtuel, achevé en 2020. Dans cette recherche, nous avons tenté de démontrer l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'EcoPhilosophie est un concept qui sous-tend à la fois la pensée de Martin Heidegger et celle de Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari. Cela signifie que le concept d'ÉcoPhilosophie est l’impensable de la pensée de tels penseurs. Ici, l'impensé ne veut pas dire le non pensé, mais la pensée qui n'a pas été convenablement énoncée par ces philosophes. D'où la principale justification de notre recherche, à savoir, d'énoncer le concept d'ÉcoPhilosophie tel qu’il avait été pensé, d'une part, par le penseur allemand, et, d'autre part, par les deux penseurs français. Mais précisément en énonçant le concept d'EcoPhilosophie dans la pensée à la fois de Heidegger et du duo Deleuze et Guattari, nous avons également contribué à sa création - une création conceptuelle collective.

Comunitat de macroparàsits de la barracuda del Pacífic Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) de la costa nord del Perú L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és informar sobre la comunitat de macroparàsits de la barracuda del Pacífic Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) de la costa nord del Perú. De setembre a octubre de 2019 vam adquirir 138 exemplars de S. ensis a Caleta de Zorritos, província Contraalmirante Villar, Tumbes, a la costa nord del Perú. La comunitat de paràsits trobada va estar constituïda per nou espècies de monogenis, copèpodes, trematodes i nematodes. La longitud corporal total dels peixos es va correlacionar negativament amb la intensitat mitjana d’infestació per Pseudochauhanea sp. D’altra banda, l’abundància mitjana de Pseudochauhanea sp. va mostrar una marcada diferència significativa entre les poblacions de peixos mascles i femelles i estava més associada als mascles. Proporcionem una llista de macroparàsits registrats en peixos del gènere Sphyraena presents a l’oceà Pacífic Oriental. Llista de dades publicades a GBIF (Doi: 10.15470/5htffh)

La poesía del nicaragüense Ernesto Cardenal (1925-2019) está eminentemente volcada hacia el mundo. La actual crisis ecológica no podía estar ausente de su Cántico cósmico (1989), poema de largo aliento que se detiene en el altísimo coste humano de la problemática ecológica causada por el modo de producción capitalista y cuyo enfoque ecosistémico se expande hasta empalmarse con el otro gran tema cardenaliano: la búsqueda de una comunión mística con el prójimo y el cosmos. La poésie du Nicaraguayen Ernesto Cardenal (1925-2019) est éminemment tournée vers le monde. La crise écologique actuelle ne saurait être absente de son Cántico cósmico (1989), poème de longue haleine qui s’attarde sur le coût humain très élevé des problèmes écologiques causés par le mode de production capitaliste et dont l’approche écosystémique se développe jusqu’à se connecter avec l’autre grand thème cardenalien : la quête d’une communion mystique avec autrui et avec le cosmos. The poetry of the Nicaraguan Ernesto Cardenal (1925-2019) is eminently focused upon the world. The current ecological crisis could’nt be absent from his Cántico cósmico (1989), a long poem that dwells on the ecological problems’ very high human cost caused by the capitalist mode of production and whose ecosystemic approach expands and finally connects with the other great theme of Cardenal’s poetry: the search for a mystical communion with the others as well as with the cosmos.

Fil: Smith, Matthew R. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Department of Environmental Health. Estados Unidos. Fil: Mueller, Nathaniel D. Colorado State University. Department of Ecosystem Science and Department of Soil and Crop Sciences. Estados Unidos. Fil: Springmann, Marco. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health. Reino Unido. Fil: Sulser, Timothy B. International Food Policy Research Institute. Environment and Production Technology Division. Estados Unidos. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Gerber, James. University of Minnesota. Institute on the Environment. Estados Unidos. Fil: Wiebe, Keith. International Food Policy Research Institute. Environment and Production Technology Division. Estados Unidos. Fil: Myers, Samuel S. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Department of Environmental Health. Estados Unidos. Background: Animal pollination supports agricultural production for many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes, that provide key nutrients and protect against noncommunicable disease. Today, most crops receive suboptimal pollination because of limited abundance and diversity of pollinating insects. Animal pollinators are currently suffering owing to a host of direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures: land-use change, intensive farming techniques, harmful pesticides, nutritional stress, and climate change, among others. Objectives: We aimed to model the impacts on current global human health from insufficient pollination via diet. Methods: We used a climate zonation approach to estimate current yield gaps for animal-pollinated foods and estimated the proportion of the gap attributable to insufficient pollinators based on existing research. We then simulated closing the "pollinator yield gaps" by eliminating the portion of total yield gaps attributable to insufficient pollination. Next, we used an agriculture-economic model to estimate the impacts of closing the pollinator yield gap on food production, interregional trade, and consumption. Finally, we used a comparative risk assessment to estimate the related changes in dietary risks and mortality by country and globally. In addition, we estimated the lost economic value of crop production for three diverse case-study countries: Honduras, Nepal, and Nigeria. Results: Globally, we calculated that 3%-5% of fruit, vegetable, and nut production is lost due to inadequate pollination, leading to an estimated 427,000 (95% uncertainty interval: 86,000, 691,000) excess deaths annually from lost healthy food consumption and associated diseases. Modeled impacts were unevenly distributed: Lost food production was concentrated in lower-income countries, whereas impacts on food consumption and mortality attributable to insufficient pollination were greater in middle- and high-income countries with higher rates of noncommunicable disease. Furthermore, in our three case-study countries, we calculated the economic value of crop production to be 12%-31% lower than if pollinators were abundant (due to crop production losses of 3%-19%), mainly due to lost fruit and vegetable production. Discussion: According to our analysis, insufficient populations of pollinators were responsible for large present-day burdens of disease through lost healthy food consumption. In addition, we calculated that low-income countries lost significant income and crop yields from pollinator deficits. These results underscore the urgent need to promote pollinator-friendly practices for both human health and agricultural livelihoods. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10947.

Conforté par les gouvernements de Donald Trump aux États-Unis ou de Jair Bolsonaro au Brésil, voire à certains égards par celui de Boris Johnson au Royaume-Uni, le climatoscepticisme a connu ces dernières années des heures propices. L’espace politique que lui ont ouvert ces gouvernements confirme ce qui était déjà connu – l’étroite association entre le déni du réchauffement climatique et les idéologies conservatrices (Pottier, 2013) –, tout en invitant à prolonger la réflexion sur les facteur...

Fil: González Chaves, Adrian. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociência. Departamento de Ecologia. Brasil. Fil: Carvalheiro, Luísa G. Universidade de Lisboa. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes. Faculdade de Ciencias. Portugal. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Metzger, Jean Paul. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociência. Departamento de Ecologia. Brasil. Enhancing biodiversity-based ecosystem services can generate win–win opportunities for conservation and agricultural production. Pollination and pest control are two essential agricultural services provided by mobile organisms, many depending on native vegetation networks beyond the farm scale. Many studies have evaluated the effects of landscape changes on such services at small scales. However, several landscape management policies (e.g. selection of conservation sites) and associated funding allocation occur at much larger spatial scales (e.g. state or regional level). Therefore, it is essential to understand whether the links between landscape, ecosystem services and crop yields are robust across broad and heterogeneous regional conditions. Here, we used data from 610 Brazilian municipalities within the Atlantic Forest region (~50 Mha) and show that forest is a crucial factor affecting coffee yields, regardless of regional variations in soil, climate and management practices. We found forest cover surrounding coffee fields was better at predicting coffee yields than forest cover at the municipality level. Moreover, the positive effect of forest cover on coffee yields was stronger for Coffea canephora, the species with higher pollinator dependence, than for Coffea arabica. Overall, coffee yields were highest when they were near to forest fragments, mostly in landscapes with intermediate to high forest cover (>20%), above the biodiversity extinction threshold. Coffee cover was the most relevant management practice associated with coffee yield prediction. An increase in crop area was associated with a higher yield, but mostly in high forest covers municipalities. Other localized management practices like irrigation, pesticide use, organic manure and honeybee density had little importance in predicting coffee yields than landscape structure parameters. Neither the climatic or topographic variables were as relevant as forest cover at predicting coffee yields. Synthesis and application. Our work provides evidence that landscape relationships with ecosystem service provision are consistent across regions with different agricultural practices and environmental conditions. These results provide a way in which landscape management can articulate small landscape management with regional conservation goals. Policies directed towards increasing landscape interspersion of coffee fields with forest remnants favour spillover process, and can thus benefit the provision of biodiversity-based ecosystem services, increasing agricultural productivity. Such interventions can generate win–win situations favouring biodiversity conservation and increased crop yields across large regions.

With ongoing climate change, the probability of crossing environmental thresholds promoting abrupt changes in ecosystem structure and functioning is higher than ever. In drylands (areas where it rains, M.B. acknowledges support from Juan de la Cierva Formación fellowship program (FJCI-2018-036520-I) from Spanish Ministry of Science. B.V. and R.S. have been funded by PR01018-EC-H2020-FET-Open MADONNA project. R.S. also counted with the support of the Santa Fe Institute, and the support of Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya. F.T.M. acknowledges support from the European Research Council grant agreement nº 647038 (BIODESERT) and from Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041).

Este artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar el concepto de educación ecológica a la luz de la encíclica Laudato si’. Inicialmente, traza un itinerario educativo desde Gravissimum educationis, pasando por los principales documentos del pontificado del papa Francisco, y finalmente, bosqueja un mapa constitutivo con definición, elementos y alcances de la práctica educativa en ecología. La propuesta inspiradora es la necesidad de reconocer nuevas acciones sobre el estilo de vida actual elegido por la sociedad, haciéndonos reflexionar que se necesita superar la comprensión ambigua de que hay dos crisis separadas, la del hombre y la ecológica, cuando en realidad hay una sola compleja crisis socioambiental. Se concluye identificando la educación ecológica como un nuevo paradigma de vida y su relación con otros saberes en el proceso de la enseñanza religiosa.

Los estudios literarios latinoamericanos poco se han dedicado a las relaciones entre la literatura y el medioambiente. Así, el presente artículo propone una lectura ecocrítica del cuento “Nos han dado la tierra” de Juan Rulfo. Los estudios sobre este cuento parten, en general, de la narratología, y aunque nos sumamos a ella analizando la dimensión espacial, lo hacemos exponiendo la distinción que provee la ecocrítica de los términos espacio y lugar. Aunado a esto, presentamos a modo de colofón lo referente a la justicia ambiental, pues creemos que el cuento transmite que la cultura humana está conectada con el mundo físico.

Este artigo objetiva uma leitura panorâmica de O capital, de Karl Marx, à luz da catástrofe ambiental contemporânea. Apoiando-se em bibliografia de teóricos ecossocialistas que realizaram uma leitura filológica e sistemática dos aspectos da obra marxiana mais relevantes dentro de uma perspectiva ecológica, percorrem-se alguns dos eixos principais de O capital. De início, são explicitadas as consequências para o metabolismo social com a natureza implicadas na forma-mercadoria e no seu fetichismo. Em seguida, os desenvolvimentos que o modo de produção capitalista efetiva em sua circulação e produção (crises, aumento das forças produtivas, lei da queda tendencial da taxa de lucro, financeirização, intensificação das velocidades) são retomados em sua significância ambiental. Por fim, conclui-se o artigo apontando como, na investigação sobre a renda da terra, sob a influência de Liebig, Marx conceitualiza o colapso ambiental gerado pelo modo de produção capitalista a partir da noção de ruptura metabólica –contraposta por Marx a um modelo de sociedade futura que busque ativamente a preservação e a melhora da natureza para as gerações futuras.

O ecossocialismo busca fornecer uma alternativa civilizatória radical, fundada nos argumentos básicos do movimento ecológico e na crítica marxista da economia política. Ele opõe, ao progresso destrutivo capitalista, que está levando o mundo a uma catástrofe ecológica sem precedente, uma política fundada em critérios não-mercantis: as necessidades sociais e o equilíbrio ecológico. O ecosocialismo é, ao mesmo tempo, uma estratégia política anticapitalista, que busca a convergência das lutas sociais e ecológicas

Aims Gypsum soils are P-limited atypical soils that harbour a rich endemic flora. These singular soils are usually found in drylands, where plant activity and soil nutrient availability are seasonal. No previous studies have analysed the seasonality of P nutrition and its interaction with the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) colonisation in gypsum plants. Our aim was to evaluate the seasonal changes in plant nutrient status, AMF colonisation and rhizospheric soil nutrient availability in gypsum specialist and generalist species. Methods We evaluated seasonal variation in the proportion of root length colonised by AMF structures (hyphae, vesicules and arbuscules), plant nutrient status (leaf C, N and P and fine root C and N) and rhizospheric soil content (P, organic matter, nitrate and ammonium) of three gypsum specialists and two generalists throughout a year. Results All species showed arbuscules within roots, including species of Caryophyllaceae and Brassicaceae. Root colonisation by arbuscules (AC) was higher in spring than in other seasons, when plants showed high leaf P-requirements. Higher AC was decoupled from inorganic N and P availability in rhizospheric soil, and foliar nutrient content. Generalists showed higher AC than specialists, but only in spring. Conclusions Seasonality was found in AMF colonisation, rhizospheric soil content and plant nutrient status. The mutualism between plants and AMF was highest in spring, when P-requirements are higher for plants, especially in generalists. However, AMF decoupled from plant demands in autumn, when nutrient availability increases in rhizospheric soil.

Though a large number of techniques are available for the study of aquatic bacteria, the aim of this study was to establish a technique for analysing free-living and biofilm prokaryotic cells through laboratory assays. In particular, we wished to analyse the efficiency of ultrasound to detach and disrupt biofilm, to obtain an efficient stain treatment for quantifying free-living and biofilm prokaryotes in flow cytometry (FC), and to compare epifluorescence microscopy (EFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FC for quantifying free-living and biofilm prokaryotes#. Marine-grade plywood substrates were immersed in natural marine water that was conditioned for 12 days. At 6 and 12 days, water aliquots and substrates were removed to estimate free-living and biofilm prokaryote density. Ultrasound efficiently removed marine biofilm from substrates (up to 94%) without cell damage. FC analysis (unstained) reliably quantified marine plankton and young or mature biofilm prokaryotes compared with other staining (acridine orange, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, propidium iodide and green fluorescent nucleic acid), EFM or SEM techniques. FC and SEM achieved similar results, while a high variability was observed in the EFM technique. FC was faster and more precise than SEM because the count is not dependent on the observer., A pesar de la gran cantidad de técnicas disponibles para el estudio de bacterias acuáticas, el objetivo de este estudio fue aplicar y proponer una técnica para el análisis de células procariotas de vida libre y asociado a biofilms en ensayos de laboratorio. En particular, deseamos analizar la eficiencia de de la aplicación de ultrasonidos para separar y romper el biofilm, obtener un tratamiento de tinción eficiente para cuantificar procariotas de vida libre y de biofilm por citometría de flujo (CF), y comparar microscopía de epifluorescencia (MEP), microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y CF para cuantificar los procariotas de vida libre y de biofilm. Los sustratos de madera contrachapada de grado marino se sumergieron en agua marina natural que se acondicionó durante 12 días. A los 6 y 12 días, se retiraron alícuotas de agua y sustratos para estimar la densidad de procariotas de vida libre y asociados a los biofilms. Los ultrasonidos eliminaron de manera eficiente el biofilm marino de los sustratos (hasta 94%) sin dañar las células. El análisis por CF (sin marcador) cuantificó de manera fiable las células del plancton marino y los procariotas de biofilms jóvenes o maduros en comparación con otras técnicas de marcación (naranja de acridina, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindol, yoduro de propidio, ácido nucleico fluorescente verde), MEP o MEB. CF y MEB lograron resultados similares, mientras que se observó una alta variabilidad en la técnica EFM. Cuando se compara, CF es más rápido y más preciso que MED, ya que el recuento no depende del observador.

Quercus robur/Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris are widely distributed and economically important tree species in Europe co-occurring on mesotrophic, xeric and mesic sites. Increasing dry conditions may reduce their growth, but growth reductions may be modified by mixture, competition and site conditions. The annual diameter growth in monospecific and mixed stands along an ecological gradient with mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.5 °C to 11.5 °C was investigated in this study. On 36 triplets (108 plots), trees were cored and the year-ring series were cross-dated, resulting in year-ring series of 785 and 804 trees for Q. spp. and P. sylvestris, respectively. A generalized additive model with a logarithmic link was fit to the data with random effects for the intercept at the triplet, year and tree level and a random slope for the covariate age for each tree; the Tweedie-distribution was used. The final model explained 87 % of the total variation in diameter increment for both tree species. Significant covariates were age, climate variables (long-term mean, monthly), local competition variables, relative dbh, mixture, stand structure and interactions thereof. Tree growth declined with age and local density and increased with social position. It was positively influenced by mixture and structural diversity (Gini coefficient); mixture effects were significant for P. sylvestris only. The influence of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in spring and autumn on tree growth was positive and non-linear, whereas tree growth sharply decreased with increasing PET in June, which proved to be the most influential month on tree growth along the whole ecological gradient. Interactions of PET with tree social position (relative dbh) were significant in July and September for Q. spp. and in April for P. sylvestris. Interactions of climate with density or mixture were not significant. Climatic effects found agree well with previous results from intra-annual growth studies and indicate that the model captures the causal factors for tree growth well. Furthermore, the interaction between climate and relative dbh might indicate a longer growth duration for trees of higher social classes. Analysis of random effects across time and space showed highly dynamic patterns, with competitive advantages changing annually between species and spatial patterns showing no large-scale trends but pointing to the prevalence of local site factors. In mixed-species stands, the tree species have the same competitivity in the long-term, which is modified by climate each year. Climate warming will shift the competitive advantages, but the direction will be highly site-specific., The authors thank the European Union for funding the project “Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience (REFORM)” under the framework of Sumforest ERA-NET. All contributors thank their national funding institutions to establish, measure and analyze data from the triplets. The Polish State Forests Enterprise also supported one of the Polish co-authors (Grant No: OR.271.3.15.2017). The Orléans site, OPTMix was installed thanks to ONF (National Forest Service, France), belongs to research infrastructure ANAEE-F; it is also included in the SOERE TEMPO, ZAL (LTSER Zone Atelier Loire) and the GIS oop network. This work was also supported by grant APVV-18-0347 (Slovakia). We acknowledge Institutional support MZE-RO0118 from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, partly funding the field measurements at Czech triplets.

Fil: Pérez Méndez, Néstor. Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries. Sustainable Field Crops Program. España. Fil: Alcaraz, Carles. Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries. Marine and Continental Waters Program. España. Fil: Bertolero, Albert. Associació Ornitológica Picampall de les Terres de l'Ebre. España. Fil: Català Forner, Mar. Sustainable Field Crops Program. España. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: González Varo, Juan P. Universidad de Cádiz. IVAGRO. Departamento de Biología. España. Fil: Rivaes, Sofía. SEO/Birdlife. España. Fil: Martínez Eixarch, Maite. Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries. Marine and Continental Waters Program. España. Direct consequences of biological invasions on biodiversity and the environment have been largely documented. Yet collateral indirect effects mediated by changes in agri-environmental policies aimed at combating invasions remain little explored. Here we assessed the effects of recent changes in water management in rice farming, which are aimed at buffering the impact of the invasive apple snail (Pomacea maculata, Lamarck) on greenhouse gas emissions and diversity of waterbird communities. We used observational data from a 2-year field monitoring (2015–2016) performed at the Ebro Delta regional scale. We found that drying rice fields reduced methane emission rates by 82% (2015) and 51% (2016), thereby reducing the contribution of rice farming to climate change. However, there was a marked reduction (75% in 2015 and 57% in 2016) in waterbird diversity in dry fields compared with flooded fields, thus suggesting that post-invasion policies might hinder biodiversity conservation. Our results highlight the need for accounting for potential collateral effects during the policy decision-making process to design efficient agricultural management plans that lessen undesirable agri-environmental outcomes.

El conservar las especies silvestres del medio es fundamental para la subsistencia del planeta dado las condiciones de prevención de catástrofes ecológicas a nivel de degradación de biodiversidad que generan consecuencias irreversibles en las redes tróficas. En este proyecto de investigación, se pretendió Generar nuevas prácticas de conservación ambiental sobre las especies silvestres (Didelphis marsupialis, - Zorra, Sylvilagus brasiliensis- Conejo de monte, Iguanidae-Iguana) en vía de extinción en estudiantes de 7 grado de la institución educativa Técnica Agropecuaria de Albania en el municipio de San Juan de Betulia jurisdicción del departamento de Sucre. Esta investigación, analiza la problemática encontrada en la IETAGRAL, y sus alrededores, teniendo en cuenta la evidente disminución de las especies y relacionándolo con el accionar de la comunidad posterior a lo cual se planteó un proyecto basado en el modelo de investigación IAP, o investigación acción participativa. El enfoque de investigación es cualitativo y La metodología empleada estuvo estructuradas en las siguientes fases: La primera fase de contextualización u observación, segunda Fase, análisis de pre concepciones al respecto con la aplicación de un pre test, tercera fase aplicación de la unidad didáctica diseñada en pro de la conservación de las especies subdividida en 8 sesiones, cuarta fase: aplicación del post test y evaluación del impacto de la estrategia. A partir de los hallazgos de esta investigación, se puede afirmar la pertinencia de aplicación de estrategias educativas en las escuelas de tipo conservacionistas que permiten a los futuros ciudadanos “conocer para conservar”. Conserving the wild species of the environment is essential for the subsistence of the planet given the conditions of prevention of ecological catastrophes at the level of biodiversity degradation that generate irreversible consequences in food webs. In this research project, it was intended to generate new practices of environmental conservation on wild species (Didelphis marsupialis, - Zorra, Sylvilagus brasiliensis- Rabbit, Iguanidae-Iguana) in danger of extinction in 7th grade students of the Technical educational institution Agriculture of Albania in the municipality of San Juan de Betulia, jurisdiction of the department of Sucre. This research analyzes the problems found in the IETAGRAL, and its surroundings, taking into account the evident decrease in species and relating it to the actions of the community after which a project based on the IAP research model, or research participatory action. The research approach is qualitative and the methodology used was structured in the following phases: The first phase of contextualization or observation, second phase, analysis of preconceptions in this regard with the application of a pre-test, third phase application of the designed didactic unit in favor of the conservation of species subdivided into 8 sessions, fourth phase: application of the post test and evaluation of the impact of the strategy. Based on the findings of this research, the relevance of applying educational strategies in conservationist schools that allow future citizens to "know to conserve" can be affirmed. Pregrado

La enseñanza de la arquitectura puede permanecer de perfil, en el margen aséptico del aprendizaje técnico - en particular el aprendizaje del dibujar para proyectar arquitectura - o puede exponerse frontalmente al contexto de nuestra contemporaneidad, recibir su impacto y ser devorada. Si se parte de la hipótesis que plantea lo arquitectónico como una interpretación crítica del mundo ‘real’, parece lógico introducir en el aula pedagogías que no desdeñen esta condición e incorporen la dimensión social, política y, en definitiva, cultural a las prácticas de aprendizaje. Este artículo reflexiona sobre el papel de nuestra docencia a raíz de la experiencia de la asignatura de Dibujo, análisis e ideación en el curso 2020-2021 celebrado en pleno confinamiento en la ETSAM donde se dispuso una pedagogía articulada en torno al libro El barón rampante, de Italo Calvino. Tanto en el tono, como en la filosofía, y en el diseño de cada uno de los objetivos y dispositivos de aprendizaje que se dispusieron en el aula taller, se persiguió la emancipación del alumnado y su acercamiento, a través del dibujo, a una arquitectura consciente de la complejidad y responsabilidad de su tiempo. La pedagogía de ‘Cosimo se sube a un árbol’, como cualquier otro desencadenante situado, no es casual; responde a la intención de cultivar una visión cosmopolítica y ecológica de la arquitectura tanto en sus prácticas de aprendizaje como en su interpretación disciplinar expandida.

Este artículo contiene 14 páginas, 6 figuras., Due to global warming, shorter ice cover duration might drastically affect the ecology of lakes currently undergoing seasonal surface freezing. Highmountain lakes show snow-rich ice covers that determine contrasting conditions between ice-off and ice-on periods. We characterized the bacterioplankton seasonality in a deep high-mountain lake ice-covered for half a year. The lake shows a rich core bacterioplankton community consisting of three components: (i) an assemblage stable throughout the year, dominated by Actinobacteria, resistant to all environmental conditions; (ii) an ice-on-resilient assemblage dominating during the ice-covered period, which is more diverse than the other components and includes a high abundance of Verrucomicrobia; the deep hypolimnion constitutes a refuge for many of the typical under-ice taxa, many of which recover quickly during autumn mixing; and (iii) an ice-off-resilient assemblage, which members peak in summer in epilimnetic waters when the rest decline, characterized by a dominance of Flavobacterium, and Limnohabitans. The rich core community and low random elements compared to other relatively small cold lakes can be attributed to its simple hydrological network in a poorly-vegetated catchment, the long water-residence time (ca. 4 years), and the long ice-cover duration; features common to many headwater deep high-mountain lakes., The research was funded by grants from the Spanish Government, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, NitroPir (CGL2010–19737), and Transfer (CGL2016–80124-C2-1-P) and the Catalan Government GECA (2017 SGR 910).

The purpose of this review article is to describe the characteristics of a dissent of the hegemonic discourse of economic science such as ecological economics, reflecting the asymmetries between them as the possibilities has to understand and solve labor transitions, economic and ecological that presents the problems of the 21st century. The methodology is qualitative, and the method is documentary review. The main conclusions are that the ecological economy establishes the dialogue with other disciplines as sustenance to respond to the challenges of the present. It conceives life as a pivot, not as another variable to obtain short-term returns but as a dynamic argumentative line.

Aim: The centre–periphery hypothesis predicts that habitat suitability will decrease at the edge of a species’ range, a pattern often questioned by empirical data. Here we explore if habitat suitability decreases southwards and shapes the abundance distribution of rear edge populations of forest birds within the restricted geographical setting of the south-western Palaearctic. We also test if birds endemic to the area fit more poorly to the latitudinal decrease in habitat suitability due to the putative effect of adaptations to regional conditions. Location: North-western Africa (Morocco). Taxon: Passerines (11 species). Methods: Bird occurrences were used to model species distribution and line transects were used to estimate bird abundance. Occurrence probabilities provided by species distribution models were used to display the spatial patterning of habitat suitability. Habitat suitability was employed to predict abundance after controlling for the effect of the distance to some regional source areas of forest birds (tree covered large areas). The species were classified as North African endemic according to an updated review of their taxonomic status. Results: Habitat suitability decreased southwards, supporting the predicted relationship between ecological and geographical marginality in most species. Abundance was positively correlated with habitat suitability and negatively correlated with distance to source areas. The taxonomic status of birds did not affect the patterns. Main conclusions: The southward decrease in habitat suitability predicted by the centre–periphery hypothesis shapes the distribution of rear edge populations of forest birds within the south-western Palaearctic. As most of these populations are endemic, the results suggest that they track the gradients in isolation within the geographical setting of north-western Africa. These results support the vulnerability of these isolated, peripheral populations of forest birds to large-scale environmental changes in a region under the effect of increasing drought and temperatura.

International audience; In front of the ecological disaster, new forms of engagement give great importance to the practice of inquiring. Based on interviews conducted with people involved in raising awareness on ecological issues, we thus highlight a day-to-day activism, whose protagonists subject their lifestyles to a permanent scrutinity, but also the very criterion of their valuations: what ecology means. Such a commitment thwarts the common dissociation between ethics and politics. The investigations of these activists, driven by a more practical than cognitive passion, are indeed also inhabited by the horizon of a common world and the production of irreversibilities within our forms of life.; Face à la catastrophe écologique, de nouvelles formes d’engagement apparaissent, qui font la part belle à l’enquête. A partir d’entretiens menés avec des personnes engagées dans la sensibilisation aux enjeux écologiques, nous mettons ainsi en évidence un activisme du quotidien, dont les protagonistes soumettent à une enquête permanente leurs habitudes de vie, mais aussi le crible même de leurs enquêtes: ce qu’écologique veut dire. Un tel engagement contrarie la dissociation commune entre éthique et politique. Les enquêtes de ces activistes, portées par une passion plus pratique que cognitive, sont en effet aussi habitées par l’horizon d’un monde commun et de la production d’irréversibilités au sein de nos formes de vie.; Diante do desastre ecológico, novas formas de engajamento que dão lugar de destaque à investigação estão surgindo. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com pessoas envolvidas na sensibilização para as questões ecológicas, destacamos assim um ativismo cotidiano, cujos protagonistas submetem seus estilos de vida a um levantamento permanente, mas também ao próprio crivo de seus levantamentos: este que é ecológico. Esse compromisso impede a dissociação comum entre ética e política. As investigações desses ativistas, movidas por uma paixão mais prática do que cognitiva, são, de fato, habitadas também pelo horizonte de um mundo comum e pela produção de irreversibilidades dentro de nossas formas de vida.

La crisis pandémica ha afectado de forma contundente tanto a países en desarrollo como a países en vías de desarrollo, de forma que políticas públicas, planes de desarrollo y planes estratégicos como la Agenda 2030 han quedado impactados de forma considerable. Como metodología: examinar el ámbito de países Latinoamericanos, aquellos que se habían implicado más, y aquellos que estaban más tardíos, se realiza examinando cuáles habían establecido un departamento gubernamental a nivel de país para la implementación de la Agenda y se establecen cuatro niveles distintos. Los que no lo hubieran realizado, más difícilmente podrán incorporarse a la consecución que los ODS de forma efectiva para el año 2030. Además, invitando a la reflexión profesional, académica y científica cabe preguntarnos de qué manera, y de forma crítica, en este escenario de forma de crisis que apunta que en una mayoría de países, nos va a costar despegar unos años, es compatible el mantenimiento de la Agenda tal y como estaba prevista, si este planteamiento es igual de efectivo para países menos desarrollados, o si hay objetivos y prioridades que ahora deban de tener una mayor atención por parte de gobiernos e instituciones sociales. Por ello, si se promueve desde las más altas instancias la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, es importante poder abrir un espacio crítico a si esto va a tener un impacto positivo para la sociedad latinoamericana, o sin embargo tras el impacto de la crisis pandémica que no ha acabado, es necesario fijarse en otros objetivos. Como vemos, cabe un replanteamiento o una actualización de la agenda.

Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Minimum water potential (Ψmin ) is a key variable for characterizing dehydration tolerance and hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) in plants. Ψmin is usually estimated as the absolute minimum tissue Ψ experienced by a species, but this is problematic because sample extremes are affected by sample size and the underlying probability distribution. We compare alternative approaches to estimate Ψmin and assess the corresponding uncertainties and biases; propose statistically robust estimation methods based on extreme value theory (EVT); and assess the implications of our results for the characterization of hydraulic risk. Our results show that current estimates of Ψmin and HSMs are biased, as they are strongly affected by sample size. Because sampling effort is generally higher for species living in dry environments, the differences in current Ψmin estimates between these species and those living under milder conditions are partly artefactual. When this bias is corrected using EVT methods, resulting HSMs tend to increase substantially with resistance to embolism across species. Although data availability and representativeness remain the main challenges for proper determination of Ψmin , a closer look at Ψ distributions and the use of statistically robust methods to estimate Ψmin opens new ground for characterizing plant hydraulic risks., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Scienceand Innovation (MICINN) via competitive grants CGL2017-89149-C2-1-R and CGL2017-89149-C2-2-R. AV thanksMICINN for the project Inertia (PID201-111332RB-C22). JM-V benefited from an ICREA Academia award. We want to thankSanna Sevanto, Nate McDowell and co-authors for making theSUMO water potential data publicly available (https://doi.org/10.15485/1439886).

Global vegetation photosynthesis and productivity have increased substantially since the 1980s, but this trend is heterogeneous in both time and space. Here, we categorize the secular trend in global vegetation greenness into sustained greening, sustained browning and greening-to-browning. We found that by 2016, increased global vegetation greenness had begun to level off, with the area of browning increasing in the last decade, reaching 39.0 million km2 (35.9% of the world’s vegetated area). This area is larger than the area with sustained increasing growth (27.8 million km2, 26.4%); thus, 12.0% ± 3.1% (0.019 ± 0.004 NDVI a−1) of the previous earlier increase has been offset since 2010 (2010–2016, P < 0.05). Global gross primary production also leveled off, following the trend in vegetation greenness in time and space. This leveling off was caused by increasing soil water limitations due to the spatial expansion of drought, whose impact dominated over the impacts of temperature and solar radiation. This response of global gross primary production to soil water limitation was not identified by land submodels within Earth system models. Our results provide empirical evidence that global vegetation greenness and primary production are offset by water stress and suggest that as global warming continues, land submodels may overestimate the world’s capacity to take up carbon with global vegetation greening. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0604700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41722104) and the Key Research Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDY-SSWDQC025 and 2019DC0027). Philippe Ciais, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Jordi Sardans, and Josep Peñuelas were supported by the European Research Council Synergy (ERC-2013-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P), the Spanish Government (CGL2016-79835), and the Catalan Government (SGR 2017-1005).

En: Constelaciones. ISSN. 2340-177X. n. 9, 2021, pp 175-193 Los cambios globales registrados en el clima urgen a las sociedades actuales a tomar medidas que reduzcan el impacto de las actividades humanas sobre los ecosistemas. La conciencia ecológica ha llegado también al campo de la arquitectura donde se observa que la noción de edificio ecológico es relativa y está estrechamente ligada al contexto y los medios, materiales y humanos. El análisis de la trayectoria de los arquitectos TYIN Tegnestue, desde sus inicios, cuando aún eran estudiantes, hasta su reciente disolución, puede tomarse como un índice crítico para evaluar en qué punto se encuentra la práctica ecológica en la arquitectura. En este texto se estudia su trabajo, con el fin de mostrar los rasgos, las pautas y los valores que lo relacionan con la ecología y el diseño participativo. Son una muestra de la creciente atención que reciben otros arquitectos relacionados con esta forma de entender el proyecto y la obra como vehículos de la cohesión social y la ecología. Global changes in climate are urging today's societies to reduce the impact of human activities on ecosystems. Ecological awareness has also reached architecture, where the notion of an ecological building is relative and intricately linked to the context and the means, both material and human. The analysis of the trajectory of the architects TYIN Tegnestue, from their beginnings when they were still students until their recent dissolution, can be taken as a critical index to evaluate where ecological practice in architecture stands. This text studies their work to show the features, patterns, and values related to ecology and participatory design. It shows the growing attention that other architects receive about understanding the project and the construction as vehicles of social cohesion and ecology.

Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Aizen, Marcelo A. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Sáez, Agustín. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente Argentina. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Gleiser, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente Argentina. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Strelin, Marina M. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente Argentina. Río Negro, Argentina. Domestication generally involves two sequential processes: initial identification of wild species with desirable characteristics (‘progenitor filtering’) and subsequent artificial and natural selection that, respectively, improve features preferred by humans and adapt species to cultivation/captivity (‘domestication selection’). Consequently, domesticated species can differ from wild species and may share characteristics owing to convergent evolution (‘domestication syndrome’). Baring evolutionary constraints, domestication selection may generate extreme phenotypes that transcend the ‘boundaries of nature’ evident for wild species. Despite evidence of domestication syndromes in some clades, broader contributions of progenitor filtering and domestication selection to characteristics of contemporary domesticated species have received limited attention. Using comparative analysis of 49 grain-crop and 87 wild annual plant species from 15 families, we (1) addressed whether plants of crop and wild species differ for mean seed number, per-seed mass and total seed-mass investment; (2) assessed contributions of (a) progenitor filtering and (b) domestication selection to these differences; (3) evaluated whether crop characteristics exceed the boundaries of nature and (4) assessed whether seed-production characteristics of grain crops constitute components of a generic domestication syndrome. On average, grain-crop plants produce heavier seeds and greater total seed mass than wild species, but seed number per plant does not differ. Comparison of wild species between genera with or without crop species found no evidence of progenitor filtering. In contrast, crop species differed from congeneric wild species for the mass traits, but not for seed number. Greater seed investment by crops is consistent with artificial selection for enhanced seed yield (mass per harvested area), whereas heavier individual seeds suggest selection for improved nutritional quality and (or) adaptation to cultivation environments. Seed number–size characteristics of grain-crop species lie within the bivariate variation among wild species and so do not exceed the boundaries of nature. Seed number and size varied similarly between species types and generally aligned with seed-investment isoclines, suggesting an upper investment limit. Despite greater average investment in seed production and individual seeds by grain-crop species, seed-production characteristics did not vary less among crop species than among wild species, which is inconsistent with a common domestication syndrome. Domestication generally involves two sequential processes: initial identification of wild species with desirable characteristics (‘progenitor filtering’) and subsequent artificial and natural selection that, respectively, improve features preferred by humans and adapt species to cultivation/captivity (‘domestication selection’). Consequently, domesticated species can differ from wild species and may share characteristics owing to convergent evolution (‘domestication syndrome’). Baring evolutionary constraints, domestication selection may generate extreme phenotypes that transcend the ‘boundaries of nature’ evident for wild species. Despite evidence of domestication syndromes in some clades, broader contributions of progenitor filtering and domestication selection to characteristics of contemporary domesticated species have received limited attention. Using comparative analysis of 49 grain-crop and 87 wild annual plant species from 15 families, we (1) addressed whether plants of crop and wild species differ for mean seed number, per-seed mass and total seed-mass investment; (2) assessed contributions of (a) progenitor filtering and (b) domestication selection to these differences; (3) evaluated whether crop characteristics exceed the boundaries of nature and (4) assessed whether seed-production characteristics of grain crops constitute components of a generic domestication syndrome. On average, grain-crop plants produce heavier seeds and greater total seed mass than wild species, but seed number per plant does not differ. Comparison of wild species between genera with or without crop species found no evidence of progenitor filtering. In contrast, crop species differed from congeneric wild species for the mass traits, but not for seed number. Greater seed investment by crops is consistent with artificial selection for enhanced seed yield (mass per harvested area), whereas heavier individual seeds suggest selection for improved nutritional quality and (or) adaptation to cultivation environments. Seed number–size characteristics of grain-crop species lie within the bivariate variation among wild species and so do not exceed the boundaries of nature. Seed number and size varied similarly between species types and generally aligned with seed-investment isoclines, suggesting an upper investment limit. Despite greater average investment in seed production and individual seeds by grain-crop species, seed-production characteristics did not vary less among crop species than among wild species, which is inconsistent with a common domestication syndrome.

Wind farm implementation is a rapidly growing source of landscape transformation that may alter ecological processes such as predator–prey interactions. We tested the hypothesis that wind farms increase the activity of nest predators and, ultimately, increment ground-nest predation rates. We placed 18 plots in Iberian shrub-steppes (11 at control and seven at wind farm sites), each one comprised nine artificial ground-nests (three quail eggs/nest). Artificial nests were placed during two events: at the beginning (April) and at the end (June) of the breeding season in 2016 (n = 324 artificial nests). We estimated the relative abundance of avian and large mammalian predators in the surroundings of each plot and recorded nest fate after 12 days exposure. We also measured variables at landscape and microhabitat scale that potentially affect predator abundance and nest predation. Wind farm sites contained higher cover of gravel roads and more large mammalian predators. Moreover, the abundance of large mammalian predators increased with surrounding cover of both trees and gravel-roads. Avian predator abundance and nest predation rates did not differ between control and wind farm sites, though nest predation did increase with the surrounding cover of crops and gravel roads. Lastly, nest predation was higher at the end of the breeding season and decreased with moss and lichen cover. Our results support previous evidence on the increase of mammalian predator abundance as the surface area of gravel-roads increases, pointing towards a potential mechanism for wind farms leading to rise ground-nest predation. Future wind energy projects should minimize the development of gravel-roads for wind turbine access or maintenance. This study was supported by Tragsatec—GrupoTragsa (project entitled “Effects of wind farms on Dupont’s lark nest predation”), the European Commission (Life-Ricotí project LIFE15-NAT-ES-000802) and the BBVA Foundation (BBVA-Dron Ricotí project). This paper contributes to project REMEDINAL-3 from CAM.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Organismos que vivenciam fatores estressores e sofrem alterações morfofisiológicas e comportamentais são denominados biomonitores. As aves são organismos modelos para estudos de biomonitoramento por serem sensíveis às alterações ambientais. Neste estudo, foram utilizadas a razão heterófilo/linfócito (H/L - indicativo de estresse crônico), prevalência e parasitemia de hemoparasitos como ferramentas de biomonitoramento em aves do Cerrado. O objetivo foi comparar a razão H/L e o hemoparasitismo de aves entre áreas com diferentes níveis de urbanização e condições ambientais. Foram capturadas 1288 aves (41 espécies) em seis fragmentos florestais de Cerrado, entre 2013-2019, para confecção e análise de extensões sanguíneas. Os fragmentos florestais foram classificados em: rurais, periurbanos, e urbanos, e em cada fragmento foi mensurado os níveis de poluentes sonoros (ruídos antrópicos) e atmosféricos (monóxido de carbono), e foi calculada a área ocupada por recursos hídricos em um raio de 1 km². Verificou-se maior razão H/L em aves capturadas em áreas urbanas e periurbanas e com níveis elevados de poluentes sonoros e atmosféricos, e menor razão H/L nos indivíduos de áreas rurais e com baixos níveis de poluentes. Ao todo, 519 (40,2%) indivíduos apresentaram-se infectados por hemosporídeos, sendo 516 (40%) por Plasmodium spp. e 13 (1,0%) por Haemoproteus spp. A parasitemia não se associou ao nível de urbanização, porém diferiu entre os seis fragmentos florestais, sendo maior naqueles onde há maior quantidade de recursos hídricos. Também foram realizados testes experimentais com canários-belga (Serinus canaria). Os canários foram divididos em dois grupos; um mantido em um centro urbano (n=20), e outro em uma área rural e distante da urbanização (n=20). Em ambas as localidades foram mensurados os níveis de poluentes atmosféricos; monóxido de carbono e material particulado. O experimento durou 120 dias e a cada 15 dias foram feitas coletas e extensões sanguíneas. A razão H/L foi maior nos canários da área urbana e mais poluída, e aumentou com tempo de experimento. As infecções por hemosporídeos (Plasmodium spp.) foram maiores nos canários do ambiente rural, com prevalência média de 57,1% nos canários rurais e 1,11% nos urbanos. A parasitemia correlacionou negativamente com a razão H/L tanto nas aves nativas quanto nos canários, sugerindo que os indivíduos podem estar imunologicamente ativos. O estudo mostrou que as aves que vivem em áreas urbanizadas e poluídas apresentam maiores indicativos de estresse (razão H/L), e que os parasitos hemosporídeos são favorecidos em áreas que podem oferecer mais recursos para a reprodução e desenvolvimento dos vetores. Esses resultados sugerem que a razão H/L e os parasitos hemosporídeos podem ser utilizados como ferramentas de biomonitoramento ambiental e como parâmetros para avaliar as condições das aves de ambientes degradados. Organisms that experience stressors and undergo morphophysiological and behavioral changes are called biomonitors. Birds are model organisms for biomonitoring studies because they are sensitive to environmental changes. In this study, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L - indicative of chronic stress), prevalence and parasitaemia of hemoparasites were used as biomonitoring tools in Cerrado birds. The objective of this study was to compare the H/L ratio and hemoparasitism of birds between areas with different levels of urbanization and environmental conditions. A total of 1288 birds (41 species) were captured in six Cerrado forest fragments, between 2013-2019, for the production and analysis of blood smears. The forest fragments were classified into rural, peri-urban, and urban, and in each one the levels of noise (anthropic noise) and atmospheric (carbon monoxide) pollutants were measured, and the size of the area occupied by water resources was also calculated in a radius of 1 km². There was a higher H/L ratio in birds captured in urban and peri-urban areas and with high levels of noise and air pollutants, and a lower H/L ratio in individuals from rural areas and with low levels of pollutants. Altogether, 519 (40.2%) individuals were infected with haemosporidian parasites, 516 (40%) with Plasmodium spp. and 13 (1.0%) by Haemoproteus spp. Parasitaemia was not associated with the level of urbanization, but it differed among the six forest fragments, being higher in those where there is a greater amount of water resources. Experimental tests were also carried out with domestic canaries (Serinus canaria). The canaries were divided into two groups; one kept in an urban center (n=20), and another in a rural area far from urbanization (n=20). In both locations, the levels of atmospheric pollutants were measured, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The experiment lasted 120 days and every 15 days blood collections were made. The H/L ratio was higher in canaries from the urban and more polluted area and increased with time of experiment. Infections by haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium spp.) were higher in rural canaries, with an average prevalence of 57.1% in rural and 1.11% in urban canaries. Parasitemia was negatively correlated with the H/L ratio in both native birds and canaries, suggesting that individuals may be immunologically active. This study showed that birds that live in urbanized and polluted areas have higher stress indicators (H/L ratio) and that haemosporidian parasites are favored in areas that can offer more resources for vector reproduction and development. These results suggest that the H/L ratio and hemosporid parasites can be used as tools for environmental biomonitoring and as parameters to assess the conditions of birds in degraded environments. Tese (Doutorado) 2024-07-08

Local differentiation at distribution limits may influence species' adaptive capacity to environmental changes. However, drivers, such gene flow and local selection, are still poorly understood. We focus on the role played by range limits in mountain forests to test the hypothesis that relict tree populations are subjected to genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Two alpine treelines of mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram. ex DC) were investigated in the Spanish Pyrenees. Further, an isolated relict population forming the species' southernmost distribution limit in north-eastern Spain was also investigated. Using genotyping by sequencing, a genetic matrix conformed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was obtained. This matrix was used to perform genotype-environment and genotype-phenotype associations, as well as to model risk of non-adaptedness. Increasing climate seasonality appears as an essential element in the interpretation of SNPs subjected to selective pressures. Genetic differentiations were overall weak. The differences in leaf mass area and radial growth rate, as well as the identification of several SNPs subjected to selective pressures, exceeded neutral predictions of differentiation among populations. Despite genetic drift might prevail in the isolated population, the Fst values (0.060 and 0.066) showed a moderate genetic drift and Nm values (3.939 and 3.555) indicate the presence of gene flow between the relict population and both treelines. Nonetheless, the SNPs subjected to selection pressures provide evidences of possible selection in treeline ecotones. Persistence in range boundaries seems to involve several selective pressures in species' traits, which were significantly related to enhanced drought seasonality at the limit of P. uncinata distribution range. We conclude that gene flow is unlikely to constrain adaptation in the P. uncinata rear edge, although this species shows vulnerability to future climate change scenarios involving warmer and drier conditions.

[EN] The following article contains the conceptual and design process of the work For Eternity (2021), exhibited in the call Art Públic/Universitat Pública. This project connects the problem of the degradation time of plastics in the environment, linking it with the transcendent conception of eternity. Therefore, we carry out an experiential exploration of the concept, focused on raising awareness of how it is necessary to take sustainability into account in socio-scientific advances, configuring underlying disciplines that complement each other in trans disciplinary knowledge. The main objective is to ultimately be able to conceive the artistic process as a path to acknowledge the ecosophy., [ES] Estableciendo un vínculo entre la perdurabilidad del plástico y su impacto ambiental con el entorno; esta práctica artística señala, a través de la imagen en el espacio público, el concepto de eternidad. A raíz de un análisis experimental del término, se enfoca en aplicar la ética de la sostenibilidad y su necesidad de ser implementada en el ámbito científico y social. Siguiendo la premisa de Guattari dentro de su definición de la ecosofía (Guattari, 1996), las disciplinas subyacentes a crear una bioética pasan por un saber transversal, en el que el medio ambiente se configure a través del estudio de la sociedad y su subjetividad. En este sentido, planteamos For Eternity como una necesidad de pararse a ver, y más dentro de un lugar como la universidad, el detritus que generamos y como éste afecta al entorno.Este proyecto ha sido expuesto en la muestra Art Public / Universitat Pública 2021. De este modo, se plantea esta comunicación en el congreso ANIAV como un análisis metodológico de las distintas fases del proceso artístico; incidiendo en la relación de sostenibilidad con el arte público.

UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Os distúrbios ambientais, como a poluição atmosférica, provocam perturbações nas comunidades e podem levar à extinção de algumas espécies ou gerar efeitos mutagênicos, como Anomalias Nucleares Eritrocitárias (ANE), nos indivíduos que permanecem nos ambientes. As ANE’s são definidas como danos genéticos no núcleo das células, sendo utilizadas como biomarcadores para avaliar o potencial efeito de xenobióticos em aves. Nesse sentido, foi descrito os tipos de ANE’s encontrados em aves silvestres do Cerrado brasileiro e investigada a influência da qualidade do ar na quantidade de anomalias em aves silvestres e em um teste experimental com canários-belgas. As capturas de aves ocorreram em seis áreas de florestas estacionais semideciduais do Cerrado Mineiro, sendo classificadas de acordo com o nível de qualidade do ar. Para os testes experimentais, os canários foram divididos em dois grupos, expostos por 120 dias à dois tipos de ambientes: rural e urbano. As aves foram identificadas e marcadas com anilhas metálicas; em seguida, foi feita a coleta de sangue para confecção de esfregaços sanguíneos que foram analisados com auxílio de microscópio ótico. Foram registrados 7 tipos de ANE’s, que se correlacionaram entre si, em 11 espécies de Passeriformes, sendo: célula binucleada, eritroplastídeo, núcleo deslocado, núcleo entalhado, constrição assimétrica, constrição simétrica e núcleo multilobulado. A quantidade de ANE’s nas amostras de sangue de cinco espécies de aves silvestres foi influenciada pelo nível de qualidade do ar, sendo maior nos locais com má qualidade, sem distinção entre as espécies analisadas. Em relação ao teste experimental, os canários do ambiente urbano também apresentaram maiores quantidades de ANE’s. Portanto, a má qualidade do ar parece ser um fator favorável ao surgimento de ANE’s em aves, sendo possível o uso desse biomarcador em estudos de biomonitoramento. Environmental disturbances, such as air pollution, may affect biological communities in several ways, from species extinction to causing mutagenic effects. One of these latter is Erythrocyte Nuclear Abnormalities (ENAs), which are defined as genetic damage to the cell nucleus. ENAs have been used as biomarkers to assess the potential effects of mutagens in birds. Thus, here we described the ENAs found in free-living bird species in the Brazilian Cerrado and we investigated the influence of air quality in the number of anomalies in both wild species and captive individuals of the Atlantic canary. Bird captures took place in six semideciduous forests from the Cerrado of the State of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Each of these forests were classified according to their air quality. Atlantic canaries were used in experimental trials. Wild birds were identified and both wild species and Atlantic canaries were tagged with metal bands and then, we collected blood to prepare blood smears, which were assessed in optical microscope. We observed 7 related types of ENAs in 11 species of Passeriformes: binucleate cell, erythroplastid, displaced nucleus, slotted nucleus, asymmetric constriction, symmetric constriction, and lobed nucleus The number of ENAs in blood samples from five wild species was related to air quality, i.e. it was higher in areas where air quality was poorer, without distinction among species. The experimental trial showed the same patterns because canaries in the urban areas had higher quantities of ENAs. Therefore, we suggest that bad air quality is the main driver of ENAs in birds, and that this biomarker may be used in biomonitoring studies. Tese (Doutorado)