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Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Scarazzato Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Resumo: A luz é importante para o ser humano, pois seus atributos físicos não somente possibilitam a visão, como também encontra lugar por seu sentido metafórico na Filosofia e nas Ciências, em especial na Arquitetura. Cuidados com a apropriação da iluminação natural e com sistemas de iluminação artificial cumprem importante papel na eficiência energética dos edifícios, no bemestar e na saúde dos seus ocupantes. O Brasil possui atualmente, em fase inicial de implantação, um programa de etiquetagem voluntária de edifícios, que deverá se tornar obrigatório em futuro próximo, com vistas à regulamentação e classificação de edificações eficientes em suas características de envoltória, iluminação e condicionamento de ar. Esta pesquisa diagnosticou os sistemas de iluminação natural e artificial das bibliotecas da UNICAMP, instaladas na Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, para fazer recomendações em conformidade com as necessidades específicas do espaço e as orientações do programa de etiquetagem voluntária. Foram feitos levantamento cadastral, medições in loco com o auxílio da técnica das imagens HDR, aplicação de questionários e propostas de intervenção com o auxílio de simulações computacionais. A revisão bibliográfica situou o estado-da-arte relativo aos aspectos do objeto de estudo. Na Fase I, o levantamento cadastral permitiu levantar as condições atuais de todas as bibliotecas do campus. Na Fase II, as medições em nove bibliotecas permitiram conhecer aspectos quantitativos das iluminâncias e de distribuição de luminâncias no campo visual. A aplicação e a tabulação dos questionários permitiram colher as impressões dos usuários. Na Fase III, o exercício de projeto em uma das bibliotecas, com o auxílio das simulações computacionais, serviu para avaliar propostas de intervenção nos sistemas de iluminação natural e artificial. A escolha das amostras das Fases II e III levou em consideração a heterogeneidade dos espaços do Campus. Os resultados da pesquisa serão formalmente encaminhados aos gestores da universidade, para eventual inclusão de suas propostas nos planos de melhoria da infraestrutura de apoio. Abstract: Light is important for humans, because their physical attributes not only allow the vision, but also evoke its metaphorical meaning in Philosophy and Sciences, especially in Architecture. Attention to both daylighting and artificial lighting systems plays a key role in the energy efficiency of buildings, the well-being and health of its users. Nowadays Brazil has a voluntary certification program for buildings, on initial deployment, which will become obligatory in the near future, aiming at the regulation and classification of building energetic efficiency, including lighting and air conditioning. So, this research made a diagnosis of daylighting and artificial lighting joint the libraries of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), at the University Campus Zeferino Vaz, to make recommendations in accordance with the specific needs of such spaces and following the guidelines of the referred voluntary certification program. The survey included cadastral registers, measurements in situ with the aid of the technique of HDR images, questionnaires and the development of a project with the help of computer simulations. The literature review showed the state of the art concerning the aspects of the subject studied. In Phase I, the cadastral survey allowed to find out the current conditions of all libraries on the campus. In phase II, measurements in nine libraries helped to understand the quantitative aspects of illuminance and luminance distribution in the visual field. The application and tabulation of the questionnaires allowed obtaining the users impressions about such spaces. In phase III, the development of a project in one of the libraries, with the aid of computational simulations, permitted the evaluation of some proposals for the refurbishment of the daylighting and artificial systems. The choice of samples for Phases II and III reckoned the heterogeneity of the spaces of the campus. The results of this survey will be formally conveyed to the managers of the university, for their deliberations about its implementations as part of the strategies concerning the improvement of supporting infrastructure. Mestrado Arquitetura e Construção Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This article presents and discusses the lessons learned from the monitoring of 25 integrated daylighting and electric lighting international case study projects. The case studies consist of real occupied buildings that have been monitored as part of the International Energy Agency (IEA) SHC Task 61/EBC Annex 77 Programme. The general goal of the case studies was to balance lighting energy use with occupants’ visual and non-visual requirements. This was achieved using innovative solutions for daylighting and electric lighting with advanced controls, but also implementing simple and out-of-the-box strategies. The findings suggest that energy demands for lighting can significantly be reduced by combining sensible daylight provision, efficient lighting sources, and advances in controls. Yet, the effective achievement of project goals requires adequate monitoring, fine-tuning, and verification. The findings also suggest that the adoption of “integrative” lighting – that is, lighting systems that address both visual and non-visual responses – is getting increasingly popular. Catering to non-visual requirements will likely drive further innovation in lighting technology. Currently, there is limited investment available for developing daylighting systems for integrative lighting, and the current related electric strategies often come at the risk of energy rebound effects. Overall, providing daylighting and understanding user requirements are fundamental steps towards achieving quality projects, with potential benefits beyond saving energy.

This paper presents the results of a multi-disciplinary effort to clarify the state of the art and the state of practice, and necessary future research for creating the seamless integration and application of light in buildings, regardless of source, which is purposely modulated to illuminate surfaces and designed in a way that is comfortable, healthy, pleasing, cost-effective, and energy efficient. The authors unwrap the research, tools, and technical gaps preventing the full integration of electric lighting and daylighting with advanced façades through the coordination of lighting and windows research activities. The study and a stakeholder workshop captured current technology readiness levels (TRL), as well as research thrusts and implementation guidelines, and identified research priorities, presenting an analysis of the current landscape of lighting metrics—and which metrics are in the critical path for developing integrated daylighting and electric lighting systems, and their design, installation, and technology guidelines. In addition, the study defined stakeholder coordination, pathways to interoperable technology, and the value of viewing the work of the individual research areas holistically rather than in isolation.

The recently launched IEA SHC Task 61 aims at fostering the integration of daylighting and electric lighting solutions for the benefit of higher user satisfaction and energy savings at the same time. In order to drastically reduce the energy use of buildings daylighting, electric lighting and associated controls must be integrated, and the role of the user should be considered in the integration process. An effective means for promoting good examples of integration is reporting on successful case studies. In this perspective, a part of the IEA SHC Task 61, Subtask D, investigates existing knowledge for integrated solutions, proposes a monitoring protocol to evaluate integrated projects and, finally, presents exemplary case studies of integrated design. In this paper, we describe the structure and current status of IEA SHC Task 61 Subtask D.

Orientadores: Everardo Magalhães Carneiro, Elaine Cristina Vieira Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: O aumento crescente da prevalência da obesidade no mundo coincide com o crescente uso de luz artificial a noite (LAN). Estudos recentes tem demonstrado que a exposição à LAN, leva a dessincronização do relógio biológico e predispõe ao desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas. A restrição de proteínas durante o período gestacional ou após o desmame leva a alterações no relógio biológico, sendo já demonstrado que a redução desse nutriente, in utero, leva ao desenvolvimento de alterações metabólicas mais acentuadas induzidas pela dieta hiperlipídica (HFD). Contudo, ainda não é conhecido os mecanismos pelos quais a exposição à LAN leva a alterações no metabolismo energético, e também se a restrição de proteína concomitante a exposição à LAN poderia contribuir para a indução de alterações metabólicas mais acentuadas favorecendo o desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas. Nós observamos em nosso trabalho que camundongos expostos à LAN (LL) por 8 semanas exibiram maior peso corpóreo e resistência à insulina. Além disso, esses camundongos desenvolveram esteatose hepática, fato que poderia ser atribuído a redução da expressão do gene Rev-erbalfa e aumento da expressão dos seu alvos lipogênicos. Ainda, camundongos LL apresentaram no fígado aumento da expressão de microRNAs (miRNAs) que tem como alvo o gene Rev-erbalfa tais como miR-140-5p, 185-5p, 326-5p and 328-5p. Em cultura primária de hepatócitos a superexpressão desses 4 miRNAs levou a redução gênica e proteica de Rev-erbalfa. Contudo, apenas os miR-140-5p, 185-5p apresentaram ação direta na região 3¿UTR do gene Rev-erbalfa. Assim, nós concluímos que a exposição à LAN poderia levar ao desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática devido ao aumento da expressão de miRNAs que modulam a expressão de Rev-erb?. Em seguida nós observamos que camundongos alimentados com dieta hipoproteica (LP), por 14 semanas e expostos à LAN durante as 8 últimas semanas apresentaram alterações semelhantes as exibidas no grupo alimentado com dieta normoproteica (NP), as quais incluem: aumento do peso corpóreo e da glicemia de jejum e alimentado, intolerância à glicose, e maior expressão da Pck1 no fígado durante o subjetivo dia. Contudo, camundongos LP/LL também exibiram algumas diferenças as quais foram dependentes do teor de proteínas como: resistência à insulina no subjetivo dia e perda da variação diária da expressão da Pck1. Além disso, camundongos LP/LL não apresentaram mudança no período do consumo alimentar. Assim nós concluímos que a restrição de proteínas modifica algumas das alterações induzidas pela exposição à LAN ao invés de suscetibilizar o desenvolvimento dos efeitos deletérios promovidos por essa condição Abstract: The use of electric light, as well as, the exposure to irregular light schedules has become common over the 20th century and coincides with increased global prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases. Several studies have reported that exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) leads to disruption of circadian rhythm and predispose to obesity and metabolic disorders. Dietary protein restriction, in utero and at early life, leads to altered circadian system. Furthermore, reduced protein on diet at gestation exacerbates the metabolic changes induced by HFD and predisposes to obesity and metabolic syndrome at adulthood. However, remains unclear which mechanisms underlie the metabolic changes induced by exposure to ALAN and, whether protein restriction, after weaning, could exacerbates the deleterious effects induced by nighttime light exposure, and predispose to obesity and metabolic disorders. First we found that mice exposed to ALAN, during 8 weeks, exhibited increased body and fat pad weights, as well as peripheral insulin resistance. Furthermore, these mice developed hepatic steatosis, which could be explained by decreasing expression of the clock gene Rev-erbalpha and consequent up-regulation of it lipogenic targets ACL and FAS. Mice exposed to ALAN also exhibited increased expression of Rev-erbalpha-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-140-5p, 185-5p, 326-5p and 328-5p, in liver. Besides, in primary hepatocyte culture, the exogenous expression of these miRNAs down-regulated the expression of Rev-erbalpha at gene and protein level. However only the miR-140-5p and miR-185-5p directly bind in the Rev-erbalpha 3¿UTR region. Taken together, these evidences indicate that exposure to ALAN could leads to hepatic steatosis through increasing the expression of miRNAs, which coordinate the down-regulation of Rev-erbalpha expression. Next we observed that mice fed to low-protein (LP) diet during 14 weeks and exposed to ALAN (LL) during the last 8 weeks, exhibited some metabolic changes similar than mice fed to normal protein (NP) diet including, increased body weight, as well as increased fasting and fed glycemia, which was followed by glucose intolerance and up-regulation of Pck1 at subjective day. On the other hand LP/LL group also showed specific metabolic changes, as reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity at subjective day and lost of daily variation in Pck1 expression. Also, these mice did not exhibit altered timing of energy intake toward the subjective day. Thus, our results suggest that protein restriction modify some of the metabolic alteration promoted by nighttime light exposure instead of exacerbates the deleterious effects induced by this condition Doutorado Fisiologia Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural FAPESP 2013/26740-0 CNPQ CAPES

During the study presented in this article, we compared two highly energy-efficient lighting scenarios for evening office lighting (i.e. electric lighting that is typically used for approxiamately 2 h in the evening). The first of these lighting scenarios (referred to as "Reference"-scenario, Lighting Power Density or LPD of 4.5 W/m(2)) has been successfully in use in many office rooms of the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory's experimental building, located on the campus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, for several years. The second lighting scenario (referred to as "Test"-scenario, Lighting Power Density of 3.9 W/m(2)) is more energy-efficient, creates higher workplane illuminances but leads to an increased risk of discomfort glare. The aim of this study was to meticulously compare the two lighting scenarios in order to find a lighting solution for evening office lighting that offers an optimal trade-off between energy-efficiency, visual comfort and visual performance.

Physical or virtual models are commonly used to visualize the conceptual ideas of architects, lighting designers and researchers; they are also employed to assess the daylighting performance of buildings, particularly in cases where Complex Fenestration Systems (CFS) are considered. Recent studies have however revealed a general tendency of physical models to over-estimate this performance, compared to those of real buildings; these discrepancies can be attributed to several reasons. In order to identify the main error sources, a series of comparisons in-between a real building (a single office room within a test module) and the corresponding physical and virtual models was undertaken. The physical model was placed in outdoor conditions, which were strictly identical to those of the real building, as well as underneath a scanning sky simulator. The virtual model simulations were carried out by way of the Radiance program using the GenSky function; an alternative evaluation method, named Partial Daylight Factor method (PDF method), was also employed with the physical model together with sky luminance distributions acquired by a digital sky scanner during the monitoring of the real building. The overall daylighting performance of physical and virtual models were assessed and compared. The causes of discrepancies between the daylighting performance of the real building and the models were analysed. The main identified sources of errors are the reproduction of building details, the CFS modelling and the mocking-up of the geometrical and photometrical properties. To study the impact of these errors on daylighting performance assessment, computer simulation models created using the Radiance program were also used to carry out a sensitivity analysis of modelling errors. The study of the models showed that large discrepancies can occur in daylighting performance assessment. In case of improper mocking- up of the glazing for instance, relative divergences of 25–40% can be found in different room locations, suggesting that more light is entering than actually monitored in the real building. All these discrepancies can however be reduced by making an effort to carefully mock up the geometry and photometry of the real building. A synthesis is presented in this article which can be used as guidelines for daylighting designers to avoid or estimate errors during CFS daylighting performance assessment.

Lighting as a symbol of modern architecture The paper is designed to reveal the aesthetics of artificial lighting and its influence on the architecture of the 20th century. The main topics discussed are electric lighting, which appeard in our history at the end of the 19th century, and the technical development of lighting till the middle of the 20th century. Connections of artificial lighting with visual arts, its influence on advertisement, building architecture and the whole city are analysed. An idea is proposed that although lighting by nature was purely functional, very soon it acquired symbolic ambitions to represent architecture. In modern times architects understood that lighting was both a technological development and a symbol of a new era, when there appeared an independent field of creation - lighting architecture. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama dirbtinio apšvietimo estetika ir jos įtaka XX a. architektūrai. Išryškinta XIX a. pabaigoje atsiradusio elektrinio apšvietimo svarba ir atskleista apšvietimo techninė raida iki XX a. vidurio. Nagrinėjamos dirbtinio apšvietimo sąsajos su vizualiaisiais menais, apšvietimo įtaka reklamai, pastatų architektūrai bei visam miestui. Straipsnyje keliama idėja, kad nors apšvietimo prigimtis pradžioje buvo grynai funkcionali, ji greitai įgavo simbolinių ambicijų – reprezentuoti architektūrą. Architektai į apšvietimą žvelgė ne tik kaip į technologinę pažangą, tai buvo naują erą ženklinantis simbolis, erą, kurioje atsiranda didelės įtakos visoms kūrybinėms idėjoms turinti nauja savarankiška kūrybos sritis – šviesos architektūra. Reikšminiai žodžiai: meninis, dirbtinis, elektrinis apšvietimas, stiklo, šviesos architektūra, modernumas. First Published Online: 22 May 2013

180 p. La integración de las nuevas tecnologías de iluminación en la red eléctrica supone un reto desde el punto de vista de lacalidad del suministro eléctrico y, en concreto, de la medida del flicker. El estándar IEC 61000-4-15 establece unprocedimiento de medida de flicker tomando como referencia la respuesta de la lámpara incandescente. Ante el uso masivode tecnologías de iluminación eficientes y la retirada de la lámpara incandescente, resulta indispensable analizar lasensibilidad de las nuevas lámparas a las fluctuaciones de tensión. El presente trabajo de tesis presenta un amplio estudio desensibilidad realizado a un conjunto de lámparas sometidas a diferentes fluctuaciones en su tensión de alimentación.Los primeros estudios de sensibilidad apuntaban a que las nuevas tecnologías de iluminación presentaban una sensibilidadmenor que la lámpara incandescente. En base a estos resultados se recomendaba la reconstrucción del marco de regulacióndel flicker, adaptándolo a una nueva lámpara de referencia o modificando los actuales niveles de compatibilidad. Losresultados obtenidos en este trabajo de tesis demuestran, de manera concluyente, la invalidez de estas propuestas alcomprobar que las nuevas tecnologías de iluminación no tienen por qué llevar asociada una menor sensibilidad a lasfluctuaciones de tensión que la que presenta la lámpara incandescente.Desde el punto de vista metodológico, las conclusiones extraídas se sustentan en un extenso trabajo experimental. Por unlado, se ha analizado la sensibilidad de un conjunto de lámparas tomando como patrón fluctuaciones simuladas de tensiónprovocadas por modulaciones AM e interarmónicos. En general, los resultados muestran un comportamiento medio menossensible que la lámpara incandescente. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que algunas de las lámparas superan la sensibilidad de laincandescente en determinados rangos frecuenciales. Por otro lado, se ha completado el estudio analizando la respuesta delas lámparas a un conjunto de registros de tensión pertenecientes a localizaciones reales de la red del suministro eléctrico.Los resultados cuestionan la asumida insensibilidad de las nuevas tecnologías de iluminación al mostrar sensibilidadesdivergentes entre las distintas localizaciones, así como discrepancias entre su respuesta ante fluctuaciones de tensiónsimuladas y reales.Otro aspecto crítico a analizar es la linealidad en la respuesta de las lámparas para distintos niveles de severidad flicker. Elanálisis de la linealidad mediante señales reales de tensión ha permitido demostrar que varias de las lámparas bajo estudiomuestran un comportamiento claramente no lineal. Por tanto, ante este tipo de señales complejas, no existe garantía de quelámparas caracterizadas como menos sensibles que la incandescente sigan presentando una sensibilidad menor a ésta antecualquier nivel de severidad flicker.Finalmente, y en vista de estas conclusiones, se desaconseja modificar el marco actual de regulación del flicker y se planteaque sean los propios fabricantes los que deban controlar la inmunidad que presentan sus lámparas a las fluctuaciones detensión. Para ello, se propone un procedimiento que permite garantizar, en el propio proceso de fabricación de las lámparas,que éstas no sean más sensibles que la lámpara incandescente. Este procedimiento ha sido incorporado en el informe técnicoIEC TR-61547-1 elaborado por el grupo de trabajo MT1 TC34 del IEC, con el objetivo de considerar la incorporación de unprocedimiento similar en el estándar de inmunidad para equipos de iluminación de uso general IEC 61547

Electric lighting is responsible for a significant fraction of electricity consumption within non-residential buildings. Making daylight more available in office and commercial buildings can lead as a consequence to important electricity savings, as well as to the improvement of occupants’ visual performance and wellbeing. Over the last decades, daylighting technologies have been developed for that purpose, some of them having proven to be highly efficient such as anidolic daylighting systems. Based on non-imaging optics these optical devices were designed to achieve an efficient collection and redistribution of daylight within deep office rooms. However in order to benefit from the substantial daylight provision obtained through these systems and convert it into effective electricity savings, novel electric lighting strategies are required. An optimal integration of high efficacy light sources and efficient luminaries based on non-imaging optics with anidolic daylighting systems can lead to such novel strategies. Starting from the experience gained through the development of an Anidolic Integrated Ceiling (AIC), this paper presents an optimal integrated daylighting and electric lighting system. Computer simulations based on ray-tracing techniques were used to achieve the integration of 36W fluorescent tubes and non-imaging reflectors with an advanced daylighting system. Lighting power densities lower than 4 W/m2 can be achieved in this way within the corresponding office room. On-site monitoring of an integrated daylighting and electric lighting system carried out on a solar experimental building confirmed the energy and visual performance of such a system: it showed that low lighting power densities can be achieved by combining an anidolic daylighting system with very efficient electric light sources and luminaries.

Lighting systems are usually one of the largest electrical end-uses in underground metro stations. Taking into account that budget restrictions in publicly owned companies hinder energy efficiency retrofit projects that require high initial investments, affordable energy saving strategies are needed. This paper presents a low-cost approach for reducing lighting electricity use in underground stations, without affecting passengers' comfort or the metro operator's service. For this purpose, an adaptive lighting strategy of dimming the illuminance levels of artificial light sources has been developed. Dimming controls are based on the occupancy of the station, and the preventive maintenance and cleaning cycles of the luminaires. The stations' monthly occupancy patterns are defined through the k-means clustering technique. To illustrate its effectiveness, the method was applied to 115 underground stations of the Barcelona metro network. The results revealed overall electricity savings of 255.47 MW h on a biannual basis, which represents 36.22% of the stations' baseline lighting consumption. Individual energy savings were found to range from 25 to 87.5 MW h/year in the stations of the Barcelona metro network, depending on the number and profile of station users. The research findings will undoubtedly be useful for the future energy efficiency project plans of worldwide metro operators and managers of other underground spaces.

The combined integration of daylighting and electric lighting systems within buildings --also designated by the term “Green lighting”, which is a recent issue for the lighting research community-- allows achieving better lighting conditions for building occupants, in particular within office rooms. Besides the substitution of electric light, daylighting can contribute in a significant way to improve the users’ visual comfort and performance, reason for which a large variety of novel daylighting systems and components have been developed during the last years. In order to optimise the combination of such daylighting and artificial lighting systems, an anidolic (non-imaging) daylighting system combined with several electric lighting fixtures was set up in an office room of the LESO solar experimental building located on the EPFL campus in Lausanne (Switzerland). Three different electric lighting modes, involving recessed luminaries (direct lighting), floor lamps (indirect lighting) and desk lamps (task lighting), were considered for that purpose. Luminance contrasts and glare indexes in the occupants’ view field were monitored and compared in the office room, both in presence and absence of daylight and for different sky conditions, through luminance mappings based on High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging techniques. The energy performance of the electric lighting systems was considered together with the qualitative aspect of lighting, in order to outline the main features characterizing an optimal integration of daylighting and electric lighting systems.

Este trabajo de final de master ha estudiado el estado del arte de los sistemas de iluminación LED así como las diferentes topologías de los circuitos electrónicos que alimentan la cadena de LEDs de las lámparas con el objeto de conocer las corrientes consumidas por dichas lámparas, poder determinar su emisión de armónicos y analizar posteriormente su impacto en la red eléctrica.

This study presents the results of a monitoring campaign aiming to further our understanding of occupants' behavior regarding the manual control of electric lighting in combination with shading control. It was performed on eight single-occupied offices in the city of Porto, Portugal during periods ranging from 28 to 60 days per office. A wide range of environmental variables including workplane illuminance, window and background luminance and transmitted solar radiation was measured with high frequency (20 min time steps). The study aimed to address a set of key research questions regarding typical illuminance ranges, luminance distribution and occupancy patterns found in offices and their relationship to electric lighting or shading control actions. It also enabled to compare observed behavior with predictions from benchmarking behavioral models found in the literature. The main findings were that electric lighting and shading control were influenced more by occupational dynamics (arrival and departure) than by the environmental conditions experienced over the day (daylight workplane illuminance or transmitted solar radiation), though with a large degree of variability between occupants and/or offices. It also revealed that while most of the behavioral models analyzed for comparison purposes were in qualitative agreement with field observations (e.g. more lighting switch-on actions at arrival for lower daylight illuminances), only one model (Pigg's model) predicted the frequency of observed lighting switch-off events. These findings strongly support the need for more numerous (and geographically more broadly distributed) office behavior monitoring campaigns to increase the robustness of such models.

We consider variants of the art gallery problem where guard visibility is limited to a certain angular aperture-. We show that the problem is NP-hard even when guards can be located in the interior of the polygon. We then proceed to prove that both this problem and its vertex variant, where guard placement is restricted to the vertices of the polygon, are APX-hard. We observe that earlier constructions for such results in art gallery problems with 360- guards, usually required them to cover few specific elements. We exploit this by carefully updating the construction to replace 360- guards with--floodlights. Similar transformations may be applicable to other constructions in traditional art gallery theorems, which is of independent interest. 2015 Queen's University Ontario Canada. All rights reserved. Qatar Foundation;�Qatar National Research Fund Scopus