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The journal of pathology: clinical research 9(2), 129-136 (2023). doi:10.1002/cjp2.304, Published by Wiley, Chichester

Aims Ethanol is a widespread substance that inherits desired effects, but also negative consequences with regard to DUI or battery. Where required, the ethanol concentration is usually determined in peripheral venous blood samples, while the brain is the target organ of the ethanol effects. The aim of this study with three participants was the determination of the ethanol concentration in functionally relevant regions of the brain and the comparison with serum ethanol concentrations. Design After the uptake of ethanol in a calculated amount, leading to a serum ethanol concentration of 0.99 g/L, the ethanol concentrations in the brain were directly analyzed by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a 3 Tesla human MRI system and normalized to the water content. The measurement voxels were located in the occipital cortex, the cerebellum, the frontal cortex, and the putamen and successively examined. Intermittently blood samples were taken, and serum was analyzed for ethanol using HS-GC-FID. Findings and conclusions Ethanol concentrations in brain regions normalized to the water content were lower than the measured serum ethanol results and rather homogenous within the three participants and the various regions of the brain. The maximum ethanol concentration in the brain (normalized to water content) was 0.68 g/L. It was measured in the frontal cortex, in which the highest results were gained. The maximum serum concentration was 1.19 g/L. The course of the brain ethanol curve seems to be flatter than the one of the serum ethanol concentrations.

The interpretation of digitized histopathology images has been transformed thanks to artificial intelligence (AI). End-to-end AI algorithms can infer high-level features directly from raw image data, extending the capabilities of human experts. In particular, AI can predict tumor subtypes, genetic mutations and gene expression directly from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained pathology slides. However, existing end-to-end AI workflows are poorly standardized and not easily adaptable to new tasks. Here, we introduce DeepMed, a Python library for predicting any high-level attribute directly from histopathological whole slide images alone, or from images coupled with additional meta-data (https://github.com/KatherLab/deepmed). Unlike earlier computational pipelines, DeepMed is highly developer-friendly: its structure is modular and separates preprocessing, training, deployment, statistics, and visualization in such a way that any one of these processes can be altered without affecting the others. Also, DeepMed scales easily from local use on laptop computers to multi-GPU clusters in cloud computing services and therefore can be used for teaching, prototyping and for large-scale applications. Finally, DeepMed is user-friendly and allows researchers to easily test multiple hypotheses in a single dataset (via cross-validation) or in multiple datasets (via external validation). Here, we demonstrate and document DeepMed’s abilities to predict molecular alterations, histopathological subtypes and molecular features from routine histopathology images, using a large benchmark dataset which we release publicly. In summary, DeepMed is a fully integrated and broadly applicable end-to-end AI pipeline for the biomedical research community.

ESMO open 7(2), 100400 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100400, Published by BMJ, London

Artificial intelligence (AI) can extract subtle visual information from digitized histopathology slides and yield scientific insight on genotype-phenotype interactions as well as clinically actionable recommendations. Classical weakly supervised pipelines use an end-to-end approach with residual neural networks (ResNets), modern convolutional neural networks such as EfficientNet, or non-convolutional architectures such as vision transformers (ViT). In addition, multiple-instance learning (MIL) and clustering-constrained attention MIL (CLAM) are being used for pathology image analysis. However, it is unclear how these different approaches perform relative to each other. Here, we implement and systematically compare all five methods in six clinically relevant end-to-end prediction tasks using data from N=4848 patients with rigorous external validation. We show that histological tumor subtyping of renal cell carcinoma is an easy task which approaches successfully solved with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of above 0.9 without any significant differences between approaches. In contrast, we report significant performance differences for mutation prediction in colorectal, gastric and bladder cancer. Weakly supervised ResNet-and ViT-based workflows significantly outperformed other methods, in particular MIL and CLAM for mutation prediction. As a reason for this higher performance we identify the ability of ResNet and ViT to assign high prediction scores to highly informative image regions with plausible histopathological image features. We make all source codes publicly available athttps://github.com/KatherLab/HIA, allowing easy application of all methods on any end-to-end problem in computational pathology.

Deep learning can detect microsatellite instability (MSI) from routine histology images in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, ethical and legal barriers impede sharing of images and genetic data, hampering development of new algorithms for detection of MSI and other biomarkers. We hypothesized that histology images synthesized by conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) retain information about genetic alterations. To test this, we developed a 'histology CGAN' which was trained on 256 patients (training cohort 1) and 1457 patients (training cohort 2). The CGAN synthesized 10 000 synthetic MSI and non-MSI images which contained a range of tissue types and were deemed realistic by trained observers in a blinded study. Subsequently, we trained a deep learning detector of MSI on real or synthetic images and evaluated the performance of MSI detection in a held-out set of 142 patients. When trained on real images from training cohort 1, this system achieved an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.742 [0.681, 0.854]. Training on the larger cohort 2 only marginally improved the AUROC to 0.757 [0.707, 0.869]. Training on purely synthetic data resulted in an AUROC of 0.743 [0.658, 0.801]. Training on both real and synthetic data further increased AUROC to 0.777 [0.715, 0.821]. We conclude that synthetic histology images retain information reflecting underlying genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Using synthetic instead of real images to train deep learning systems yields non-inferior classifiers. This approach can be used to create large shareable data sets or to augment small data sets with rare molecular features. (c) 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

In this paper, a comparative analysis of brushless DC motor (BLDC) and brushless AC motor (BLAC) drive modes is presented for an axial flux motor with trapezoidal back-emf waveform. The 120-degree and 180-degree commutation modes are studied for BLDC mode, while the SPWM and SVPWM methods are investigated for BLAC mode. Based on the co-simulation of 3D-FEA and ECS, the influence of drive strategies on the motor characteristics, losses and efficiency are analysed. Furthermore, the effect of phase advance is also considered in this paper. It is shown, that the BLDC mode with 120-degree conduction has the best efficiency performance, while the BLDC mode with 180-degree commutation provides the widest speed range and the SVPWM drive features the lowest torque ripple.

In this paper a novel construction of a single sided axial flux permanent magnet motor with a hybrid stator using Soft Magnetic Composite and laminated soft magnetic iron for hand-held power tool applications is presented. The required motor characteristic, the design process of the motor as well as the construction of the prototype are shown. The required motor characteristic is derived based on dynamic measurements of screwing sequences with different screw sizes. Based on the requirements and the geometry constraints, a high power density single sided axial flux motor is designed and optimized using 3D-FEA simulations. Challenges in the construction of single sided axial flux motors are identified and handled. Measurements of the motor characteristic validate the design process and show the advantages of the axial flux motor concept.

Die visuellen Welten des Stummfilms sind vielfach durch ornamentale Oberflächen geprägt: Interieurs wie Vorhänge, Teppiche, Tapeten, Möbel, Lampen und ebenso Kostüme. Neben der Funktion als Schmuck im diegetischen Raum erfasst das Ornamentale auch die Beziehung zwischen Figur und Umgebung sowie die Komposition des Filmbildes als Ganzes. Galt das Ornament lange als ‹konservative› Form, so hat sich die ihm innewohnende Abstraktionskraft als ein Prinzip der Moderne erwiesen. Entsprechend zeichnet die Studie an ausgewählten Fallbeispielen film- und stilhistorisch nach, welche Rolle ornamentgeprägte Filmbilder für die Ausformung einer innovativen Filmsprache spielten und welche Ideen des zeitgenössischen Ornament-Diskurses sich in Kunst- und Filmtheorie damit verbinden. Das Buch zeigt, wie Prinzipien des Ornamentierens – vom Kino um 1910 bis hin zur Hochphase der Avantgarde in den 1920er Jahren – in die Inszenierung des Verhältnisses von Fläche und Raum eingreifen und eine neuartige Qualität des filmisch Visuellen schaffen.

Background: Deep learning can predict clinically relevant features such as genetic alterations directly from H&E stained histology images.In practice, many clinically relevant questions are limited by availability of clinical data and by the lack of standardized preprocessing pipelines. In our research projects, we strive to keep a consistent data format across projects to facilitate downstream analysis. Workflow: We analyze cohorts of cancer patients and try to predict clinically relevant labels directly from whole slide images (WSI). To achieve this, we manually or automatically detect tumor tissue in the WSI, tessellate the tumor into smaller image tiles and store these tiles in a cohort directory (Figure 1). We prepare a Slide Master Table, specifying which WSI belongs to which patient and a Patient Master Table, specifying the labels (target categories) for each patient. Our publicly available scripts automate the remaining workflow: Tiles are loaded, are matched to WSIs, which are matched to patients, which are matched to labels. Deep neural networks are trained to predict the labels and are evaluated on external cohorts. Target audience: This is a best practice manual focused on practical aspects such as file names, ground truth data tables and ROI annotation. This document is intended for onboarding new team members and for our academic collaborators. We hope that beyond our teams, this consensus document might be useful for other groups in the deep learning histopathology community. Our data standards are is inspired by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) standards (http://portal.gdc.cancer.gov). Please give your feedback on http://kather.ai.

Permanent magnet synchronous machines have several advantages like high torque density, small torque ripple and well-established control strategies. Especially the machines with concentrated fractional-slot winding are in the focus of research due to their high winding factor. However, these kinds of windings have some drawbacks due to the high content of harmonics and sub-harmonics of the magnetomotive force in the air gap of the machine. A significant amount of iron losses in the stator and rotor as well as eddy-current losses in the permanent magnets are the consequences.In this paper, the influence of the harmonics and subharmonics as well as the fundamental wave on the machine losses are discussed. With three different models the influences of the harmonics are studied. It is shown that different harmonic orders of the magnetomotive force spectrum have significantly different influences on the stator-, rotor- and permanent magnet losses.

This paper deals with the analytical modeling of field problems in magnetic devices. A new method for the analytical calculation of the so-called two-dimensional flux tubes is presented. Based on the well-known flux tube concept with just one-dimensional flux tube geometries, the calculation method is extended to the two-dimensional flux tubes. Moreover, the geometries with trapezoidal and elliptical shapes are discussed here, in this paper. In conclusion it is shown that the newly introduced analytical method reduces the error of the modeling in comparison to the FEA to below 8%.

In this paper an enhanced direct torque control for Switched Reluctance Machines is presented. Due to the heavily nonlinear magnetic characteristic an inherent torque ripple exists. In order to open up new areas of industrial application the torque ripple has to be minimized. The novel strategy includes an online calculation method of the hysteresis limits based on the estimation of the total torque gradient. The adaptive properties of the online calculation method leads to an increased robustness against parameter variation, such as the DC-link voltage. The proposed control strategy is implemented on a field-programmable gate array development platform. Finally simulation as well as experimental results on test bench are carried out to evaluate the control performance.

This paper deals with a novel drive train concept for a personalized exoskeleton power module, which can be used in industrial production or construction applications. To match the personal needs of individual user, a modular and rapidly designable concept is introduced. A topology comparison for different machine concepts has been done and a multiphase double-sided axial flux machine concept with an integrated planetary gear is presented. An analytical model approach for a fast electrical machine design process is presented, to calculate the torque performance of the power module. In the end, a three dimensional FE simulation is presented to verify the analytical models.

Ethanol is a widespread substance that inherits desired effects, but also negative consequences with regard to DUI or battery. Where required, the ethanol concentration is usually determined in peripheral venous blood samples, while the brain is the target organ of the ethanol effects. The aim of this study with three participants was the determination of the ethanol concentration in functionally relevant regions of the brain and the comparison with serum ethanol concentrations. After the uptake of ethanol in a calculated amount, leading to a serum ethanol concentration of 0.99 g/L, the ethanol concentrations in the brain were directly analyzed by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a 3 Tesla human MRI system and normalized to the water content. The measurement voxels were located in the occipital cortex, the cerebellum, the frontal cortex, and the putamen and successively examined. Intermittently blood samples were taken, and serum was analyzed for ethanol using HS-GC-FID. Ethanol concentrations in brain regions normalized to the water content were lower than the measured serum ethanol results and rather homogenous within the three participants and the various regions of the brain. The maximum ethanol concentration in the brain (normalized to water content) was 0.68 g/L. It was measured in the frontal cortex, in which the highest results were gained. The maximum serum concentration was 1.19 g/L. The course of the brain ethanol curve seems to be flatter than the one of the serum ethanol concentrations.

This paper presents a comparison of two different kinds of BLDC-Motors for application in handheld power tool drives. Whereas radial flux machines are well known and broadly used, the axial flux concept is less popular. One reason may be the more complex design process and the need to use 3D-FEM calculation. This paper describes the design process for both concepts and emphasizes the differences. For time efficiency, both analytical and FEM -based calculations are used in the design process. It will be shown that the axial flux concept is a realistic alternative to the well known motor. Due to the shorter axial length and the higher power density the drive can be optimized and the handling is improved.

Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS) predicts risk of distant disease recurrence, and can guide chemotherapy recommendations in hormone positive, human epidermal growth factor 2-negative, early stage breast cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the pattern of oncotype testing, RS and adjuvant treatment in patients undergoing intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). Single center prospective data registry was queried for patients receiving IORT between October 2011 and February 2017. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, RS, systemic therapy and recurrence information were analyzed. A total of 150 women with mean age of 70.8 years were included. The majority had invasive ductal cancer (60.6%) with 1.0 cm average tumor size and no lymph node involvement (99%). Oncotype testing was performed in 36 patients (24.3%). Low risk score (30) in one woman (3%). Patients with RS testing had significantly increased tumor sizes (1.2 vs. 1.0 cm; P

This paper demonstrates the interest which a victim of a transnational crime may have in moving proceedings across the border. It also considers the means with which this can be done. By virtue of the passive personality principle a Swiss victim can move proceedings back to Switzerland for a civil claim which would not otherwise have a forum in Switzerland. Further it is suggested that there is a conflict between the passive personality principle and the prohibition of double jeopardy. This paper argues for a restrictive interpretation of the passive personality principle and a broadening of the principle of ne bis in idem.

This paper addresses whether there is a cross border opinio iuris that victims have a right to tell their stories in criminal proceedings. Over the last few decades the rights of victims have been strengthened in criminal proceedings. But there is only little discussion as to whether they have a right to tell their stories even in consensual proceedings which aim to accelerate criminal proceedings and therefore place some restrictions on the rights of the parties and not only the rights of the accused but also the rights of the victims if they are regarded as a party to such proceedings at all. Therefore the relevant legal frameworks of Switzerland Germany the United States of America and that of the International Criminal Court will be presented. Moreover the issue of which rights are granted to the victims in these proceedings will be explored and if a general consensus on the rights of victims in such proceedings can be reached.

The early phase of each development process is characterised by severe decisions under great uncertainty. To facilitate these decisions, it is crucial to know the (external) influences on the product and the corresponding product development, to offer as large a base of information as possible. There is a broad variety of factors influencing the product and the associated development, which may include legislative changes or mutating customer behaviour. To help the developers make the right decisions it is essential to provide a vast number of information to support this task.The results presented in this paper provide the basis for the approach of including the prognosis of external influencing factors into the planning procedure of products or product-service systems. At first, a literature review was conducted to identify relevant external influencing factors for product and product development. In the following within the framework of the cooperation with an industry partner an approach was elaborated and evaluated.It supports selecting the most important factors for the product or the company, determining the interrelations between them and for weighting their specific impact.

A Switched Reluctance Motor is a robust electrical motor which can be very advantageous due to its simple construction. However, torque ripples and consequently the noise development are currently the major obstacles of a wide industrial application of this type of motor. In this paper a new control strategy for direct torque control of a Switched Reluctance Motor is developed. The main advantage of the introduced method is that it is not necessary to know the phase currents in advance. The main feature of the introduced control strategy is the operation point dependent phase torque splitting, which results to a torque ripple reduction. Using the operating point dependent predictive online optimization of the commutation time, leads to a wider operation region. The difficulties of torque control with conventional controllers are also discussed in this paper. The results are verified with Simulink and Finite Element simulations.

Background: The electrical field (E-field) of the biventricular (BV) stimulation is important for the success of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with cardiac insufficiency and widened QRS complex. The 3D modeling allows the simulation of CRT and high frequency (HF) ablation. Purpose: The aim of the study was to model different pacing and ablation electrodes and to integrate them into a heart model for the static and dynamic simulation of atrial and BV stimulation and high frequency (HF) ablation in atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: The modeling and simulation was carried out using the electromagnetic simulation software CST (CST Darmstadt). Five multipolar left ventricular (LV) electrodes, one epicardial LV electrode, four bipolar right atrial (RA) electrodes, two right ventricular (RV) electrodes and one HF ablation catheter were modeled. Selected electrodes were integrated into the Offenburg heart rhythm model for the electrical field simulation. The simulation of an AV node ablation at CRT was performed with RA, RV and LV electrodes and integrated ablation catheter with an 8 mm gold tip. Results: The right atrial stimulation was performed with an amplitude of 1.5 V with a pulse width of 0.5. The far-field potentials generated by the atrial stimulation were perceived by the right and left ventricular electrode. The far-field potential at a distance of 1 mm from the right ventricular electrode tip was 36.1 mV. The far-field potential at a distance of 1 mm from the left ventricular electrode tip was measured with 37.1 mV. The RV and LV stimulation were performed simultaneously at amplitude of 3 V at the LV electrode and 1 V at the RV electrode with a pulse width of 0.5 ms each. The far-field potentials generated by the BV stimulations could be perceived by the RA electrode. The far-field potential at the RA electrode tip was 32.86 mV. AV node ablation was simulated with an applied power of 5 W at 420 kHz and 10 W at 500 kHz at the distal 8 mm ablation electrode. Conclusions: Virtual heart and electrode models as well as the simulations of electrical fields and temperature profiles allow the static and dynamic simulation of atrial synchronous BV stimulation and HF ablation at AF. The 3D simulation of the electrical field and temperature profile may be used to optimize the CRT and AF ablation.

Background: The simulation of complex cardiologic structures has the potential to replace clinical studies due to its high efficiency regarding time and costs. Furthermore, the method is more careful for the patients’ health than the conventional ways. The aim of the study was to create an anatomic CAD heart rhythm model (HRM) as accurate as possible, and to show its usefulness for cardiac electrophysiological studies (EPS) and high-frequency (HF) ablations. Methods: All natural heart components of the new HRM were based on MRI records, which guaranteed electronic functionality. The software CST (Computer Simulation Technology, Darmstadt) was used for the construction, while CST’s material library assured genuine tissue properties. It should be applicable to simulate different heart rhythm diseases as well as various diffusions of electromagnetic fields, caused by electrophysiological conduction, inside the heart tissue. Results: It was achievable to simulate normal sinus rhythm and fourteen different heart rhythm disturbance with different atrial and ventricular conduction delays. The simulated biological excitation of healthy and sick HRM were plotted by simulated electrodes of four polar right atrial catheter, six polar His bundle catheter, ten polar coronary sinus catheter, four polar ablation catheter and eight polar transesophageal left cardiac catheter (Fig.). Accordingly, six variables were rebuilt and inserted into the anatomic HRM in order to establish heart catheters for ECG monitoring and HF ablation. The HF ablation catheters made it possible to simulate various types of heart rhythm disturbance ablations with different HF ablation catheters and also showed a functional visualisation of tissue heating. The use of tetrahedral meshing HRM made it attainable to store the results faster accompanied by a higher degree of space saving. The smart meshing function reduced unnecessary high resolutions for coarse structures. Conclusions: The new HRM for EPS simulation may be additional useful for simulation of heart rhythm disturbance, cardiac pacing, HF ablation and for locating and identification of complex fractioned signals within the atrium during atrial fibrillation HF ablation. Figure 1: Position of the electrophysiological conduction system and electrode catheters in the heart rhythm model (top left), HF ablation of a Kent bundle between the lateral left atrium and left ventricle in a WPW Syndrom (top right), Left anterior fascicular block during the excitation of Tawara branches (bottom left), pacing with the tip of the right ventricle catheter in a total atrioventricular block.

Among the advanced material systems under consideration for use in gas turbine engines special consideration is given to the family of metal matrix composites especially the Titanium matrix composites. This is attributed mainly to the superior stiffness to weight ratio as compared to other conventional materials. The lack of appropriate material models capable of simulating the material behavior realistically is a major drawback in the success of this material system. In the current research the results of numerical simulations for the damage evolution in a uni-directional Titanium matrix composite subjected to high cycle fatigue loading are presented. The employed micro-mechanical fatigue damage model has been developed previously by the authors. Results obtained from the numerical simulations include those from parametric studies on the influence of various model parameters as well as those for damage evolution in the constituents during the material lifetime. Comparison of the final results for the number of cycles to failure for room temperature fatigue with those obtained from experimental investigations show good agreement.

Candidate materials for applications in advanced aerospace applications such as gas turbine engines have been identified among the metal matrix composites (MMC's). This special attention is attributed mainly to the superior stiffness to weight ratio as compared to other conventional materials. However, MMC's still lack general applicability due to the lack of appropriate material models capable of describing the material behavior with sufficient confidence. The current research describes the development of a micro-mechanical fatigue damage model for uni-directional MMC's. Micro-mechanical principles are applied in the sense that the behavior of the composite material, specifically the damage and its evolution, are predicted based on the material behavior of the individual constituents. A homogenization procedure in the form of the Mori–Tanaka method is employed. Based on thermo-dynamical principles individual damage criteria and damage evolution models are developed for the respective constituents. The damage due to fatigue is incorporated here through a kinematic-hardening type model for damage which may not be evident in monotonic loading cases. Model and material parameters are identified and their determination is discussed. A few parametric studies show the response of the model with respect to the damage evolution for variations in the described parameters. Results of these parametric studies confirm consistency of the proposed model. A comparison for the number of cycles to failure of a few high cycle fatigue simulations with experimental results reflect good correlation.

High-resolution mid-IR limb emission spectra were recorded during a flight of the Michelson interferometer for passive atmospheric sounding, balloon-borne version (MIPAS-B) from Kiruna, northern Sweden (68°N) on March 14/15, 1992. These spectra are affected by the Mt. Pinatubo stratospheric aerosol, which caused an enhanced continuum emission, especially in spectra of low tangent altitudes. Aerosol extinction coefficients were retrieved from MIPAS-B spectra at approximately 60 spectral positions in the 750–980 cm−1 and 1180–1380 cm−1 spectral ranges. Retrieved aerosol extinction coefficients range from 6×10−4 km−1 to 3×10−3 km−1 in tangent altitudes 11.3 km and 14.5 km and from 5×10−5 km−1 to 1×10−3 km−1 in 16.1 km. Their distinct spectral shape indicates the presence of H2SO4-H2O droplets. Compositions and size distribution parameters were retrieved by least squares fitting of Mie-generated spectral extinction coefficients to the ones derived from the spectra. Estimated spectral single-scattering albedos between 0.08 and 0.3 indicate the significance of thermal multiple scattering. Multiple-scattering corrections led to an increase of spectral extinction coefficients by 5–50% with highest changes at lowest tangent altitudes. Accordingly, estimated volume densities have increased by 4–20% to values of 3.66, 2.85, and 0.93 μm3 cm−3 for tangent altitudes 11.3, 14.5, and 16.1 km, respectively. Retrieved H2SO4 weights of 66–70% are in good agreement with values derived from stratospheric temperatures and water vapor partial pressures. Estimated surface densities are systematically low in comparison with in situ size distribution measurements. This finding is explained by the underestimation of small particles by the use of a monomodal size distribution in the analysis. Retrieved effective radii of up to 0.8 μm were found to be consistent with the temporal evolution of the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol.

Aboard the European ENVISAT polar platform, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) i.r. spectrometer will scan across the limb in order to record high resolution emission spectra. In the course of the definition of micro-windows for retrieval of line of sight, temperature and trace constituents, the spectral and altitudinal regions where CO2 Q-branch line mixing has to be considered have been identified. Line-by-line modelling of spectra was performed taking account of line mixing and resulting spectra were compared to those calculated within purely Lorentzian pressure broadening. The accuracy of the Rosenkranz approximation was tested and found to be sufficient in most spectral regions. The impact of CO2 Q-branch line mixing on the retrieval was compared to typical random errors due to spectral noise. Systematic errors due to the neglection of line mixing proves to play no important role for the temperature, pressure and trace constituents retrieval in spectral regions of more than 2 cm−1 distance to CO2 Q-branch centres. Apart from a few exceptions retrieval errors due to the neglection of line mixing are negligible for the spectral regions assigned for on-line processing of MIPAS measurements.

SummaryTwenty mature and 20 immature cadaver dog femora had mid-diaphyseal osteotomies performed at 45° to the bone axis. Either a 3.5 mm cortical lag screw, or a 1.6 mm pin aligning a 1.0 mm (18 gauge) twist-tensioned cerclage wire, stabilized the osteotomy. A single episode of slow axial compression was applied to each construct. Slippage in the plane of the osteotomy occurred for all constructs. Neither bone fracture nor implant failure was observed. Forcedisplacement data were standardized with respect to bone cross-sectional surface area, and statistical comparisons of stress performed at 2%, 4%, and 10% strain. The lag screw constructs were significantly stronger at all three strain levels for mature bone, but only at 10% strain for immature bone. Both devices resisted axial compression to a degree likely to assist, but not to provide complete fracture stabilization. As such, these devices should only be employed in combination with sufficiently rigid primary fixation.Oblique osteotomies in mature and immature dog femora were stabilized with either a lag screw or transfixation pin and cerclage wire. Constructs were loaded in axial compression and statistical analysis of stress performed at 2%, 4% and 10% strain. The lag screw constructs were significantly stronger at all strain levels for mature bone, but only at the highest strain level for immature bone.

Smectites from bentonite deposits from the island of Milos were analyzed for their oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios. Based on published isotopic fractionation data the results argue for a main meteoric water origin of the fluids responsible for the transformation of the pyroclastic rocks to bentonites. Alteration temperatures were estimated to be in the range from 30° to 90°C. In addition, δ18O and δ13C ratios were also measured on calcite separated from the bentonites. Dissolution of carbonates in the overlying marl and reprecipitation in the bentonite/pyroclastic rocks is considered as the origin of most of the calcites. In consequence of this polyphase history, δ13C-values indicate a marine carbon source while δ18O ratios suggest equilibrium of calcite with a fluid phase at elevated temperatures. Isotopic data of Smectites and calcite point to similar conditions for the formation of both minerals. It is proposed that an aquifer in the NE of Milos was heated during volcanic activity in the early Quaternary and that heated groundwater circulated through pyroclastic rocks with high hydraulic permeability to form extensive bentonite deposits.

Etwa 5–8% aller erwachsenen Frauen leiden irgendwann in ihrem Leben unter einer rezidivierenden vaginalen Candidiasis (Sobel 2007), die uber Jahre anhalten kann und fur die betroffenen Frauen eine auserordentliche Belastung darstellt. Im Allgemeinen lasst sich bei den betroffenen Frauen kein Risikofaktor finden.

This paper addresses whether there is a cross-border opinio iuris that victims have a right to tell their stories in criminal proceedings. Over the last few decades, the rights of victims have been strengthened in criminal proceedings. But there is only little discussion as to whether they have a right to tell their stories even in consensual proceedings, which aim to accelerate criminal proceedings and therefore place some restrictions on the rights of the parties -- and not only the rights of the accused, but also the rights of the victims if they are regarded as a party to such proceedings at all. Therefore, the relevant legal frameworks of Switzerland, Germany, the United States of America and that of the International Criminal Court will be presented. Moreover, the issue of which rights are granted to the victims in these proceedings will be explored and if a general consensus on the rights of victims in such proceedings can be reached.

Nur wenige Erreger konnen zu einer Vulvitis/Kolpitis fuhren. Der haufigste Erreger ist Candida albicans. Staphylococcus aureus verursacht nur eine Entzundung im auseren Vulvabereich. Streptokokken A konnen zu einer hartnackigen Vulvitis/Kolpitis fuhren. Bei der gar nicht seltenen Kolpitis plasmacellularis, englisch »desquamative inflammatory vaginitis« (DIV), sind Ursache und Erreger unbekannt.

MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding), a high resolution limb sounder, is now under construction as an ESA Developed Instrument (EDI) on ESA's planned environmental satellite ENVISAT-1. The feasibility of detecting 27 trace constituents with MIPAS in the middle atmosphere has been studied under a contract with ESA on the basis of simulated limb emission spectra in the mid-i.r. spectral region from 4.15 to 14.6 μm assuming a spectral resolution of 0.05 cm -1 . Synthetic emission spectra have been generated for complete limb sequences. For the best suited spectral features, radiance profiles have been calculated for various atmospheric conditions. Based on the present performance parameters of MIPAS, altitude ranges have been estimated in which each constituent can be measured within defined limits of accuracy. The working procedure and the main results of the study on MIPAS' capability to measure the atmospheric composition are presented. While the results are specific to this instrument, they might be of general interest to investigators working in the area of high resolution atmospheric remote sensing.

Improvements in design and the enhancement in performance of aerospace vehicles calls for the development of advanced materials capable of sustaining the increasing loading conditions while maintaining their structural integrity. Special consideration must be given to the behavior of such materials under fatigue loading conditions that dominate the flight regime loads. A micromechanical fatigue damage model for unidirectional metal-matrix composites is proposed. Damage evolution is considered at the constituent level through the application of the Mori-Tanaka averaging scheme. Individual damage criteria for the constituents are proposed and employed to define damage evolution equations for each of the consultants. The numerical results for high cycle fatigue loading are presented for variations in the material and model parameters.

Der perkutane Weg stellt den direkten Zugang zur Niere dar. Einerseits darf er deshalb die Eigenschaft minimalinvasiv beanspruchen, andererseits benutzt er - im Gegensatz zum retrograden Weg - keine naturlich vorgegebenen Kanale und ist deshalb durchaus traumatisch.

Zwischenspiele der Filmgeschichte. Zur Rezeption des Kinos der Weimarer Republik in Sudafrika 1928–1933 MICHAEL ECKARDT Berlin, trafo-Verlag, 2008 487 pp., illus., bibliography, appendices, €56.80 ...