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Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is fraught with multiple tensions. This is partly due to implicit biases within teams, which can reflect larger social, physical, organizational, and historical contexts. Such biases may influence communication, trust, and how collaboration is enacted within larger contexts. Despite the impact it has on teams, the influence of bias on IPC is relatively under-explored. Therefore, the authors conducted a scoping review on the influence of implicit biases within interprofessional teams. Using scoping review methodology, the authors searched several online databases. From 2792 articles, two reviewers independently conducted title/abstract screening, selecting 159 articles for full-text eligibility. From these, reviewers extracted, coded, and iteratively analyzed key data using a framework derived from socio-material theories. Authors found that many studies demonstrated how biases regarding dominance and expertise were internalized by team members, influencing collaboration in predominantly negative ways. Articles also described how team members dynamically adapted to such biases. Overall, there was a paucity of research that described material influences, often focusing on a single material element instead of the dynamic ways that humans and materials are known to interact and influence each other. In conclusion, implicit biases are relatively under-explored within IPC. The lack of research on material influences and the relationship among racial, age-related, and gender biases are critical gaps in the literature. Future research should consider the longitudinal and reciprocal nature of both positive and negative influences of bias on collaboration in diverse settings.

Objective In surgical environments, work must be flexible, allowing practitioners to seek help when required. How surgeons navigate the complexity of interprofessional teams and collaborative care whilst attending to their own knowledge/skill gaps can be difficult. This study aims to understand helping behaviours in interprofessional surgical teams. Design Thirteen semi-structured interviews with participants were completed. Data collection and inductive analysis were conducted iteratively using thematic analysis. Results We found several intersecting features that influenced helping engagement. Work context, including nested and cross-sectional identities, physical and hierarchical environments, diversity, support for risk-taking and innovation and perceptions of a “speak up” culture shaped the way helping scenarios were approached. Intrinsic attributes influenced decisions to dis/engage. When united, these features shaped how helping behaviours became enacted. Conclusion If we desire to create surgical teams that deliver quality care, we must consider not only individual attributes but the context in which teams are situated.

OBJECTIVE A common method of distress monitoring in cancer patients relies on static and retrospective data collected in-person at the time of a health care provider appointment. Relatively little work has examined the potential usefulness of mobile distress monitoring using cancer patients' smartphones. The current study deployed longitudinal distress monitoring using secure text messaging. METHODS In an observational study, a total of 52 cancer patients receiving active cancer treatment (Mage = 58, 62% female) received a text message once a week for 4 weeks. Text messages contained a secure link to complete online the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), a commonly used distress screener. RESULTS Cancer patients completed a distress screener 75% of the time they received a text message. On average, it took less than a minute to complete each mobile distress screener. Geolocation data indicated that cancer patients completed distress screeners across a range of locations. Analyses of model fit of distress scores indicated significant heterogeneity in variability of distress scores over time and across cancer patients (AIC = 630.5). Quantitative feedback from cancer patients at the end of the study indicated high ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction of completing mobile distress screeners. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the use of secure text messaging to monitor longitudinal, out of clinic, distress in cancer patients. Findings also highlight the importance of mobile-based approaches to distress screening in order to maximize opportunities to intervene.

BACKGROUND Nearly half of the patients with breast cancer experience clinically significant mental distress within the first year of receiving their cancer diagnosis. There is an urgent need to identify scalable and cost-efficient ways of delivering empirically supported mental health interventions to patients with breast cancer. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of in-clinic recruitment for a mobile phone app study and to evaluate the usability and preliminary impact of a suite of mental health apps (IntelliCare) with phone coaching on psychosocial distress symptoms in patients recently diagnosed with breast cancer. METHODS This pilot study adopted a within-subject, 7-week pre-post study design. A total of 40 patients with breast cancer were recruited at a US National Cancer Institute–designated clinical cancer center. Self-reported distress (Patient Health Questionnaire-4) and mood symptoms (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System depression and anxiety scales) were assessed at baseline and postintervention. App usability was assessed at postintervention. RESULTS The minimum recruitment threshold was met. There was a significant decrease in general distress symptoms, as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety, from baseline to postintervention. Overall, participants reported high levels of ease of app use and learning. Scores for app usefulness and satisfaction were reinforced by some qualitative feedback suggesting that tailoring the apps more for patients with breast cancer could enhance engagement. CONCLUSIONS There is a dire need for scalable, supportive interventions in cancer. The results from this study inform how scalable mobile phone–delivered programs with additional phone support can be used to support patients with breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/11452

BACKGROUND Psychological distress is a major issue among survivors of women’s cancer who face numerous barriers to accessing in-person mental health treatments. Mobile phone app–based interventions are scalable and have the potential to increase access to mental health care among survivors of women’s cancer worldwide. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a novel app-based intervention with phone coaching in a sample of survivors of women’s cancer. METHODS In a single-group, pre-post, 6-week pilot study in the United States, 28 survivors of women’s cancer used iCanThrive, a novel app intervention that teaches skills for coping with stress and enhancing well-being, with added phone coaching. The primary outcome was self-reported symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Emotional self-efficacy and sleep disruption were also assessed at baseline, 6-week postintervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention period. Feedback obtained at the end of the study focused on user experience of the intervention. RESULTS There were significant decreases in symptoms of depression and sleep disruption from baseline to postintervention. Sleep disruption remained significantly lower at 4-week postintervention compared with baseline. The iCanThrive app was launched a median of 20.5 times over the intervention period. The median length of use was 2.1 min. Of the individuals who initiated the intervention, 87% (20/23) completed the 6-week intervention. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provides support for the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of the iCanThrive intervention. Future work should validate the intervention in a larger randomized controlled study. It is important to develop scalable interventions that meet the psychosocial needs of different cancer populations. The modular structure of the iCanThrive app and phone coaching could impact a large population of survivors of women’s cancer.

The current 100 ppb short-term National Ambient Air Quality Standard for NO2, and EPA's determination of a causal association for respiratory effects, are based in part on controlled human exposure studies evaluating airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). A meta-analysis by Goodman et al. (2009) found increased AHR at 100 ppb NO2 but no clear concentration-response relationship up to 600 ppb, and an overall lack of an AHR effect for studies involving exercise or exposure to allergens. Several factors have been suggested to explain why effects on AHR are observed while people are at rest, but not during exercise or after exposure to allergens. These include an exercise-induced refractory period; partial reversal of bronchospasm from use of forced expiration maneuvers; and greater airway responsiveness of participants exposed to NO2 at rest. We reviewed the scientific evidence to determine whether there is biological support for these factors and found that none sufficiently explained the lack of an effect during exercise or after exposure to allergens. In the absence of either a consistent concentration-response or a plausible explanation for the paradoxical AHR findings, the biological significance of these findings is uncertain and provides equivocal support for NO2 as a causal factor of AHR at these exposure levels.

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) in drinking water varies geographically and is prevalent worldwide. While exposures in the US are generally low, there are some areas with higher levels of naturally occurring iAs (potentially >100μg/L) where residents rely on unregulated drinking water wells. Much of the evidence on the association between iAs and cancer comes from epidemiological studies conducted in South American and Asian populations. These populations have generally been exposed to much higher levels of iAs and have differing underlying characteristics, both of which make comparing them to Western populations difficult. A key question is whether and how one should extrapolate from these high exposure studies to estimate cancer risk at lower exposures. We conducted an independent analysis to determine the most appropriate cancer endpoints, studies, and models to support an oral carcinogenicity assessment of iAs, taking into consideration factors that affect the apparent potency of iAs across geographically and culturally distinct populations. We identified bladder and lung cancer as high-priority endpoints and used meta-regression to pool data across studies from different regions of the world to derive oral cancer slope factors (CSFs) and unit risks (excess risk per μg/L) for iAs based on the background risks of bladder and lung cancer in the US. We also calculated concentrations of iAs in water that are not likely to result in cancer risk above what is considered acceptable by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). While we derived these factors assuming a linear, no-threshold relationship between iAs and cancer risk, we also evaluated the shape of the dose-response curves and assessed the evidence for overall nonlinearity. Overall, we found that the incremental risks of bladder and lung cancer associated with iAs were relatively low. The sensitivity analyses we conducted suggested that populations with relatively high iAs exposures appeared to drive the pooled cancer risk estimates, but many of our other tested assumptions did not substantially alter these estimates. Finally, we found that the mode of action evidence supports there being a threshold, but making a robust quantitative demonstration of a threshold using epidemiological data is difficult. When considered in the context of typical exposure levels in the US, our potency estimates indicate that iAs-induced cancer risk is much lower than observed bladder and lung cancer incidences. This suggests that the low iAs levels to which much of the general US population is exposed likely do not result in substantial additional cancer risk. Keywords: Inorganic arsenic, Meta-regression, Dose-response, Cancer slope factor, Bladder cancer, Lung cancer

The first synthesis of ganodermanontriol, a bioactive lanostane triterpene from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, has been achieved in 15.3% yield over nine steps, along with its three stereoisomeric triols and ganoderol A. The key steps leading to this family of isomers involve the reconstruction of the trisubstituted alkene by stereoselective and chemoselective phosphonate reactions and the formation of the unusual Δ7,9(11)-diene core by the mild acidic opening of a lanosterone-derived epoxide. Ganodermanontriol showed promising activity on the inhibition and proliferation of breast cancer cells. The effect of ganodermanontriol and its isomers on cell proliferation was assayed; IC50 values of 5.8 and 9.7 μM on breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively, were found for ganodermanontriol.

We investigate the understanding of mechanical waves in a class of second-year physics majors at a Canadian university. We administered a previously-developed diagnostic test (Wittmann. Ph.D. thesis, University of Maryland. Unpublished. 1998.) pre- and post-instruction to second-year students, and pre-instruction to a group of first-year students. We find that common misconceptions identified in previous studies involving students in first-year physics courses persist among our second-year students, although the fraction of students holding these misconceptions decreases with instruction. We also find that application of wave concepts becomes more consistent, and that the correlation between the students’ own perception of their understanding and their diagnostic test scores increases significantly as their level of instruction advances. We describe two tutorial exercises developed to address areas in which conceptual understanding is weak.

✓ The surgical treatment of transsphenoidal cephaloceles in children is controversial. Reduction and repair via a transcranial approach are associated with high postoperative rates of morbidity, mortality, and hypothalamic dysfunction. In this study, four patients, aged 3 to 35 months at surgery, underwent successful transpalatal repair of two encephaloceles and two meningoceles. Two patients presented with nasal obstruction in infancy, one presented with unexplained meningitis, and in one patient the lesion was found incidentally during evaluation for seizures. Two children had median cleft face syndrome, another had an associated Arnold—Chiari type I malformation, and the fourth had no other cranial abnormalities. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation including magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Auditory, ophthalmological, genetic, endocrinological, or other evaluation was undertaken as indicated. Lesions were approached through the median raphe of the hard and soft palates. All cephaloceles were easily visualized and dissected after division of the nasal palatal mucosa. The dural sac and its contents were reduced by surface coagulation after division and dissection of the overlying mucosa. Once reduced, the bone defect was obliterated in three of four patients. The dura was not opened and anomalous neural elements were not resected. At follow-up evaluation, all patients demonstrated resolution of preoperative symptoms without evidence of infection or lasting morbidity. Follow-up MR imaging showed reduction in all cases. The authors conclude that this transpalatal approach is safe and reliable for the treatment of transsphenoidal cephaloceles in young children.