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Abdominal aortic aneurysm Aneurisma aórtico abdominal Aneurisma aòrtic abdominal This work was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (No. PI21/01048, PI20/01649), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER, a way to build Europe), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (No. RTI2018-094727-B-100), AGAUR (No. 2017-SGR-00333, 2017-SGR-1807) and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (No. 2021AEP073). L. P. is supported by a PFIS contract (ISCIII), C.B–S by a FPU fellowship and A.R.-S. and M.G. were funded by the Miguel Servet Program.

La diarrea epidémica porcina (PED) es una enfermedad entérica altamente contagiosa en los cerdos, que ha provocado grandes pérdidas económicas a la industria porcina a nivel mundial. Las medidas conocidas para el control de la PED, antes del desarrollo y lanzamiento de las vacunas en el 2017 en México, fue el “feedback” o “licuado”. Aunque fue una medida muy utilizada durante el brote de PED en 2013, entre los diversos autores que lo recomiendan no hay una homogeneidad en su uso. Actualmente, diversos estudios han experimentado otro tipo de profilaxis, como la inmunización oral con el virus de la PED obtenido a partir del aislamiento en cultivo celular, lo que permite cuantificar el virus infectivo, así como asegurar que solo se está utilizando como inóculo al virus y no otros agentes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el tiempo de seroconversión, en cerdas inoculadas con virus cuantificado, con cuatro diferentes vehículos (leche, trigo, directo y agua) y diferentes dosis del vehículo (1 ml, 2 ml y 3 ml), en diferentes momentos de gestación y número de partos. El estudio se realizó en el CEIEPP, granja de ciclo completo con 170 hembras. El presente estudio demostró que los vehículos con mejores resultados fueron el inóculo con agua y el inóculo directo combinado con la dosis de 1 ml, ya que la combinación de estos vehículos y dosis del inóculo generó que más del 90 % de las cerdas mostraran seroconversión a partir de la segunda semana post-inoculación.

In balancing the mission of state security forces and bodies, private security guards are expected to provide partial fulfillment to society’s sturdy desire for safety and security. They exert responsibility for protecting housing and commercial communities, as well as institutions and critical infrastructure systems, including manufacturing, utilities, transportation, and health and educational facilities. Acknowledging that these individuals must possess specific capabilities for a satisfactory level of performance, this study aims to empirically explore how those capabilities interact to obtain a good fit for their job. In order to accomplish this objective, the paper scrutinizes the insights of 94 Colombian security guards. It examines the potential associations (through a partial least squares-structural equation modeling) and configurations (through a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis) between the personality trait of conscientiousness and two relevant cognitive skills: mental agility and visual memory. The findings revealed coincidences and contradictions between techniques and addressed constructs’ arrangements to understand how individual capabilities are associated with work outcomes. Even though conscientious individuals tend to perceive strong compatibility with the security job, the skills under study display signs of being contingent on obtaining the same work attachment effect. This study concludes that a security guard’s job specification must privilege the possession of a conscientiousness trait and, if possible, self-perception of proficiency in cognitive skills, such as mental agility and visual memory, to obtain a correct fitting for the job.

Introduction: HIV is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There is insufficient information regarding comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors in the Colombian HIV population. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities in patients from the HIV Colombian Group VIHCOL. Methods: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted in the VIHCOL network in Colombia. Patients 18 years or older who had at least 6 months of follow-up were included. A stratified random sampling was performed to estimate the adjusted prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. Results: A total of 1616 patients were included. 83.2% were men, and the median age was 34 years. The adjusted prevalence for dyslipidemia, active tobacco use, hypothyroidism, and arterial hypertension was 51.2% (99% CI: 48.0%–54.4%), 7.6% (99% CI: 5.9%–9.3%), 7.4% (99% CI: 5.7%–9.1%), and 6.3% (99% CI: 4.8%–7.9%), respectively. Conclusions: In this Colombian HIV cohort, there is a high prevalence of modifiable CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia and active smoking. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures for the prevention and management of these risk factors should be reinforced.

El manejo de la vía aérea en las fracturas maxilofaciales complejas supone un gran reto desde el punto de vista anestésico. En la mayoría de los casos no existe la posibilidad de intubación nasal u oral y es necesario realizar una traqueostomía. Durante la edad pediátrica esto supone un aumento importante de morbimortalidad por lo que planteamos la intubación submentoniana como método alternativo. Es una técnica simple y rápida que permite compartir el campo quirúrgico junto con el mantenimiento de la vía aérea de forma segura en este tipo de intervenciones. A continuación, presentaremos el caso de un paciente de 12 años con traumatismo craneofacial severo con el propósito de describir la técnica de intubación submentoniana y sus indicaciones.

El cáncer de cuello uterino es la cuarta causa de mortalidad por cáncer en mujeres; 88 % de los casos provienen de países en vías de desarrollo debido al escaso acceso al tamizaje y tratamiento. Debido a esto, en los países de bajo desarrollo humano estrategias como la autotoma para la detección del virus del papiloma humano han adquirido gran importancia en la actualidad, aumentando hasta en un 45 % el tamizaje en estos países. La presente revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo determinar si existen diferencias entre técnica convencional para detección del virus del papiloma humano y la autotoma en países de mediano y bajo desarrollo humano, así como las ventajas y limitantes que esta presenta. Se realizó la búsqueda de la literatura mediante las bases de datos PubMed, Google Scholar y SciELO, empleando artículos originales, ensayos clínicos, de revisión, entre otros. Se demostró que la autotoma para la detección del virus del papiloma humano tiene una especificidad similar a la toma convencional por parte de personal médico y que incrementa el tamizaje, ya que es más aceptada que la muestra tomada por el clínico debido a que facilita el acceso y aborda las limitantes socioculturales percibidas por las usuarias.

A pesar de la necesidad de trazar los flujos y la evolución de la investigación en el Desempeño de los Sistemas de Innovación, DSI, pocos esfuerzos se han realizado para comprender este campo de conocimiento a partir del contraste de las perspectivas de los autores y de las revistas. El presente artículo implementa un análisis de la estructura conceptual de los tópicos de DSI, por medio de la combinación de visualizaciones científicas, bibliometría y análisis de redes. Como resultado se caracteriza las divergencias entre las visión extraída de los términos de los resúmenes la cual se centra alrededor del tema “sistemas”, mientras la visión de los editores extraída a partir de las “keywords plus” derivadas de los tesauros, se divide entre: i) tecnología, i) conocimiento y iii) políticas comocomponentes clave que articulan los frentes de investigación en Sistemas de Innovación.

Background Few studies have evaluated the efficacy of short-term medical missions. This study was aimed to evaluate complication rates and determine the effects of protocol changes in a pediatric inguinal hernia campaign in Equatorial Guinea and analyze post-operative follow-up capacity. Methods In this prospective observational cohort study, we evaluated two patient cohorts (group A, 2017–2018; group B, 2019) treated during campaigns in Equatorial Guinea for congenital inguinal pathology (hernia, hydrocele, and cryptorchidism). Patients aged Results In stage 1, complication and surgical site infection (SSI) rates were 21.3% and 7.4% in group A (n = 94), and 5.8% (p p = 0.012) in the control group, respectively. Group A had 20.2% loss-to-follow-up. In group B (n = 62), 6-month postoperative follow-up could not be assessed owing to restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, so only early complications were considered in stage 2, were complication and surgical site infection rates were 18.1% and 7.4% in group A and 11.3% (p = 0.350) and 1.6% (p = 0.150) in group B. Conclusion Our results showed higher than expected complication rates. Pre-operative prophylactic antibiotic could not show to reduce SSI. Further studies are needed to reduce complication rates in these campaigns. Patient loss-to-follow-up ratio warrants considering new strategies.

Atendiendo a la importancia que los sistemas de innovación agroindustrial están tomando en los países en vía de desarrollo, tal como Colombia (territorio de vocación agrícola por naturaleza), se presenta un acercamiento a su concepto y a la importancia que representa la intermediación en la transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología entre los diversos actores de la cuádruple hélice que conforman a este tipo de sistema sectorial. Es así que se ha realizado una búsqueda de literatura en Google Scholar, Scopus y Web of Science, así como resultados de otras investigaciones enfocadas a estudiar el rol de los agentes intermediarios en los procesos de innovación relacionados con el agro.

En el marco del comercio exterior, la f loricultura es una de actividades agrícolas que más cultivos de alto valor produce, más empleos directos e indirecto crea y, en consecuencia, ingresos genera. Bajo este contexto, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo, analizar la competitividad a precios privados de plantaciones de rosa de corte, ubicadas territorialmente en localidades de Tenancingo y Villa Guerrero, Estado de México. A través del trabajo realizado en campo se obtuvo información de la organización relacionada con los costos, ingresos, indicadores socioeconómicos y de mercado durante marzo-mayo de 2019; asimismo, se tomó una muestra representativa de productores de Tenancingo y de la Asociación de f loricultores de Villa Guerrero A. C., con más de 29 años de trabajo como f loricultores. Para el análisis de los resultados se estructuró una Matriz de Análisis de Política a f in de estimar los ingresos, costos y ganancias a precios privados. Los resultados revelaron que no existe diferencia de los costos de producción ni de las ganancias en el mercado nacional e internacional, dado que el aprovechamiento de los predios ha sido rentable y competitivo, aunado a lo anterior, en ambos escenarios los factores internos de producción representaron más del 80% de los costos, incluyendo y excluyendo el costo por concepto de tierra y, la mano de obra, la cual representó la mayor parte de los recursos, seguido de gastos de transporte. Considerando que la competitividad de los sistemas se sustentó en el uso de la mano de obra que sustituyó a los avances tecnológicos y de capitalización, se deduce que la competitividad y rentabilidad para ambos sistemas es marginal.

El objetivo del artículo fue identificar las oportunidades de desarrollo local a través de la comercialización y dinámicas de mercado de los productos agroalimentarios con potencial de convertirse en souvenirs, localizándolos y evaluando sus interacciones socioeconómicas en el Parque Nacional Los Azufres, México. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso simple que integró aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta, consulta de fuentes secundarias, observación participante, la aplicación de la Matriz Boston Consulting Group (BCG) y la Matriz de Ansoff. Los resultados permitieron vincular el perfil de los turistas que visitan el destino y el potencial que los productos agroalimentarios, hechos con frutas locales, tienen como souvenir turístico. Fue posible identificar una demanda potencial de estos productos, la cual debe ser atendida desde una visión estratégica de la comercialización. Se concluye que los souvenirs agroalimentarios pueden contribuir al desarrollo económico local, sin embargo, es necesario redefinir sus sistemas productivos y modelos comerciales para que su impacto en la calidad de vida de las personas sea perceptible.

Con el objetivo de evaluar el desempeño productivo y los costos de producción por lechón destetado y cerdo finalizado en granjas porcinas con diferentes protocolos de vacunación al virus del PRRS en condiciones de campo, se analizaron los indicadores total de lechones nacidos, nacidos vivos, mortinatos, destetados, pesos al nacimiento y al destete, días de engorda y peso final así como, los costos por lechón destetado y cerdo finalizado, de dos granjas en régimen de semitecnificación: a) Protocolo 1 (P1), granja con vacunación a reproductoras y a lechones; y b) Protocolo 2 (P2), vacunación únicamente a cerdas reproductoras. Los indicadores productivos hasta el destete se evaluaron con un Diseño de Medidas repetidas en el tiempo y los de engorda con un Análisis de varianza con comparación de medias. Los costos se determinaron utilizando la fórmula general de costos. Fue posible observar diferencias en los lechones nacidos totales y momias (P

El emprendimiento es una parte muy importante en la economía de El Salvador, pues muchas personas optan por poner en marcha su propia empresa como fuente de trabajo en las distintas zonas del país. Gran parte de El Salvador está conformado por zonas rurales y muchas de las personas que residen en estas zonas deciden ser emprendedoras. Un porcentaje signifi cativo de emprendimientos son de mujeres que buscan, de esta manera, tener una vida digna. La información que se presenta en este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar los resultados encontrados en una investigación realizada por medio de un diagnóstico que analiza la situación de los emprendimientos que pertenecen a un grupo de mujeres que residen en distintas zonas rurales, también analiza la situación familiar de cada una de ellas, junto con el apoyo de una organización externa. Se diseñó un instrumento de investigación con el cual se obtuvieron datos relevantes acerca de tres áreas de estudio: económico, social y medioambiental. Debido a que el mundo entero se ha visto afectado por la pandemia del COVID-19, este estudio también se enfocó en analizar cómo ha afectado a las mujeres y sus emprendimientos. La fi nalidad de esta investigación es que, con la información obtenida, se les pueda brindar algún tipo de apoyo. Realidad Empresarial No. 11, 2021: 9-15

Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota (GM) of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which may be a determining factor on child development through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, it is not clear if there is a specific group of dysbiotic bacteria in ASD. The aim of this study was to carry out a meta-analysis on the studies that analyze GM in children with ASD. 18 studies fulfilled our selection criteria. Our results showed a lower relative abundance of Streptococcus (SMD(+) = - 0.999; 95% CI - 1.549, - 0.449) and Bifidobacterium genera (SMD(+) = - 0.513; 95% CI - 0.953, - 0.073) in children with ASD. Overall, the Bifidobacterium genera is involved. However, differences found between studies are attributed to factors such as reporting bias.

BACKGROUND Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12���g���dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (���week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN A multicentre observational study. SETTING The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g���dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g���dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g���dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml���kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g���dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348.

El reconocimiento de la vinculación directa de muchas enfermedades que padece el ser humano en la actualidad, con sus hábitos y costumbres alimentarias, constituye un aspecto de vital importancia en el mantenimiento de la salud. La escuela se convierte en un escenario idóneo para contribuir a la educación alimentaria y nutricional desde el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la disciplina Anatomía y Fisiología Humana en la carrera Licenciatura en Educación. Biología posee potencialidades para contribuir a la educación alimentaria y nutricional en la formación del docente de biología. El objetivo es describir las potencialidades del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la disciplina Anatomía y Fisiología Humana para contribuir a la educación alimentaria y nutricional en la formación del docente de Biología. Dentro de los métodos de la ciencia utilizados se encuentran el histórico-lógico, el analítico- sintético, el inductivo-deductivo y el estudio de documentos.

Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) in some patients with locally advanced breast cancer remains one of the main obstacles to first-line treatment. We investigated clinical and pathological responses to FAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Mexican women with breast cancer and their possible association with SNPs present in ABC transporters as predictors of chemoresistance. A total of 102 patients undergoing FAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. SNP analysis was performed by RT-PCR from genomic DNA. Two SNPs were analyzed: ABCB1 rs1045642 (3435 C > T) and ABCG2 rs2231142 (421 G > T). In clinical response evaluation, significant associations were found between the ABCB1 C3435T genotype and breast cancer chemoresistant and chemosensitive patients (p

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de un arancel de 20% aprobado por México en junio de 2018, a importaciones de carne de cerdo en canal procedentes de Estados Unidos, mediante un modelo de programación no lineal con datos de 2017. El país se dividió en ocho regiones productoras y consumidoras: Noroeste, Norte, Noreste, Centro-Oeste, Centro-Este, Sur, Oriente, Península y dos puntos de internación de importaciones, Punto de internación uno, Punto de internación dos. El análisis se realizó en producción, importaciones y consumo. Bajo condiciones óptimas el modelo subestimó la producción nacional en 3.7%, sobreestimó a importaciones y consumo en 2.4 y 0.8% con un Valor Social Neto de 4635 miles de millones de pesos. El arancel de 20% habría de incrementar producción nacional en 0.4% (4774 t), disminuir importaciones en 18.9% (19 141 t), reducir consumo en 0.6% (14 367 t) y el Valor Social Neto en 0.1% (6 mil millones de pesos). El mercado porcino mexicano, es sensible al efecto del arancel; tal política protege a productores nacionales, perjudica tanto a importadores como a consumidores y, se considera como viable a favor de la producción, si es que el objetivo gubernamental se orienta hacia ese sector.

El aguacate es considerado como cultivo rentable y generador de empleos. Esta fruta, forma parte de la política de reconversión productiva del Estado de México. El objetivo fue evaluar la rentabilidad y competitividad a precios privados de sistemas productivos a micro y pequeña escala, en el bosque Tropical de México. Se utilizó el primer renglón de la matriz de análisis de política. En tres sistemas de producción de aguacate. La mayor rentabilidad fue de $ 23 726 pesos mexicanos en sistemas jóvenes con distancia de 6 metros y el peor desempeño de $ -24 438 pesos mexicanos en sistemas de 8 metros y de 7 a 9 años. Los sistemas entre 4 y 6 años son rentables y competitivos favoreciendo la expansión del cultivar. Las plantaciones mayores de 10 años registraron indicadores negativos. El rendimiento se evaluó con un diseño de parcelas divididas. No hubo diferencias estadísticas de rendimiento entre plantaciones.

BackgroundOver the past years, information about the crosstalk between the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and the cardiovascular system has emerged. Notably, in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), EAT might have a potential role in the pathophysiology of ventricular structural changes and function, and the clinical evolution of patients. This study aims to assess the impact of EAT on morpho-functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) and the outcome of patients after an AMI.MethodsWe studied prospectively admitted patients to our hospital with a first episode of AMI. All patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during admission. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed within 24–48 h after PCI, as well as blood samples to assess levels of galectin-3 (Gal-3). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed 5–7 days after PCI. Clinical follow-up was performed at 1 and 5 years after MI.ResultsMean age of our cohort (n = 41) was 57.5 ± 10 years, and 38 (93%) were male. Nine patients had normal BMI, 15 had overweight (BMI 25–30), and 17 were obese (BMI > 30). Twenty three patients (56%) had ≥ 4 mm thickness of EAT measured with echo. In these patients, baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after AMI was significantly lower, as well as global longitudinal strain. EAT thickness ≥ 4 m patients presented larger infarct size, higher extracellular volume, and higher T1 times than patients with EAT < 4 mm. As for Gal-3, the median was 16.5 ng/mL [12.7–25.2]. At five-year follow-up 5 patients had major cardiac events, and all of them had EAT ≥ 4 mm.ConclusionsPatients with EAT >4 mm have worse LVEF and GLS, larger infarct size and longer T1 values after a MI, and higher levels of Gal-3. EAT >4 mm was an independent predictor of MACE at 5-year follow-up. EAT thickness is a feasible, noninvasive, low-cost parameter that might provide important information regarding the chronic inflammatory process in the myocardium after an infarction.

Objective: The number of pre- and post- outbreak weaned piglets was evaluated, as well as return to productive normality, cost of weaned piglets, and economic impact (implications) of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED). Design/Methodology/Approximation: The data were obtained from 24,597 farrows of weaned piglets from Mexican pork farms under conditions of technification. A mixed effects design was used with the time variable as class variable to determine the return to productive normality. The costs were determined with the general cost formula with emphasis on the number of weaned piglets (NWP). The economic impact was estimated using data from the Input-Product Matrix in Mexico. Results: The average NWP before the outbreak was 9.75 per sow and birth, and from weeks 1 to 6 post-outbreak it was 2.43, 2.07, 2.87, 4.42, 6.22 and 8.07, respectively, with a weekly production cost of $114, $134, $97, $64, $46, $36 and $33 USD. The farms returned to normality in terms of NWP during week 7 post-outbreak. Study Limitations/Implications: For every $77 thousand USD that cease to be invested in the demand, the amount that will cease to be generated is $96 thousand USD; therefore, an effect in the offer would be equivalent to a loss of 12,675 USD. Conclusions: The statistical model allowed establishing the return time to normality of the farms being studied. Likewise, the methodology of costs with emphasis in the weaned piglet allowed to determine the cost of the piglet from the farms affected regardless of the physiological state of the other sows in production

México es uno de los principales productores de zarzamora en el mundo y este fruto es uno de los cultivos nacionales con mayor demanda en el extranjero. Sin embargo, su corta vida de anaquel y las condiciones especiales de almacenamiento que requiere para conservarse representan un reto constante para llevarla a partes lejanas del mundo. Hasta el momento, los esfuerzos para su conservación se han enfocado en estrategias que se aplican después de la cosecha del fruto; no obstante, estos métodos tienen limitaciones. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es abordar una propuesta reciente relacionada al manejo de la zarzamora previo a su cosecha, como una herramienta para lograr su exitosa comercialización a nivel internacional.

Este artículo describe facilitadores y recomendaciones de proveedores de salud de clínicas de VIH para la implementación de PPrE en Colombia. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 proveedores de salud de 9 clínicas. Se utilizó el “Marco Consolidado para avanzar en la Ciencia de la Implementación” para guiar el análisis de contenido de los hallazgos. Los resultados fueron: Características de la intervención: los proveedores reconocen PPrE como una terapia innovadora, de demostrada efectividad; recomiendan que debe implementarse por normativa nacional del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, con compra centralizada de medicamentos y adaptaciones a las diversidades regionales. Para ensamblar la PPrE en las clínicas, recomiendan articularla a programas preventivos de salud sexual, orientados por equipos interdisciplinarios capacitados. Ambiente externo: se recomendó fortalecer el trabajo en red con las secretarias de salud, Profamilia y organizaciones LGTBI; cambiar condiciones de contratación con las Entidades Promotoras de Salud para incluir PPrE dirigido a parejas de pacientes con VIH, y financiar con recursos públicos a personas que no la pueden pagar. Ambiente interno: clima y disponibilidad de implementación percibidos como favorables para la adopción de PPrE; para reducir tensiones organizacionales por el cambio recomiendan expandir los planes de capacitación. Proceso de implementación: se recomienda el diseño de planes nacionales, locales e institucionales, así como la atracción de líderes clave internos y externos. Se concluye que los proveedores de salud de los clínicas para VIH en Colombia perciben un ambiente favorable para la adopción de PPrE en el país.

Background Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have become a fundamental pillar in optimizing antimicrobial usage, improving patient care, and reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Herein we evaluated the impact of an ASP on antimicrobial consumption and AMR in Colombia. Methods We designed a retrospective observational study and measured trends in antibiotic consumption and AMR before and after the implementation of an ASP using interrupted time series analysis over a 4-year period (24 months before and 24 months after ASP implementation). Results ASPs were implemented according to the available resources in each of the institutions. Before ASP implementation, there was a trend toward an increase in the antibiotic consumption of all measured antimicrobials selected. Afterward, an overall decrease in antibiotic consumption was observed. The use of ertapenem and meropenem decreased in hospital wards, while a decrease in the use of ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, and vancomycin was observed in intensive care units. After ASP implementation, the trend toward an increase of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli, and meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reversed. Conclusions In our study, we showed that ASPs are a key strategy in tackling the emerging threat of AMR and have a positive impact on antibiotic consumption and resistance.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with renal alterations resulting in poor outcomes in patients with MI. Renal fibrosis is a potent predictor of progression in patients and is often accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the mechanisms involved in these alterations are not well established. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a central role in protein processing and folding. An accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to ER dysfunction, termed ER stress. Since the kidney is the organ with highest protein synthesis fractional rate, we herein investigated the effects of MI on ER stress at renal level, as well as the possible role of ER stress on renal alterations after MI. Patients and MI male Wistar rats showed an increase in the kidney injury marker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) at circulating level or renal level respectively. Four weeks post-MI rats presented renal fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation accompanied by ER stress activation characterized by enhanced immunoglobin binding protein (BiP), protein disulfide-isomerase A6 (PDIA6) and activating transcription factor 6-alpha (ATF6α) protein levels. In renal fibroblasts, palmitic acid (PA; 50-200 µM) and angiotensin II (Ang II; 10−8 to 10−6M) promoted extracellular matrix, superoxide anion production and inflammatory markers up-regulation. The presence of the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; 4 µM), was able to prevent all of these modifications in renal cells. Therefore, the data show that ER stress mediates the deleterious effects of PA and Ang II in renal cells and support the potential role of ER stress on renal alterations associated with MI.

Las spin-off universitarias constituyen uno de los modelos de transferencia de tecnología que promueven la comercialización del conocimiento, los resultados de investigación y la propiedad intelectual de la universidad; siendo considerado uno de los principales impulsores del cambio y el crecimiento económico de los países. Este estudio desarrolla una revisión de artículos científicos indexados en la base de datos bibliográfica Web of Science, con dos propósitos: (i) identificar los factores determinantes en la creación de spin-off universitarias; y (ii), establecer las brechas de conocimiento que permitan desarrollar una agenda de investigación en el tema. Como resultado, la información de los factores identificados se sintetizó en cuatro categorías: i) la universidad, ii) los académicos, iii) los intermediarios de transferencia de tecnología, y iv) los factores del entorno Los resultados contribuyen al debate sobre cómo las variables identificadas inciden e interactúan a diferentes niveles en la creación de spin-off universitarias y las implicaciones tanto para futuras investigaciones como para la práctica, en términos de políticas institucionales y regionales.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has rapidly spread throughout Latin America, a region swept by multiple previous and ongoing epidemics. There are significant concerns that the arrival of COVID‐19 is currently overlapping with other viruses, particularly dengue, in various endo‐epidemic regions across South America. In this report, we analyzed trends for both viral infections in Colombia during the first 20 epidemiological weeks of 2020. From January 1st to May 16th, 2020 (epidemiological weeks, EW, 1‐20), a total of 52,679 cases of dengue and 14,943 cases of COVID‐19 have been confirmed in Colombia. As both conditions may potentially lead to fatal outcomes, especially in patients with chronic co‐morbidities, overlapping infections and co‐occurrence may increase the number of patients requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. In regions such as Valle del Cauca, intensified preparation for such scenarios should be pondered, and further studies should be performed to address this critical issue in a timely matter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition with well-established symptom dimensions across the lifespan. The objective of the present study was to use network analysis to investigate the internal structure of these dimensions in unselected schoolchildren and in children with OCD. Method: We estimated the network structure of OCD symptom dimensions in 6,991 schoolchildren and 704 children diagnosed with OCD from 18 sites across 6 countries. All participants completed the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory−Child Version. Results: In both the school-based and clinic-based samples, the OCD dimensions formed an interconnected network with doubting/checking emerging as a highly central node, that is, having strong connections to other symptom dimensions in the network. The centrality of the doubting/checking dimension was consistent across countries, sexes, age groups, clinical status, and tic disorder comorbidity. Network differences were observed for age and sex in the school-based but not the clinic-based samples. Conclusion: The centrality of doubting/checking in the network structure of childhood OCD adds to classic and recent conceptualizations of the disorder in which the important role of doubt in disorder severity and maintenance is highlighted. The present results suggest that doubting/checking is a potentially important target for further research into the etiology and treatment of childhood OCD. Mr. Cervin has received funding from L.J. Boëthius Foundation, Lindhaga Foundation, Jerring Foundation, and Region Skåne that made possible the preparation of the present manuscript. Original data was collected in part by support from grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to Drs. Storch (1R01MH093381) and Geller (5R01MH093402).

In recent years, there has been an increase in studies of the implications of the gut microbiota (GM) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is a hypothesis which propose a relationship between the emotional state and the abundance of intestinal microbes through the so-called microbiota-intestine-brain axis. In this sense, dysbiotic GM could be a contributing factor to the appearance of ASD. This systematic review article analyzes the results of the intervention using prebiotics (carrot powder, vitamin A, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, galactooligosaccharides, etc.), probiotics (mainly: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.) and transplantation of fecal microbiota in ASD children. In conclusion, the results of the initial studies suggest changes in ASD symptoms, gastro-intestinal symptoms and GM composition after the interventions. However, the results should be taken with caution because there are very few studies that analyze the efficacy of long-term treatments and the different combinations of them.

En los últimos años ha habido un aumento en los estudios sobre las implicaciones de la microbiota intestinal (MI) en niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). La hipótesis es que existe una posible relación entre el estado emocional, la abundancia y/o la proporción de diferentes colonias bacterianas intestinales, aunque no haya cambios en la cantidad total, a través del llamado eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro. En este sentido, la MI disbiótica podría ser un factor que contribuye a la aparición del TEA. En este artículo de revisión sistemática se analizan los resultados de la intervención mediante prebióticos (polvo de zanahoria, vitamina A, goma guar parcialmente hidrolizada, galactooligosacáridos, etc.), probióticos (fundamentalmente: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.) y trasplante de microbiota fecal en niños con TEA. En general, los resultados de los estudios iniciales sugieren cambios en los síntomas TEA, síntomas gastrointestinales y composición de la MI intestinal tras las intervenciones. Sin embargo, los resultados deben tomarse con cautela dado que son muy pocos los estudios que analizan la eficacia de los tratamientos a largo plazo y las diferentes combinaciones de los mismos. In recent years, there has been an increase in studies of the implications of the gut microbiota (GM) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is a hypothesis which propose a relationship between the emotional state and the abundance of intestinal microbes through the so-called microbiota-intestine-brain axis. In this sense, dysbiotic GM could be a contributing factor to the appearance of ASD. This systematic review article analyzes the results of the intervention using prebiotics (carrot powder, vitamin A, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, galactooligosaccharides, etc.), probiotics (mainly: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.) and transplantation of fecal microbiota in ASD children. In conclusion, the results of the initial studies suggest changes in ASD symptoms, gastro-intestinal symptoms and GM composition after the interventions. However, the results should be taken with caution because there are very few studies that analyze the efficacy of long-term treatments and the different combinations of them.

Background Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and associated with more severe OCD, greater impairment, and worse treatment outcome. Beyond twin studies showing that genetic factors contribute to the high co-occurrence, few studies have examined how OCD, depression, and anxiety are linked in youth, and current studies often fail to account for OCD and anxiety heterogeneity. Methods Network analysis was used to investigate how OCD were linked to depression and anxiety in multinational youth diagnosed with OCD (total n = 419) and in school-recruited, community-based samples of youth (total n = 2 991). Results Initial results aligned with earlier work showing that severity of obsession-related symptoms are important in linking OCD to depression in youth with OCD. However, when symptom content of OCD (e.g., washing, ordering) was fully taken into account and when measures of anxiety were included, specific OCD symptom dimensions (primarily obsessing and doubting/checking) were linked to specific anxiety dimensions (primarily panic and generalized anxiety) which in turn were linked to depression. These results were replicated in three separate community-based samples from Chile, Italy, and Spain using different measures of anxiety and depression. Limitations Cross-sectional data were analyzed which precludes causal inference. Self-report measures were used. Conclusions Youth with OCD with symptoms related to doubting/checking and obsessing should be carefully assessed for symptoms of panic and generalized anxiety. Non-responders to standard OCD treatment may benefit from interventions targeting panic and generalized anxiety, but more research is needed to test this hypothesis.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the main risk factors associated with the progression to severe disease or death have been typically advanced age, diabetes mellitus, obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, and chronic pneumopathy. Because of their immunosuppression status, persons with HIV were also expected to have a higher susceptibility to infection or a poor clinical evolution. So far, this has not been confirmed to happen, giving way to hypotheses about the role of immunosuppression or the use of antiretrovirals, which could explain this paradox. In this article we present the existing data on the epidemiology and characteristics of HIV-COVID-19 co-infection, discuss the available evidence on the possible factors involved in the evolution of individuals affected by both viruses, analyze other determinants that may negatively affect persons with HIV during the pandemic, and present recommendations for the prevention and care of COVID-19 infection in the context of HIV.

Lasspin-off universitarias son consideradas como un importante mecanismo de transferencia de tecnología, que permitencrear valor a partir de los conocimientos generados en las universidades, incentivando la investigación de calidad y la cooperación de las universidades con diferentes actores. Este artículo establece una tipología de métodos para el análisis de actores a partir de una categorización de los métodos existentes en la literatura, como una herramienta que contribuya a la formulación de estrategiaspara la gestión de actores involucrados en la creación de Spin-offuniversitarias. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, se recopilaron y codificaron múltiples modelos que existen en la literatura científica, posteriormente se cruzan estos métodos con las fases de creación de las spin-off, teniendo en cuenta las actividades clave que deben realizar los emprendedores para superar cada una de las coyunturas críticas que se presentan, con el fin de gestionar a los actores para anticiparse a las oportunidades y problemas durante la creación de la Spin-off.

OBJECTIVEThe authors conducted a pilot study on hybrid fluorescein-guided surgery for pituitary adenoma resection and herein describe the feasibility and safety of this technique.METHODSIn this pilot study, the authors included all consecutive patients presenting with pituitary adenomas, functioning and nonfunctioning. They performed a hybrid fluorescein-guided surgical technique for tumor resection. An endonasal endoscopic approach was used; after exposure of the rostrum of the sphenoid sinus, they administered a bolus of 8 mg/kg of fluorescein sodium (FNa) intravenously, and during resection, they alternated between endoscopic and microscopic techniques to guide the resection under a YELLOW 560 filter.RESULTSThe study included 15 patients, 7 men (47%) and 8 women (53%). Of the pituitary adenomas, 7 (46%) were nonfunctioning, 6 (40%) were GH secreting, 1 (7%) was prolactin secreting, and 1 (7%) was ACTH secreting. There were no FNa-related complications (anaphylactic reactions); yellowish staining of urine, skin, and mucosa was seen in all patients and resolved in a maximum time of 24 hours. After color spectrophotometric analysis, the authors identified a statistical difference in fluorescence among tumor, gland, and scar tissue (p = 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThis is the first study of its kind to describe the feasibility and safety of using FNa to guide the resection of pituitary adenomas. The authors found this technique to be safe and feasible. It may be used to obtain better surgical results, especially for hormone-producing and recurring tumors, as well as for reducing the learning curve in pituitary adenoma surgery.

For pharmaceutical solid products, the issue of reproducibly obtaining their desired end-use properties depending on crystal size and form is the main problem to be addressed and solved in process development. Lacking a reliable first-principles model of a crystallization process, a Bayesian optimization algorithm is proposed. On this basis, a short sequence of experimental runs for pinpointing operating conditions that maximize the probability of successfully complying with end-use product properties is defined. Bayesian optimization can take advantage of the full information provided by the sequence of experiments made using a probabilistic model of the probability of success based on a one-class classification method. The proposed algorithm’s performance is tested in silico using the crystallization and formulation of an API product where success is about fulfilling a dissolution profile as required by the FDA. Results obtained demonstrate that the sequence of generated experiments allows pinpointing operating conditions for reproducible quality.

The Remance gold mine, in Veraguas (central Panama), had its last mining operation in 1999, using the cyanidation process for Au separation. As a result of this activity, three waste tailings were exposed to the weather, in addition to mine dumps and the open pit mining areas. Currently the area is inhabited by peasants who develop subsistence agriculture and livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study has been to evaluate the environmental and human health risks that this area represents. The total concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as As, Cu, Zn, Ba, Sb and Hg were determined in mining process areas, surrounding soils and edible and inedible plants in the area; in addition to the cyanide species and the enzymatic activity by dehydrogenase (DHA) in soils. The accumulated contamination index (PLI) and potential ecological risk (RI) were calculated, the carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risk to human health represented by soils and edible plants was estimated.Regarding the degree of contamination, it is observed that the contamination is considerable in the tailings and the sediments of the pithead, and it spreads to the surroundings mainly in the sediments of the streams and their terraces, and, to a lesser degree, to the soils around it, showing that the main route of dissemination is through runoff; the same trend is followed by the potential ecological risk, being extreme in the sediments of the pithead, serious in the tailings and terrace sediments, high in the stream sediments and medium in the surrounding soils. The enzymatic activity by DHA tells us that the health of the surrounding soils is better than that of the stream sediments and terrace sediments, but less than in other sites affected by mining activity in Spain. Cyanide species are linked to DHA and this in turn is favoured by organic matter (OM). On the other hand, it was observed that cyanide elutes from the tailing’s piles in a complex cyanide way, favouring the transport of PTEs associated with it to the stream sediments.Regarding the risks to human health in soils, As and Cu concentrations exceed the limits for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk in both children and adults, with the residential scenario being the worst scenario, and for adults also the agricultural scenario. In edible plants such as rice, corn, cassava and tea leaves, Sb exceeds the limit for non-carcinogenic risk, and Cu and As for carcinogenic risk. Due to the potential ecological and human health risks that the area represents, actions must be taken to reduce them.Keywords: potentially toxic elements (PTEs), gold mine, risk assessment, edible plants, human health.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the link between Parental Acceptance-Rejection (PAR) and empathy and self-compassion in mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs). Method: The sample consists of 161 mothers who received pre-school education with children diagnosed with IDDs in Iran. The parental acceptance-rejection questionnaire, empathy questionnaire, and self-compassion scale were used as the data collection instruments, which have been analyzed through canonical correlation test. Results: There is a positive correlation between children's self-empathy and self-compassion and the PAR, and there is no significant relationship between mother's affection levels and empathy levels, but there is a significant negative relationship between mother's affection levels and child's self-compassion levels. Conclusion: when the PAR level increases, self-compassion level decreases. It provides support to predict a significant relationship between the mothers’ acceptance-rejection variables who have an IDD child and empathy and self-compassion.

Since their discovery, arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2, respectively) have been associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics. NAT2 is the main factor in the therapeutic success of tuberculosis treatment due to its role in the biotransformation of isoniazid. However, researchers have started to investigate the possible participation of NAT1 and NAT2 (NATs) in carcinogenesis, although the mechanisms have not been elucidated fully. NATs enzymatic activity is essential in some types of cancer, such as breast cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Whether NAT1 and/or NAT2 participate in insulin resistance level in diabetes mellitus or in the immune system remains to be explored. Therefore, it is clear that its role in cell physiology has more implications than just metabolizing compounds.

Objective: To determine socioeconomic relationships in backyard pig farms. Design/methodology/approximation: The farms studied had 1 to 8 sows. We used semi-structured questionnaires and periodic monitoring to collect data. We determined the cost of production with the general cost formula and calculated the countable effect of family labor. Two groups were established: Group 1) Young married couples; and Group 2) Elderly couples who have been married for a long time and who do not have married children. Social Network Analysis was used to determine the strength of those relationships. Results: Five socio-productive relations were discovered: 1) input supplier-producer; 2) piglet breeder-swineherd-butcher; 3) religious festivities-pigs; 4) season of the year-pig; and 5) producer-boar keeper. Income differed when family work was not counted. Limitations/implications: Results showed that it was possible to combine qualitative data and statistical modelling in studies about social and economic behavior of backyard pig farms and small-scale farms.

The exposure to air pollutants causes significant damage to health, and inefficient cooking and heating practices produce high levels of household air pollution, including a wide range of health-damaging pollutants such as fine particles, carbon monoxide and PAHs. The exposure to PAHs has been associated with the development of neoplastic processes, asthma, genotoxicity, altered neurodevelopment and inflammation. The effects on the induction of proinflammatory cytokines are attributed to the activation of AhR. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the PAHs produce proinflammatory effects are unknown. This study was performed on a group of 41 Mexican women from two rural communities who had stoves inside their houses, used wood as biomass fuel, and, thus, were vulnerable. According to the urinary 1-OHP concentration, the samples were stratified into two groups for determination of the levels of TNF-α, AhR, CYP1B1, miR-125b and miR-155 expression. Our results showed that the CYP1B1, TNF-α, miR-125b and miR-155 expression levels were not statistically different between women with the lowest and highest levels of 1-OHP. Interestingly, high levels of PAHs promoted augmented expression of AhR, which is a protein involved in the modulation of inflammatory pathways in vivo, suggesting that cell signaling of AhR may be implicated in several pathogenesis processes.

Blackberry fruits are appreciated as a source of nutrients and compounds related to benefit human health. However, they are highly perishable and very susceptible to decay factors. Current methods to improve and maintain blackberry quality are limited in use because of the fruit's fragile physical properties. Regarding these properties, it has been reported that the activities of certain enzymes are linked to senescence and fruit softening processes. This study was aimed to assess the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan (COS) as preharvest treatments on the physiology related to improving fruit conservation and preserving the marketability index of blackberry fruit. The preharvest treatments were foliar sprayed on blackberry plants at different concentrations. The activities of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polygalacturonase (PG) were measured. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, and marketability index (MI) were analyzed after 144 h of storage. The application of 3 mM of SA and 0.25% of COS treatments preserved the MI of blackberries by reducing leakage, red drupelet reversion (RDR), and mycelium presence in the fruit. SA application increased SOD, CAT, and PAL activities. Our results also showed that SA and COS preharvest treatments modified the activity of the cell wall degrading enzyme PG, which might play a role in improving the shelf life and resistance to decay factors of blackberry fruit without any significant effects on physicochemical properties like TSS, TA, and the TSS/TA ratio.

The relationship between emotion regulation, social interaction and different types of restricted and repetitive behaviors is poorly understood. In the present study, structural equation modeling based on information about 239 individuals with autism was used to examine whether emotion regulation and social communication were associated with self-injury and stereotyped behaviors. Results showed that poor emotion regulation had a unique association with self-injury while difficulties with social communication was uniquely associated with stereotyped behaviors. Emotion regulation and social communication were strongly associated and self-injury and stereotyped behaviors moderately associated. This implies that these types of behaviors are often expressions of broader negative emotional states in autism. Treatments that help improve coping and social communication strategies may benefit individuals with autism. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

Introducción: La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades infecciosas de mayor distribución mundial y la tuberculosis meníngea es una de sus manifestaciones más devastadoras. Su diagnóstico y confirmación microbiológica no siempre es fácil. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis meníngea por pruebas moleculares comparado con cultivo, caracterizando las principales manifestaciones clínicas y determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad. Métodos: Identificamos retrospectivamente a los pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de tuberculosis meníngea, mediante técnicas de pruebas moleculares y/o cultivo para M. tuberculosis, que ingresaron en nuestra institución entre enero de 2018 y marzo de 2020, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se excluyeron mujeres gestantes, pacientes que no contaran con prueba molecular para M. tuberculosis. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 33 pacientes, los hallazgos más relevantes en el citoquímico de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) fue la presencia de hipoglucorraquia, con una mediana de 34,2 mg/dl (RIQ 2,0-95,0 mg/dl) y de hiperproteinorraquia, con mediana de 265 mg/dl (RIQ 24,0-600 mg/dl). El resultado más significativo fue la presencia de proteína C reactiva elevada en suero en todos los casos, con una mediana de 53,3 mg/L (RIQ 22,9 - 89,6 mg/L) y neutrofilia en 75.8% (25). La mortalidad fue de 54.5% (18), la sensibilidad de la prueba molecular en LCR fue del 38,46% y el valor predictivo positivo de 58,82%. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de TB meníngea sigue siendo todo un reto, aunque las pruebas moleculares pueden ayudar en el diagnóstico temprano, su sensibilidad es baja en formas extrapulmonares.