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The goal of this study was to see how much genetic and environmental interaction affects essential oil yield and patchouli alcohol content and find superior genotypes over the years of patchouli's unique aroma in India. The tests were carried out for one year in 2013–2014 (initial evaluation trial) and then for three years in 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018 (major yield assessment trials). The fourteen patchouli genotypes and one commercial variety (CIM- Samarth) were studied in an RBD design with three replications. A pooled analysis of variance was performed across the environments/years for the eleven economic attributes. The results showed that most of the attributes had significant differences. In all three environments/years, genetic correlations between economic traits played a critical role in genetic improvement, for example, the traits X3-vs-X4, X3-vs-X5, and X4-vs-X5. As a result, according to correlations throughout the selective environments/years, picking these features will be favorable. Furthermore, the heritability in a broad sense (h2BS) was expressed as a percentage. The scores for all ten attributes ranged from 87.13 to 99.25%. The genetic advance over mean (GAM) percent, which ranged from 13.42 to 162.83%, was equally fascinating. The four winning genotypes for essential oil yield, G/PATC-11, G/PATC-1, G/PATC-2, and G/PATC-5, and the lines G/PATC-1, G/PATC-4, G/PATC-9, and G/PATC-11 for patchouli alcohol percent), were explained by biplot analysis as stable and higher-yielding genotypes. The percentage of ar-curcumene in stable genotypes with a distinct fragrance ranged from 8.60 to 8.71% in G/PATC 4, G/PATC 11, G/PATC 14, and G/PATC 1. Ar-curcumene has been found for the first time in the patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) species. As a result, it may be prudent to cultivate these stable genotypes on a big scale in India.

Background and Objectives: Essential oils are a complementary treatment and can play an important role in scar care. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a new essential oil (regeneration oil) with a control group on scar quality in healed split-thickness skin graft donor sites. Materials and Methods: A single-center blinded randomized controlled study was performed on 30 patients with healed split-thickness skin graft donor site. The patients were randomly allocated into blended regeneration oil (n = 14) and pure almond oil (n = 16) groups. Application of the assigned oil occurred twice a day for 6 months. Scarring (Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale), itching (ITCH Assessment Scale) and scar discoloration (colorimetry) of the donor sites were assessed after 1, 3 and 6 months. Results: We found no statistically significant differences between the groups in any applied parameter. We observed comparable outcomes (scar quality, itchiness, colorit) in healed split-thickness skin graft donor sites for both oils. Conclusions: Regeneration oil and control oil presented comparable results regarding scar quality, itchiness and colorit in healed split-thickness skin graft donor sites after 6 months of application. Both oils are suitable for skin/scar care in split-thickness skin graft donor sites.

Origanum husnucan-baserii is an endemic species naturally found in Ermenek district of Karaman and Antalya. This study was carried out to determine the agronomic and chemical components of the O. husnucan-baserii, which grows naturally in Ermenek (South of Turkey). The experiment was carried out in the garden of Ermenek Vocational School for 3 years in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and in the research areas of Field Crops Department of Cukurova University for 2 years in 2015 and 2016 (O. husnucan-baserii plant grown in Adana vegetation could not be harvested in the first trial year (2014), since flowering did not occur). O. husnucan-baseri grown in Ermenek, 3-year plant height is between 79.00-74.61 cm, average 74.61 cm, the number of branches between 29.07-27.14 units/plant, average 28.29 units/plant, fresh herbage weight between 731.5-233.7 g/plant, average 463.40 g/plant, dry herbage weight between 344.3-84.14 g/plant, average 193.31 g/plant, dry leaf weight between 163.60-34.30 g/plant, average 83.70 g/plant, essential oil ratio between 0.92-0.16 %, the average was determined as 0.63%. The main component of the essential oil, p-cymene, was obtained as 81.29% in the first year, 81.39% in the second year and 66.62% in the third year. The plant height of the plants grown in Adana is between 84.67-61.57 cm, the average is 73.12 cm, the number of branches is between 37.00-25.71 units/plant, the average is 31.36 units/plant, the fresh herbage weight is between 304.33-190.90 g/plant, the average is 247.62 g/plant, dry herbage weight between 113.66-80.43 g/plant, average 97.05 g/plant, dry leaf weight between 72.00-31.40 g/plant, average 51.70 g/plant and essential oil ratio between 1.26-0.98%, the average was determined as 1.12%. The rate of p-cimen, the main component of the essential oil, was determined as 69.52% in the first year and 76.38% in the second year. Some characteristics such as plant height, fresh and dry grass weights were higher in Ermenek than Adana results. In terms of essential oil content, plants cultivated in Adana had higher values. In this case, it would be more appropriate to choose a region according to the purpose of cultivation.

This work evaluated the synergistic effect of citronella essential oil (Ct) and montmorillonite (MMT) (called hybrid compound) incorporated in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films at different concentrations (3, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). PLA films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, SEM, TGA, and DSC considering their mechanical properties and essential oil migration. XRD analysis showed the effective interaction between MMT and oil. Thermal analysis, SEM, and mechanical tests were essential to understand the saturation point of the PLA composites. Samples with 15% and 20% of Ct showed a crystallinity reduction of 0.5% compared to samples with 3% and 10% of Ct. PLA/MMT–Ct showed a reduction in tensile strength of the order of 16 and 24, correlated to 15% and 20% of the Ct content, respectively, compared to PLA/MMT–Ct3%. Migration tests showed fast oil delivery correlated with high oil concentration, as evidenced using the PLA/MMT–Ct20% sample results, which showed an estimated release of 50% in the first 150 h due to system saturation, and the remaining being released in the last 350 h. Therefore, the migration tests provide an effective Ct concentration range promising for application with active packaging due to the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of Ct.

This study aims to contribute to the valorisation of the Algerian desert flora, particularly the flora of Ahaggar, by conducting a phytochemical and biological investigation of the essential oil of Artemisia judaïca, a traditional aromatic plant used for various garlics in this region. After the extraction of the essential oil, chromatographic analysis and evaluations of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities are performed on this plant. The results show a very high yield of essential oil on average (> 3.5 ml per 100 g of dry plant). The studied essential oil of Artemisia judaïca is characterized by the presence of piperitone (73.65 %). This oil showed strong antifungal and antibacterial activities, probably due to its richness in piperitone. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the essential oil gave an IC50value of 2.77± 0.05 mg/ml. The β-carotene bleaching test confirmed the trapping power of this essential oil.

The vetiver is an excellent source for essential oil, fodder, thatching, handicrafts, and mulching. Besides its various utility, a limited study has been done as fodder for ruminants. The major studies in the vetiver were focused on oil production, soil/water conservation. The study related to livestock cattle feeding on vetiver is very meager. The essential oil content, yield, nutritional, and protein quality of the fodder are highly affected by the G × E interaction. Objectives were to determine the extent of genotype × environment interaction for the nutritional quality of fodder, oil yield and to identify stable genotypes for the future breeding program. The thirty lines were evaluated to meet the above objectives to select genotypes with high oil yield and fodder quality. The genotypes were planted in RBD at the Institute in three years. The observations were recorded on twenty traits. The roots were distilled for oil by hydro-distillation for 24 h. GC analysis was performed in a Varian CP 3800 system using an Elite-5 fused silica column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). The pooled mean observations of all characters were analyzed for stability by the GGE biplot. For after the pooled ANOVA across years, all the twenty traits showed highly significant variations except four. Except for one variable, essential oil content, genotype was very significant for all twenty traits (%). For maturity stage × year interaction, all the twenty traits also showed high significance except four traits. For the maturity stage × genotypes interaction, all the twenty traits also showed highly significant variations except four traits. For years × genotypes interaction, all twenty traits also showed highly significant differences. For the maturity stage× years × genotypes interaction, all the twenty traits also showed high significance except one trait. The genotype Vg-11/selection 24 expressed the highest performance for eight traits: digestibility, protein, potassium, phosphorus (%), iron, copper, and manganese (mg/Kg) in vetiver leaves and the root yield/plot (g). The genotype Vg-15 for the three traits: calcium (%), khusinol, and β-vetivone (%) in essential oil. Despite the importance of essential oil, its leaves are vital due to their nutritional quality and can be used as fodder. Genotype Vg-11/selection 24 may recommend as a suitable and nutritious fodder and Vg-13 for high oil. The vetiver also has a perfect opportunity to be as nutritious fodder in livestock for nutrition and production.

The work focuses on the phytochemical and biological study (antimicrobial activity) of the essential oil (EO) from the underground parts ofCymbopogon schoenanthus, collected from the cultural park of Ahaggar in southern Algeria. The extraction of the essential oil gives a yield of more than 4 ml per 100 g of dry matter (gdm). Chromatographic analysis of the essential oil of this species shows a richness in monoterpenes (59.7%) with a predominance of piperitone (50.25%) and secondarily α-elemol (11.06%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, tested on six microorganisms, shows a strong antifungal and antibacterial action. This bioactivity is mainly due to the richness of this essence in piperitone known for its effectiveness against microbial agents. The limit test of toxicity shows that a dose of 2 g of essential oil/kg of body weight is not toxic.

Aim of the study: This study was performed to determine the essential oil components of Salvia Area of study: The study was carried out in two districts (Egirdir and Sarkikaraagac) located at Isparta province in Turkey. Material and methods: The isolation of essential oil components was performed from shoots with leaves and flowers. Qualitative analysis of essential oils was carried out by using a Shimadzu 2010 Plus GC-MS device. The identification of the constituents was carried out by comparing the retention index (RI) and mass spectral data (MS) to those reported in the literature. Main results: As a result of the GC-MS analysis, the major components of the essential oil were (-)caryophyllene oxide (49.56%), beta-vatirenene (7.87%), and alpha-Muurolol (6.78%) in S. tomentosa, sclareol (40.01%), germacrene-D (13.93%) and beta-pinene (11.93%) in S. argentea and eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) (16.6%), beta-pinene (14.7%) and cembrene (10.88%) in S. bracteata. Sclareol, which was determined at a high concentration in S. argentea in this study, is an economically valuable component that is widely used as flavoring in food and tobacco industry and as a perfume ingredient in the cosmetic industry. Highlights: According to this study, the cultivation of S. argentea can provide high economic returns. Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada Salvia tomentosa Mill., Salvia argentea L. ve Salvia bracteata Bank et Sol. taksonlarının uçucu yağ bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma alanı: Çalışma Türkiye'de Isparta ilinde bulunan iki ilçede (Eğirdir ve Şarkikaraağaç) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Materyal ve yöntem: Uçucu bileşiklerin izolasyonu, yaprak, çiçek ve sürgünden oluşan kısımlardan yapılmıştır. Uçucu yağların kalitatif analizi, Shimadzu 2010 Plus GC-MS (Gaz Kromatografisi/Kütle Spektrometresi) cihazı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bileşenlerin tanımlanması, alıkonma indeksi (RI) ve kütle spektral verilerinin (MS) yayınlanan literatürde rapor edilenlerle karşılaştırılmasıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Temel sonuçlar: GC-MS analizi sonucunda uçucu yağın ana bileşikleri (-)-karyofillen oksit (%49.56), β-vatirenen (%7.87), S. tomentosa'da α-Muurolol (%6.78), sclareol (40.01), germacrene-D (%13.93) ve β-pinene (%11.93), S. argentea'da ve okaliptol (1,8-sineole) (%16.60), β-pinene (%14.70) ve cembrene (%10.88) S. bracteata olmuştur. Bu çalışmada S. argentea'da yüksek konsantrasyonda tespit edilen sclareol, gıda ve tütün endüstrisinde aroma verici ve kozmetik endüstrisinde parfüm bileşenin olarak kullanılan ekonomik değeri olan bir bileşiktir. Araştırma vurguları: Bu çalışmaya göre S. argentea yetiştiriciliği yüksek ekonomik getiri sağlayabilir.

The growth of the essential oils market is explained by the growing demand for natural and organic products. Today, the global aromatherapy market with essential oils is growing, and demand for essential oils is increasing at the same rate. The studies are dedicated to the valuable essential oil culture ‒ fennel, the spread of which in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine will allow to obtain high profitability by agro-forming of different forms of ownership and will help to provide the Ukrainian market with raw materials of appropriate quality. The article offers a solution to the pressing issue of expanding the area of new unconventional culture in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by improving technological measures in the cultivation of culture. The basis of scientific research is the study of sowing terms (1st decade of April, for soil LTR 6-80C), (2nd decade of April, for LTR of soil 10-120C); row spacing (5, 30, 45 and 60 cm) and seeding rates (1, 1.5 and 2 million sprouting seeds per hectare). Among the plans of the research tasks were: to conduct the accounting of yields and to determine indicators of seeds quality (the content of essential oil in fennel seeds and its conditional yield per hectare of sowing), depending on the studied factors. Crop accounting was performed by continuous submerged threshing. The yield was brought to 100% purity and standard humidity according to the method described by V.O. Moiseychenko and V.O. Yeshchenko. Mathematical data processing was performed according to the method of B.A. Dopehova. The results of the research show that the sowing variants in the first decade of April, with a wide-row method (45 cm) sowing rate of one million sprouting seeds per hectare, yielded the optimum yield of fennel – 1.48 t / ha. In the same variant, the maximum content of essential oil was obtained – 6.23% and its yield from the hectare sowing area‒ 59.2 kg.

Samples of essential oil from the ground part of Stachys palustris L., which grows wild in the Astrakhan region, were obtained by hydrodistillation, and the dependence of its yield on the growing season of the plant was studied. The duration of the hydrodistillation process was set experimentally to study the dynamics of changes in the results of essential oil over time. The yield of essential oil is observed in % when converted to the weight of absolutely dry raw materials. The highest yield of essential oil was obtained from plants in the flowering phase (0.19–0.20%). Quantitative analysis of the main components of Stachys palustris L. essential oil was carried out by GC-MS method. The quantitative content of essential oil components was calculated from the areas of gas chromatographic peaks without using correction factors. It was found that the composition of the essential oil of Stachys palustris L. was very specific. 47 compounds belonging to various classes have been identified. It has been established that the composition of the essential oil of the Stachys palustris L. is very specific. 47 compounds corresponding to the class were identified. Compound classes include fatty acids and acid esters (36.23%), carbonyl compounds (14.25%) and oxygenated basic sesquiterpenes (12.90%), phenols (5.85%). Among the sesquiterpenoids, the predominant component of the essential oil is hexahydrofarnesylacetone (7.5%). The oil also contains (Z)-phytol (6.78%), thymol (4.2%), β-ionone (3.36%) and β-caryophyllene (2.87%). Nonspecific components of the essential oil of the taxon Stachys palustris growing in the Astrakhan region are coumarin (10.27%) and coumaran (0.36%)., Методом гидродистилляции получены образцы эфирного масла из наземной части Stachys palustris L., дикорастущего в Астраханской области, и изучена зависимость его выхода от срока вегетации растения. Продолжительность процесса гидродистилляции установлена экспериментально на основании изучения динамики изменения выхода эфирного масла во времени. Выход эфирного масла определяли в % в перечете на вес воздушно-сухого сырья. Наибольший выход эфирного масла получен из растений в фазу цветения (0.19–0.20%). Методом ГХ-МС осуществлен количественный анализ основных компонентов эфирного масла Stachys palustris L. в фазу цветения. Количественное содержание компонентов эфирного масла вычислялось по площадям газохроматографических пиков без использования корректирующих коэффициентов. Качественный анализ проводили путем сравнения линейных индексов удерживания. Установлено, что состав эфирного масла Stachys palustris L. оказался весьма специфичен. Идентифицировано 47 соединений, относящихся к различным классам. Основными классами соединений являются жирные кислоты и сложные эфиры кислот (36.23%), карбонильные соединения (14.25%) и оксигенированные сесквитерпены (12.90%), фенолы (5.85%). Среди сесквитерпеноидов преобладающим компонентом эфирного масла является гексагидрофарнезил ацетон (7.5%). В масле также присутствуют (Z)-фитол (6.78%), тимол (4.2%), β-ионон (3.36%) и β-кариофиллен (2.87%). Неспецифическими компонентами эфирного масла таксона Stachys palustris, произрастающего в Астраханской области являются кумарин (10.27%) и кумаран (0.36%).

The Piper hispidinervium leaves and thin stems were dried under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory drying was performed using a shade dryer operating with and without forced convection and an oven dryer operating at 30 and 40 °C. Field experiments were conducted using solar dryers with three different covers, i.e., transparent, black plastic, and palm straw covers. The essential oil extraction was performed by steam distillation, and the safrole content was analyzed by gas chromatography. Five mathematical models (Page, logarithmic, Henderson and Pabis, fractional, and diffusion) were fitted with the experimental data and compared based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and χ2. Results suggest that the best model was the logarithmic model (R2 > 0.99, RMSE

A study was carried out at CSIR-CIMAP, RC. Hyderabad (India) to study the impact of coppicing time on the oil percent and its chemical composition of different cultivars of lemongrass using a randomized block design. The freshly harvested herb was used for the hydro-distillation for essential oil, and subsequent chemical analysis. The chemical components identification of the essential oil was performed by GC–MS. In the results coppicing time influenced significant changes in the essential oil content, essential oil yield, and its chemical composition especially, total citral, and geraniol content. The four top rankers varieties/cultivars of lemongrass for the essential oil yield were CIM-Shikhar > Krishna > CKP-25 > CIMAP-Suwarna; for the essential oil content CIM–Shikhar > Krishna > CIMAP-Suwarna > Praman; for total citral content Nima > CIM–Shikhar > Krishna > Pragati, and for the total geraniol content Himrosa > CN-5 > Tawirosa > Kalam, respectively. Therefore, we can recommend these varieties/cultivars for commercial cultivation in large areas under the semi-arid region of south India.

Background: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced renal injury is a common reason for kidney injury in clinical settings; therefore, continuous investigation of novel nephroprotective agents is crucial. Myrrh, the oleoresin exudates generated by the genus Commiphora, display numerous pharmacological actions. This study tried to assess the preventive effects of myrrh essential oil against I/R-induced renal damage. Methods: Rats were randomized into five groups. In the sham group, the animals were subjected to bilateral renal artery separation with no occlusion. In the sham + myrrh group; the rats were administered myrrh essential oil and then treated similarly to the sham group. Renal I/R group: the animals were challenged with renal I/R. In the myrrh + renal I/R groups, rats were administered 50 or 100 mg/kg of myrrh essential oil orally for three weeks before being confronted with I/R. Results: Serum levels of renal function tests and renal injury biomarkers, including NGAL, KIM-1, and CysC, were amplified in the renal I/R group. Animals that experienced renal I/R exhibited elevated lipid peroxidation (MDA); declined SOD, CAT, and GPx activity; declined GSH content; augmented TLR4/NFκB gene expression; and subsequent enhancement of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6). Myrrh reduced renal function tests and injury biomarkers and amended renal histological alterations. Pretreatment with myrrh reduced MDA, elevated the antioxidant enzymes’ activities and GSH content, and reduced the TLR4 and NFκB gene expression, leading to subsequent inflammation and apoptosis alleviation. Conclusions: The outcomes of the present investigation established the protective effect of myrrh essential oil against renal I/R via pointing out the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of myrrh.

Myoporum sandwicense A. Gray (naio) is one of the characteristic trees of Hawaiian montane–subalpine mesic forests. In this study, lab-distilled oils of M. sandwicense leaves, wood, and twigs growing on the island of Hawaii, as well as industrially produced wood oils, were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The lab-distilled oils were screened for antimicrobial activity. M. sandwicense leaf essential oil was rich in β-caryophyllene (15.1%), α-humulene (12.8%), germacrene D (7.9%), bicyclogermacrene (12.5%), brigalow ketol (9.6%), and myoporone (16.8%), while the wood essential oils were dominated by α-bisabolol and trans-α-bisabolol oxide B. The sapwood oil was dominated by palmitic acid (35.5%), linoleic acid (19.7%), oleic acid (31.9%), and stearic acid (5.7%), whereas the oil from twigs was rich in tricosane (77.3%) and pentacosane (13.1%). M. sandwicense essential oils were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The leaf essential oil of M. sandwicense showed excellent antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes and antifungal activity against A. fumigatus. The wood essential oil showed notable activity against S. pyogenes, A. fumigatus,A. niger, and M. gypseum. The twig oil was remarkably active against mold species. This work is the first report we are aware of on the composition and antimicrobial properties of naio essential oils.

Conamomum vietnamense, a new species of Zingiberaceae family, has been discovered and described from Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands, Vietnam) in 2022. The present study described the preparation of essential oil from leaves and rhizomes of the plant by hydrodistillation process. Then, the chemical composition of these essential oils was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), which indicated that limonene (18.74 and 26.20%) and eucalyptol (40.47 and 49.49%) were the main components, respectively. The essential oils also showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacterial strains (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 299212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579), Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076), and a pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans ATCC 10231) in the MIC range of 32–256 μg/mL, which was comparable to those of positive controls, streptomycin and cycloheximide. For the first time, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. vietnamense were studied.

In this study, the effect of dietary supplementation of oregano and rosemary essential oils (EO) on growth performance and cecal microbiota of broilers were investigated. A total of 450 1-d-old male Ross-308 broilers were divided into 5-experimental groups (10 replicates of 9 chickens): a Control (C), fed a basal diet; four treatments, which received a basal diet supplemented with oregano and rosemary EOs individually (O, 300 mg/kg oregano EO; R, 300 mg/kg rosemary EO) and combined (OR1, 150 mg/kg oregano EO + 150 mg/kg rosemary EO; OR2, 200 mg/kg oregano EO + 200 mg/kg rosemary EO). Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conver-sion ratio (FCR), and cecal microbiota (coliforms, clostridia and lactobacilli) were determined weekly, and at 42 d, re-spectively. BW in R (p < 0.05) and OR2 (p < 0.001), and BWG and FCR in OR2 (p < 0.05) were significantly higher than C at 42 d, despite no difference in FI in any group during experimental period. Counts of cecal coliforms (p < 0.001) and clostridia (p < 0.01) decreased, and lactobacilli (p < 0.001) increased substantially between C and treatment groups. Results indicated that combined oregano and rosemary EO (200 mg/kg ea) supplementation significantly increased BW and BWG, improved FCR in 1-42 d, lowered coliform and clostridial, and increased lactobacilli counts suggesting a beneficial shift in cecal microbiota. Bursa Uludag Uni-versity Scientific Research Unit Grant [HDP (V) -2014/45] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was funded by the Bursa Uludag Uni-versity Scientific Research Unit Grant, Project No: HDP (V) -2014/45.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the agronomic and chemical components of the Origanum dubium, which grows naturally in the Ermenek region. The plants used in the experiment were collected at 5 different altitudes (467, 1096, 1331, 1332 and 1478 m) in the Ermenek district of Karaman. The experiment was carried out in the garden of Ermenek Vocational School for 3 years in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and in the field of Field Crops Department of Çukurova Univ. for 2 years in 2015 and 2016. For O. dubium cultivated in Ermenek for 3 years, the plant height average was 40.36 cm, the average of plant number was 18.94 units/plant, of green herb weight was 99.85 g/plant, of dry herb weight was 43.53 g/plant and of dry leaf weight was 25.12 g/plant. The average essential oil ratio, on the other hand, was determined as 5.09%, whose main components were carvacrol, linalool and p-cymene. For the plants cultivated in Adana 2 years, the average of plant height was 44.41 cm, of plant number was 17.6 units/plant, of green herb weight was 101.15 g/plant, of dry herb weight was 48.0 g/plant and of dry leaf weight 24.48 was g/plant. Their average essential oil ratio was calculated as 4.90% and it was observed to contain mainly carvacrol with the highest 88.40%., Çalışmada Ermenek yöresinde doğal olarak yetişen Origanum dubium'un agronomik ve kimyasal bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemede kullanılan bitkiler Karaman'ın Ermenek ilçesinde 5 farklı yükseltide (467, 1096, 1331, 1332 and 1478) toplanmıştır. Deneme 2014, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında 3 yıl Ermenek Meslek Yüksekokulu bahçesinde, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında 2 yıl süreyle Çukurova Üniversitesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme alanında yürütülmüştür. Ermenek'te yetiştirilen O. dubium’un 3 yıllık bitki boyu ortalama 40.36 cm, bitkideki dal sayısı 18.94 adet/bitki, taze herba ağırlığı 99.85 g/bitki, kuru herba ağırlığı 43.53 g/bitki kuru yaprak ağırlığı 25.12 g/bitki, uçucu yağ oranı % 5.09 olarak belirlenmiştir. Uçucu yağın ana bileşenleri karvakrol, linalool ve p-cimen olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Adana'da yetiştirilen bitkilerin bitki boyu ortalama 44.41 cm, bitkideki dal sayısı sayısı 17.6 adet/bitki, yeşil herba ağırlığı 101.15 g/bitki, kuru herba ağırlığı, 48.0 g/bitki, kuru yaprak ağırlığı 24.48 g/bitki, uçucu yağ oranı % 4.90 olarak belirlenmiştir. Uçucu yağın ana bileşeni, en yüksek% 88.40 ile karvakrol olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Ocimum basilicum leaves contain some bioactive compounds and this study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of its volatile oil and fractions. Preliminary screening of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation was carried out using bench-top assay methods employing tadpoles of Raniceps ranninus (10-40 μg/mL), nauplii of Artemia salina (10-1000 μg/mL) and radicles of Sorghum bicolor seeds (1-30 mg/mL). Application of column chromatography and preparative TLC on the oil resulted in fractions that were tested alongside the oil on breast (AU 565) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines at 50 μg/mL. GCMS analysis was carried out on the oil and the most active fraction. A concentration dependent activity was observed in the preliminary screening with the bench-top assays. The active fraction produced greater growth inhibition of the radicle of S. bicolor seeds than the oil. Inhibitions of -1.02 and +23.02 % were realized against AU 565 and HeLa cell lines respectively with the oil, and these were increased to +33.19 and +89.3 % inhibitions respectively with the active fraction. GCMS results revealed the presence of estragole (88.61 %) as being most abundant in the fraction. This result shows the cytotoxic potential of O. basilicum volatile oil, which was increased in its estragole-containing fraction.

During the era of the COVID-19 lockdown, many Nigerians resorted to home remedies like herbal mixtures for therapy because they could not have access to orthodox medicine. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) essential oil was one of such remedies as many believed it had the potential to treat colds, flu, sore throats, bronchitis and even prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The objective of the study is to check the antioxidant, dermal and acute toxicological effects of the E. camaldulensis essential oil. Rats were grouped into 8 of 5 each. Normal and corn oil (2ml/kg body weight) control groups. E. camaldulensis essential oil from Jos, Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi, Kwara, and Benue zones were given at 2ml/kg body weight for 14 days as well as applied on the shaved skin of the rats. No mortality was recorded in the sub-acute toxicity study at low and high doses (10mg/kg and 5000mg/kg). The levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6 did not significantly differ from normal control rats. Lungs Investigation recorded a significant increase in the TNF-α. Antioxidant enzyme assays showed a significant increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase. Histological examination showed focal inflammation with moderate cytoplasmic clearing in the liver and focal mild epidermal sclerosis of the skin. Dermal application of the oil shows no significant toxic effect except some mild inflammation (skin irritation). Oral administrations were relatively safe with mild adverse effect observed in the lung inflammatory markers.

Milk Thistle Seeds (MTS) purifies the liver from all toxic and harmful substances, supports the regeneration of liver cells. In this study, the chemical composition of milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner = Carduus marianus L.) and also its biological activity were determined. Essential oil was analyzed using by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. After that, the essential oil was tested against bacteria and fungi by agar well diffusion and micro dilution methods. The essential oil yield was 1.1% (v/w). Eight constituents were comprised the 97.3% of the total oil extract of the Milk thistle seeds. The major compounds were determined as oleic acid (45.6%), linoleic acid (29.0%), ethylbenzene (7.0%) and stearic acid (5.7%). The seed essential oils of MTS significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp.) bacteria (p < 0.05). The oils also showed fungicidal activity against Candida tropicalis and C. globrata.

Satureja hortensis L. dünya üzerinde geniş bir coğrafyada doğal olarak yetişen ve ciddi varyasyon gösteren önemli bir tıbbi aromatik bitkidir. Bu araştırma 2016 yılında, İran’ın farklı lokasyonlarından 14 (İsfahan, Ahvaz, Colfa, Tebriz, Salmas, Azerşehr, Karac, Nagade, Kazerun, Tahran, Erdebil, Khoy, Urmiye, Şahindej) ve Türkiye’den bir adet (Konya) olmak üzere 15 farklı Satureja hortensis L. genotipinin Erzurum ekolojik koşullarında adaptasyon ve bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme “Şansa Bağlı Tam Bloklar” deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Satureja hortensis L. genotiplerin bitki boyu 29.42-40.83 cm; çiçeklenme süresi 73.80-91.25 gün; dal sayısı 18.33-20.95 adet bitki-1; kuru herba verimi 425-610.21 kg da-1; yeşil herba verimi 1304-1671 kg da-1, tohum verimi 40-140 kg da-1; bin tane ağırlığı 0.4-0.7 g; uçucu yağ verimi 2.9-7.11 kg da-1 ve uçucu yağ oranı % 0.72-1.14 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Genotiplerin bitki boyu, çiçeklenme süresi, tohum verimi ve bin tane ağırlığı bakımından istatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Satureja hortensis L. genotiplerin tamamının bölge koşullarında kolaylıkla yetişebileceği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre kuru herba verimi, uçucu yağ oranı ve uçucu yağ verimi açısından Türkiye; yeşil herba verimi bakımından Khoy; tohum verimi bakımından ise Azerşehr genotipi en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Satureja hortensis L. Erzurum dahil Türkiye’nin birçok yerinde doğal bitki örtüsünde yer almasına karşın kültürü yapılmayan bir bitkidir. Bu bağlamda deneme koşullarında yürütülen bu tür çalışmalar bitkinin performansının ve özelliklerinin ortaya konması ve kültüre alınmasının sağlanması yönünde gerçekleştirilmiş önemli bir adım olarak görülebilir. This study was conducted to determine the adaptation and some agricultural traits of Satureja hortensis L. genotypes from Iran and Turkey in 2016 under Erzurum ecological conditions. The fifteen genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. were used in this study; İsfahan, Ahvaz, Colfa, Tebriz, Salmas, Azerşehr, Karac, Nagade, Kazerun, Tahran, Ardebil, Khoy, Urmiye, Şahindej from Iran and Konya from Turkey. The experimental design was the completed block with four replications. S. hortensis L. genotypes significantly differed in days to flowering, plant height, 1000 seed weights and seed yield. Based on the results of this experiment the values for the parameters studied in the study were found as 29.42-40.83 cm for plant height, 73.80-91.25 for days to flowering, 18.33-20.95 for the number of branches, 425-610.21 kg da-1 for dry herb yield, 1304-1671 kg da-1 for fresh herb yield, 40-140 kg da-1 for seed yield, 0.4-0.7 gr for 1000 seed weights, 2.9- 7.11 kg da-1 for essential oil yield and 0.72-1.14 % for essential oil percent. This research suggested that the Satureja hortensis L. plant could be easily grown in Erzurum ecological conditions. According to the study results, the genotype Turkey could be recommended to the region’s producers for dry herb yield, essential oil yield, essential oil percent, the genotype Khoy for fresh herb yield and the genotype Azerşehr for seed yield. In conclusion, genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. adapted to these climate conditions may provide a new option for growers.

Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) is an aromatic, perennial herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The plant is indigenous to tropical areas especially India and West Africa. In Nigeria, it is found in the Savannah and coastal areas. The whole herbs of the plant contain essential oils and it is cultivated for various purposes. The plant is a rich source of eugenol in its essential oil. It is also used in the preparation of tea and infusions. It is also used in the treatment of fungal infections, fever, cold, and cough. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol) is a phenolic compound from the class of phenylpropanoids. It is used in the food industry as a preservative, mainly due to its antioxidant property, and flavoring agent. The fresh herb × winter season/environment produced the highest essential oil 2.07 mL/plot with essential oil content 0.41% followed by fresh herb × summer season/environment (M1S2) = 1.68 mL. For the eugenol content, the autumn season/environment was found highly favorable = 74.52% (leaves = 69.024, stem = 74.531, and in inflorescence = 80.012) followed winter season/environment 72.30% (leaves = 71.841, stem 69.389, inflorescence 76.042, mean = 72.42%). These seasons are recommended for harvesting to obtain the optimum benefit for the quality essential oil yield.

Origanum compactum Benth (O. compactum) is widely used traditionally in Morocco to treat a broad range of illnesses, including infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, quality control, and antibacterial activity of O. compactum leaf and flower essential oil. First, a quality control study on soil and irrigation water was performed to determine whether there was any risk of heavy metals endangering human health or causing stress to the plants studied. Laboratory examination of the environmental quality of the researched species revealed an almost absolute absence of metals that could endanger human health or any abiotic stressor. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation. Chemical characterization was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of essential oil (EO) obtained by hydrodistillation of O. compactum leaves and flowers and moisture content were 4.27% and 12.20%, respectively. GC/MS identified 35 volatile compounds in the studied EO majorly composed of thymol (38.59%) followed by carvacrol (26.65%), o-cymene (14.33), and γ-terpinene (11.22%). The antibacterial activity of O. compactum leaf and flower essential oil was evaluated using the solid-state diffusion method against five Gram-negative bacterial strains and a Gram-positive strain. The results show that the essential oil of O. compactum leaves and flowers has a considerable inhibitory effect against E. coli with an MIC = 0.35 µg/mL, E. pseudocoloides (MIC = 0.35 µg/mL), E. vekanda (MIC = 0.35 µg/mL), K. pneumoniae (MIC = 0.7 µg/mL), P. aeruginosa (MIC = 0.35 µg/mL), and S. aureus (MIC = 0.35 µg/mL).

This study was carried out to determine the content of the essential oils of Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet populations which are naturally found in Mediterranean, Iran-Turan and Euro-Sibirya phytogeographical regions. S. absconditiflora plant samples were collected from eight different provinces (Aksaray, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kayseri, Konya, Niğde, Nevşehir and Yozgat) of Turkey. Essential oils of plant samples were isolated by the hydro-distillation method using a Clevenger- type apparatus and the components were determined by GC-FID and GC- MS analysis. Although the major components of S. absconditiflora were found as α-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and borneol in almost all samples β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol and valeranone were recorded as the other important components in some samples.

Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 45 species in Flora of Turkey. Sideritis lanata L. (Hairy ironwort) is located in the north-west, west, south-west and central Anatolia. Mountain tea (Sideritis plants) is used as a traditional remedy against common cold and gastrointestinal disorders. Its beneficial properties are attributed to its rich bioactive constituents. In this study, the antioxidant activities of the extracts of Sideritis lanata prepared using different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol) from the aerial parts were determined by DPPH· scavenging effect assay. Also; determined of the antimicrobial activity of S. lanata extracts against 4 bacteria and 5 Candida species. Dried aerial parts of Sideritis were subjected to hydrodistillation and the oil obtained was analyzed by using GC and GC/MS. S. lanata extracts prepared with 70% ethanol was found to have a higher DPPH· scavenging activity (IC50= 0.241 mg/mL) than extracts prepared with other solvents. All extracts showed generally weak inhibitory effects (500-8000 μg/mL, MIC) against bacterial strains. Inhibitory doses against the tested Candida species were determined between 125-4000 μg/mL. The 70% ethanol extract of S. lanata inhibited Candida tropicalis (ATCC 750) (MIC: 125 μg/mL).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of a commercial probiotic and a commercial essential oil blend and their mixture, as a natural feed additive, on growth parameters live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield (CY) and small intestinal histomorphology of quails. A total of 200 1-day-old Japanese (Coturnix coturnix japonica) quails, including both males and females, were divided into four groups containing 50 quails and treated as follows: (1) a control treatment without medication (2) 18 g ton-1 probiotic; (3) 300 g ton-1 essential oil blend and (4) 18 g ton-1 probiotic plus 300 g ton-1 essential oil blend. The results of the research show that the additives added to quail diets do not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on the performance parameters of LW, LWG, FI and FCR. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in the CY, which is one of the performance parameters. A probiotic addition of 18 g ton -1 (treatment 1) to the quail diet resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in carcass yield. Moreover, the addition of natural feed additives such as probiotics, essential oil blends and mixture to quail diets caused significant (P < 0.001) increases in villus heights and crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum segments. In addition, significant (P < 0.05) enlargements were found in the villus surface area in the experimental groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, in this study, it was determined that the addition of feed additives, which are developed as an alternative to antibiotics to the quail diet did not have a negative effect on performance and caused significant differences in the effective parameters in the evaluation of intestinal health.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an important culinary herb and essential oil source widely recognized worldwide. The oil of the plant is beneficial for medicinal uses, and it has many biological activities such as insect repellent, larvicidal, and bactericidal. This study aimed to investigate basil's essential oil for its chemical composition and repellent activity. The essential oil of basil was extracted from fresh leaves by steam distillation method, and the chemical composition of the oil was determined by using GC/MS. Also, the repellent activity of the oil was tested against American cockroaches. Ebeling Choice-Box test with a little modification used in repellence test. The obtained results of chemical composition revealed that the amount of the oil contained forty-one chemical constituents (~97.1%); the major constituents were methyl cinnamate (25.3%), linalool (19.1%) and estragole (12.3%) as the major oxygenated monoterpenes. While α-bergamoten (5.3%), germacrene (4.6%), γ-cadinene (2.8%), and β-elemene (2.4%) were the main compounds in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Whereas, in oxygenated sesquiterpenes, Tau-cadinol (4.3%) was an important compounds and ocimene the highest compound in monoterpene hydrocarbons. The obtained results also indicated that the essential oil had good activity against the P. American, at a 100% concentration of oil; the repellence reaches 100% after 1 h. The IC50 and IC90 values of basil essential oil against P. Americans were 53.0 and 83.0%, respectively. The major compound methyl cinnamate which exists in basil essential oil is a very important compound and could be used in a wide area of industrial applications as repellent products, medicinal products, and cosmetics.

This work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of Dillenia reticulata King’s essential oil. The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation, and its volatile components were analyzed through gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Twelve components, which constitutes more than 99.49% of oil content, were successfully identified. The most prominent components were bicyclogermacrene (44.18%), germacrene D (14.49%), β-gurjunene (12.59%), and elemol (12.25%). The cytotoxicity of essential oil was evaluated using an MTT assay. The essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines which are HepG2, MCF7 and A549 with the IC50 values ranging from 61.5-68.5 μg/mL. The present study highlights the potential of using essential oil as an alternative for the development of chemopreventive or cosmetic agents for the pharmaceutical industry. KEY WORDS: Dillenia reticulata, Dilleniaceae, Essential oil, Cytotoxicity, Bicyclogermacrene Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(1), 245-249. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i1.19 &nbsp

Essential oil composition of rosemary plays a decisive role on product quality. There are many parameters which can influence the herbal plants’ essential oil composition. It was aimed to determine the effect of location and harvesting time on essential oil composition of rosemary. The herbal materials evaluated within the scope of the study were harvested monthly from three different locations (Karaisalı in Adana, Tarsus in Mersin and Döşemealtı in Antalya) throughout the year in the Mediterranean Region, where rosemary production is common in Turkey. Essential oil composition of samples was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionisation dedector (GC-MS/FID) device equipped with capillary column. The main components of rosemary essential oil were determined as 1,8-cineol, camphor, α-pinene, borneol and α-terpineol. Essential oil composition of samples was influenced significantly by their location and harvesting time. The essential oil compositions in the samples obtained from Adana and Mersin were similar and the ratio of 1,8-cineol, which was the main component, varied between 52.56 and 58.26% and between 54.76 and 61.54%, respectively. On the other hand, main components were camphor (16.31-21.11%), 1,8-cineol (15.00-16.95%), α-pinene (14.38-17.88%), verbenone (10.94-13.57%) and borneol (9.04-12.19%) for Antalya location samples’ essential oil. There were also statistically important differences in the composition of rosemary essential oil according to harvesting time, but the range of this variation was narrow in comparison to locations. Results indicated that in essential oil production it should be taken into account that there might be differences in rosemary essential oil composition according to location and harvesting time., Biberiyenin uçucu yağ içeriği bitkiden elde edilecek ürün kalitesi üzerinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadır. Bitkisel materyallerde uçucu yağ bileşimini etkileyen birçok parametre bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı bitkisel materyalin alındığı lokasyon ve hasat zamanına göre biberiye uçucu yağı bileşiminden meydana gelen değişimi belirlemektir. Çalışma kapsamında değerlendirmeye alınan bitkisel materyaller biberiye üretiminin yaygın olduğu Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde üç farklı lokasyondan (Karaisalı, Adana; Tarsus, Mersin ve Döşemealtı, Antalya) yıl boyunca aylık olarak temin edilmiştir. Örneklerin uçucu yağ bileşimleri gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi/alev iyonizasyon dedektörü (GC-MS/FID) cihazı ile kapiler kolon kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Biberiye uçucu yağının ana bileşenleri 1,8-sineol, kamfor, α-pinen, borneol ve α-terpineol olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları örneklerin uçucu yağ miktar ve bileşimi üzerine lokasyon ve hasat zamanının istatistiksel olarak önemli etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Lokasyon bazında bir değerlendirme yapıldığında Adana ve Mersin örneklerinde uçucu yağ bileşimleri benzerlik göstermiş ve ana bileşen olan 1,8-sineol oranı sırasıyla %52.56-58.26 ve %54.76-61.54 aralığında değişim göstermiş, Antalya lokasyonundan temin edilen örnekte ise kamfor (%16.31-21.11), 1,8-sineol (%15.00-16.95), α-pinen (%14.38-17.88), verbenon (%10.94-13.57) ve borneol (%9.04-12.19) bileşenleri öne çıkmıştır. Hasat zamanına göre de biberiye uçucu yağ bileşimde farklılıklar oluşmuş, ancak lokasyonlar arasındaki farklılığa göre bu değişim daha dar bir aralıkta olmuştur. Sonuç olarak biberiye uçucu yağında lokasyon ve hasat zamanına göre farklılıklar oluşabileceği dikkate alınmalıdır.

Artemisia afra is a medicinal plant with antimicrobial activities, known to treat tuberculosis, measles, cough, and influenza. In consequence, its applications have increasingly become pivotal to control various microbes which cause different diseases. This study therefore, evaluated the chemical composition and the antifungal activity of A. afra essential oil. The extraction of essential oil was done using steam distillation. The essential oil chemical composition was analysed by GC-MS. The analysis revealed 19 compounds from A. afra. The main compounds were borneol (71.529%), terpinen-4-ol (8.582%), β-thujone (3.283%), β-terpineol (2.590%), α-terpineol (1.791%), chrysanthenone (1.507%), myrtenal (1.393%), eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) (1.263%), cis-sabinene hydrate (1.172%) and trans-carane, 4,5-epoxy (1.088%). The growth and aflatoxin production inhibitions against A. flavus were determined via antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic bioassays of the A. afra essential oil at the concentration range of 10–50 µL/mL using a poisoned-food method. The quantification of the aflatoxins production was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antifungal activity of A. afra essential oil was effective against A. flavus with growth inhibition of 99.97–99.99% and controlled aflatoxins production by 99.25–99.63%. The results indicated that A. afra essential oil can become an alternative natural fungicide for the control of A. flavus growth and aflatoxins production. Keywords: Artemisia afra; essential oil; A. flavus; aflatoxins; GC-MS

Plant essential oils are natural and aromatic compounds that are found in small amounts in plants and have many interesting applications as flavors and fragrances in perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food, agriculture, industry and etc. Essential oils can be produced by various techniques including conventional, novel and biotechnology methods. can be considered as a good alternative to conventional methods due to short extraction time, higher efficiency and quality, non-degradable compounds due to heat, no pollution and etc. Recently, due to the limitations and disadvantages of methods of extraction from intact plants, scientists have been trying to move their way to biotechnology methods and make a variety of plant aromatic compounds by microorganisms. In the biotechnology method, there is no any concern about factors such climate conditions, supply shortages, natural disasters, plant diseases and etc. and a product with very high efficiency and quality is obtained.

In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis naturally grown in Turkey were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and chemical differences in terms of chemotaxonomy were discussed. The main compounds in the essential oils of T. longicaulis subsp. longicaulis essential oils were 1,8-cineole (30.1%), linalool (18.0%), β-pinene (17.3%) and (E)-β-ocimene (%12.6%) Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed by examining essential oil studies of 34 samples belonging to the genus Thymus, including the Sinop sample. The results of the study were discussed with other taxa belonging to the genus.

The essential oil compositions of Gladiolus candidus, Ranunculus multifidus, Artemisia abyssinica and Crinum abyscinicum were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The principal components in the leaves, stems and rhizomes of G. candidus were eudesmol, 1-naphthalenepropanol and oleic acid, respectively. α-Terpineol, alloocimene and p-menth-2-en-1-ol from leaves, bulbs and roots were respectively the major constituents of C. abyscinicum. The aerial part of R. multifidus furnished p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol. Linalool and terpinenol were identified as the major constituents of A. abyssinica. The essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Essential oil from leaves of G. candidus displayed zone of inhibition (IZ) of 15.1±0.3 and 16.7±0.9 mm against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Leaves essential oil of C. abyscinicum exhibited IZ of 17.9±1.1 and 15.6±1.1 mm against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively, whereas essential oil from aerial part of R. multifidus displayed IZ of 18.8±0.8 and 19.4±0.6 mm against S. aureus and S. pyogens, respectively. At the same concentration, ceftriaxone showed IZ of 15.1±0.1, 16.2±0.8, 14.3±0.9 and 16.1±2.5mm against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. pyogens, respectively. The findings presented herein support the ethnobotanical uses of these plants against bacteria. KEY WORDS: G. candidus, R. multifidus, A. abyssinica, C. abyscinicum, Antibacterial activity, Essential oil Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(4), 865-878. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.12 &nbsp

In the Ukrainian flora, species ofVeronicaL. genus (Plantaginaceae Juss.) are classified into 8 sections. The phytochemical research into secondary metabolites of Veronica L. genus most related to the study of phenolic compounds and iridoids, while terponoids of these species need further research. The chemical profiles ofV.longifoliaL.,V. incanaL. andV. spicataL. of Ukrainian flora are poorly studied. Phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, iridoids, saponins, amino acids and organic acids have been reported for these species. Herbs harvested during the flowering stage are often used in the pharmaceutical industry, so the research into chemical composition of essential oils from Veronica species flowers are urgent. The aim of this studywas a comparative GC/MS study of the chemical composition of essential oils fromV. longifoliaL.,V. incanaL. andV. spicataL. flowers of Ukrainian flora. Materials and methods.The objects of the research were flowers of Veronica spp. of Pseudolysimachium W.D.J. Koch section, namelyV. longifoliaL.,V. incanaL. andV. spicataL., harvested in the Botanical Garden of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. The study of the chemical composition of essential oils was carried out by chromatography mass spectrometry on a 6890N MSD/DS Agilent Technologies chromatograph (USA) with a 5973N mass spectrometric detector. The components of essential oils were identified by comparison of the retention indices and mass spectra of phytochemicals in the studied essential oils with the data of NIST02 mass spectral library. The quantification of substances in the raw materials was carried out in comparison with a standard sample of menthol. Results.As a result, 72 compounds were detected and quantified. The total content of essential oil inV. longifoliaL. flowers was 0.17 % (39 components), the following compounds dominated: benzoacetaldehyde – 8.05, squalene – 5.17, palmitic acid – 15.73, butyl phthalate – 7.18. The total content of essential oil inV.incanaL. flowers was 0.15 % (43 components), the following compounds prevailed: squalene 20.47, fatty acids, namely palmitic – 26.88, palmitoleic – 17.15, oleic – 11.61. The total content of the essential oil in V. spicata L. flowers was 0.11 % (43 components), the following compounds dominated: squalene – 5.53, fatty acids: palmitic – 22.78, linoleic – 6.72, carbohydrates: heptacosan – 12.27, hexacosan – 7.45. Among the identified compounds, mono-, norsesqui-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids, their oxidation products (aromatic compounds, aldehydes and alcohols, ketones), fatty acids, hydrocarbons and their derivatives were detected. Conclusions.The chemical composition of essential oils from flowers ofV.longifoliaL.,V. incanaL. andV. spicataL. from Ukrainian flora was first studied by means of chromatography mass spectrometry. The yield of essential oil from V.longifolia L. flowers is higher (0.17 %) compared to those from flowers of V.incana L. (0.15 %) and V. spicata L. (0.11 %). Among the identified compounds terpenoids, aromatic compounds, their oxidation products, fatty acids and their esters, hydrocarbons were detected. The study of biologically active substances in essential oils from Veronica species flowers expands the scientific data on the chemical composition of these species and gives background for the further development of medicinal products, their standardization and understanding of their pharmacological activity

Intercropping and sole cropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil crops were evaluated to know the utility of lemongrass intercropping with lemon-scented basil oil yield and chemical profiles by utilizing the space available during the initial lag phase to increase the essential oil yield and income of the farmer. The results showed that Intercropping of lemongrass variety Krishna with variety CIM Jyoti of lemon-scented basil recorded significantly higher essential oil yield than different cultivation/cropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil. Meanwhile, the essential oil obtained after distillation of lemongrass, lemon-scented basil, and both oil samples are analyzed for chemical composition. A mixed distillation of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil recorded a higher percentage of citral I and citral II than lemongrass and lemon-scented basil. Also, camphor percentage is higher in the mixed sample compared to others. However, caryophyllene, citronellol, and geraniol percent were higher in lemon-scented basil than other essential oil samples. The gross income obtained under intercropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil during the initial lag phase was significantly higher than the sole cropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil. The co-distillation of lemon-scented basil lemongrass didn't impact odour and altered their essential oil's chemical profile.

Essential oils obtained from certain plants have repellent potency against insects such as mosquitoes. Most repellents on the market have the synthetic formulation of N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as the main active ingredient. This study is an attempt to contribute to the search for an effective plant-extracted essential oil, Neem and Orange as alternative to DEET. The oil fromCitrus sinensis(sweet orange) peels was extracted by steam distillation and that forAzadirachta indica(Neem) seed by Soxhlet extraction respectively. Creams were formulated at four concentrations of 5%, 15%, 25% and 30% v/w respectively for Neem, Orange peel and combined Neem-Orange oils, after which laboratory reared mosquitoes were used to assess the efficacy of each of the concentrations. A DEET-based cream of 13% concentration was used as the standard. Wild mosquito larvae were brought to the laboratory from which the adults female after mating were given a blood meal. Second generation mosquitoes were used for the arm in cage test (AIC). The combined Neem and Orange-based cream at 30% was as effective as the DEET-based repellent which recorded the highest repellent time, followed by Neem cream and the Orange peel based cream recorded the least repellent time even at 30% concentration. The statistically significant difference at 30% between DEET and Orange peel, Neem, and combined Neem-Orange creams were 0.030, 0 .499 and 0.195, respectively. This study suggests that the combined Neem and Orange Peel Oil can be used to produce repellent creams due to their synergistic potency and good smell.

Anethum graveolens commonly known as dill plant is a very important shrub which is widely acknowledged in traditional and modern medicine for its capacity to treat colic pain and flatulence. The purpose of this work is the study of the chemical composition and the evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of A. graveolens essential oil. The samples were collected from the chellal region in Algeria and submitted to hydrodistillation. The essential oil extracted was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested by the disc diffusion method; seven bacteria and four phytopathogenic fungi were used. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity was carried out by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging method. The results of the GC and GC/MS analysis allowed the identification of 22 components with carvone(34.33%), α-phellendrene (22.03%), dill ether (18.84%), limonene (6.93%) and dill apiol (5.01%) as major components. The results of the disc difusion method show that Anethum graveolens essential oil exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and moderate antifungal activity against Fusarium graminum and Alternaria alternata. The pure essential oil showed a moderate antioxidant activity with inhibition percentages of 49.93 ± 4.58%. This study highlights the importance of chemical constituents of A. graveolens essential oil which possesses important pharmacological effects on different pathogenic strains and could be used as substitute for synthetic antimicrobial drugs in pharmaceutical industries.

The objective of the present study was to investigate dose-response effects of the essential oil (EO) and dry extract (EX) of Satureja khuzistanica (SK) on in vitro gas production kinetics, rumen fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis and microbial protein synthesis. So, EO and EX were tested at 0 (as control); 150 (low dose); 300, 450 (intermediate doses) and 600 mg/L (high dose). The gas produced over 24 h of incubation (GP24) decreased linearly with both EO and EX dosages (PIn vitro methane production was reduced by both EO (14–69%, depending on the included dose) and EX (7–58%). Microbial protein (MP) as well as the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were improved by EO (18.8–49.8% and 20.4–61.5% for MP and EMPS, respectively) and to a lesser extent by EX (8.3–25.7% and 4.6–24.2% for MP and EMPS, respectively). Ammonia concentration was dropped in linear and quadratic manners with EO (Pin vivo experiments.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil in preventing epilepsy. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mice were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 each. The control group received normal saline plus tween-80 and after 30 min pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Groups 2 and 3 were treated first with S. bachtiarica essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg , respectively and then after 30 min received PTZ. Group 4 received diazepam and 30 min later PTZ. Group 5 received flumazenil and 30 min later PTZ. After the last injection of PTZ, the time of seizure onset, seizure severity and score, the completion time of each seizure (attack episode), and mortality rate in different groups were recorded and compared. Results: The administration of S. bachtiarica essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg to PTZ-treated mice caused a significant increase in latency to the first seizure and survival of mice, as well as a significant decrease in the frequency of the head and upper limbs seizure, total body seizures, tonic seizures, and jumping. S. bachtiarica essential oil at 100 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the head tic frequency. The administration of flumazenil significantly inhibited S. bachtiarica essential oil-induced effects and increased the head and upper limbs seizures, tonic seizures, and jumping. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that S. bachtiarica essential oil could prevent PTZ-induced seizure and these findings authenticate the traditional claims about the use of S. bachtiarica in treating epilepsy.

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, primarily composed of terpenes and abundant aromatic plants. For example, Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an aromatic plant that produces a monoterpene-rich essential oil, and studies show that this essential oil has excellent antioxidant activity. Erythrocytes incubated under high sugar levels are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species, which results in the oxidation of their membranes. Objective: The aim of this article is to investigate the antioxidant activity of lemongrass essential oil and its protective effect on erythrocytes exposed to high levels of glucose. Materials and Methods: The essential oil was obtained by steam dragging distillation; blood cell suspensions were incubated with glucose 5, 20, 50, and 100 mmol/L. The amount of TBARS produced was measured at 532 nm. In addition, the percentage of antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH free radical assay. Results: Lemongrass essential oil showed an increase in the antioxidant activity up to 240 mg/ml, while ascorbic acid used as positive control showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity starting at 1 mmol/L up to 18 mmol/L. However, such a lemongrass dose prevented peroxidation in erythrocytes incubated under a high glucose media, whereas ascorbic acid showed a protective effect only at a concentration of 1 mmol/L. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil has high antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidant as ascorbic acid, and also acts as a protective agent against erythrocyte lipoperoxidation due to hyperglycemia in vitro.

Aloe vera L. is used largely in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agro-food industries. The in vitro technique was proposed as an alternative method for large-scale propagation and/or conservation breeding programmes in response to the increasing demand for Aloe vera. Unfortunately, a major problem in the application of plant tissue culture is the browning of cultured tissues and microbial contamination. This work investigates for the first time the efficacy of using Essential Oils (EOs) to control enzymatic browning and contamination of cultures from Aloe vera. Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L β-indole butyric acid (IBA) was used as a basic medium for A. vera for in vitro culture. The effect of the addition of charcoal (at 0.5 g/L), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils (at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2%) to the basic medium was assessed. While thyme Essential Oil (EO) inhibited explant growth, rosemary EO induced the highest explant survival percentage, the lowest browning diffusion and contamination percentage. Moreover, a second experiment was conducted to determine the optimal rosemary EO concentration (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1%). Explant survival percentage was 100% after four weeks of culture with rosemary EO concentrations of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1% with no signs of browning. The lowest infection percentage (10%) was observed for media containing 0.075 and 0.1% of rosemary EO. The highest average number of leaves per explant was 3.71 with 0.1% rosemary EO and the greatest leaf length was 3.18 cm with 0.05%. The analytical techniques used to detect rosemary EO compounds were GC-FID (gas chromatography - flame ionization detection) and GC–MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The main constituents found were 1,8-cineole (53.92%), α-pinene (15.86%), β-pinene (10.79%), and camphor (7.99%). Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the rosemary EO was determined by the DPPH (Free radical-scavenging activity) (24.66 µg mL−1) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) (35.16 mmol Fe2+L − 1) tests. The chemical composition together with the antioxidant effect and the most widely recognized anti-infectious properties of the used rosemary EO could explain its role in the inhibition of both enzymatic browning and microbial growth in culture media. These results could be a scope for further screening of EOs to be used for the improvement of in vitro culture of A. vera and other industrial crops.

By the method of exhaustive hydroparodistillation, essential oil was isolated from the aboveground part of Thymus jenisseensis Ilji), which grows on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Separate fractions of essential oil were obtained depending on the duration of isolation. The composition of whole essential oil was established, the main components of which are borneol (17.9%), camphor (10.6%) and α-terpineol (10.8%), and the maximum content of borneol (30.5%) and α-terpineol (19.9%) was noted in the fourth fraction. For the first time, the antiradical properties of T.jenisseensis essential oil have been studied in a model reaction with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. It is shown that all the studied samples of essential oil exhibit antiradical activity (ARA), the value of which increases from 14.6% (first fraction) to 41.1% (fourth fraction). ARA of the fifth fraction was 35.4%, whole oil – 26.4%. An increase in antiradical activity was noted with a decrease in the number of monoterpenes and an increase in the content of oxygen-containing compounds in the composition of essential oil. The correlation coefficient (r) of APA on the content of oxygen-containing compounds was 0.99, for sesquiterpenes r=0.84, for monoterpenes r=-0.94., Методом исчерпывающей гидропародистилляции выделено эфирное масло из надземной части тимьяна енисейского (Thymus jenisseensis Iljin), произрастающего на территории Красноярского края. Получены отдельные фракции эфирного масла в зависимости от продолжительности выделения. Установлен состав цельного эфирного масла, основными компонентами которого являются борнеол (17.9%), камфора (10.6%) и α-терпинеол (10.8%), причем максимальное содержание борнеола (30.5%) и α-терпинеола (19.9%) отмечено в четвертой фракции. Впервые изучены антирадикальные свойства эфирного масла T. jenisseensis в модельной реакции со свободным стабильным 2,2-дифенил-1-пикрилгидразил-радикалом. Показано, что все исследуемые образцы эфирного масла проявляют антирадикальную активность (АРА), значение которой возрастает с 14.6% (первая фракция) до 41.1% (четвертая фракция). АРА пятой фракции составила 35.4%, цельного масла – 26.4%. Отмечено возрастание антирадикальной активности при уменьшении числа монотерпенов и увеличении содержания кислородсодержащих соединений в составе эфирного масла. Коэффициент корреляционной зависимости (r) АРА от содержания кислородсодержащих соединений составил 0.99, для сесквитерпенов – r=0.84, для монотерпенов – r=-0.94.

The vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) essential oil is obtained from its roots by hydro- or steam distillation. Its oil is used in cosmetics, perfumery and food industries, deodorants, soaps, cold drinks, and toilet articles. The present investigations' objective was to estimate essential oil yielding stability and the identification of environment-specific vetiver genotypes. Testing of genotypes under different years was done using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model, genotype main effect with the genotype-by-environment interaction, and biplot statistical models for the stability of the essential oil yield. The results from both models showed that the best stable genotypes for the high essential oil were G 10, G 12, G 14, and G 15, respectively. The essential oil of the genotypes, G 10, G 14, and G 15 were rich for khusimol, Khusol, khusimone and khusian-2-ol in G 10; khusilal, α-cedrenal, α-cedrenol, khusol, khusitone in G 14, and khusilal, khusimol, α-cedrenal, α-cedrenol,khusol, khusitone in G 15 along with minor compounds having diverse aromatic characters. The two new compounds, namely, α-cedrenal and α-cedrenol were identified first in the Indian vetiver, while the line G 12 possessed khusilal and khusol as the major compounds. Therefore, these genotypes of vetiver are recommended for commercial exploitation.

Background: Essential oils (EOs) are natural substances that serve as sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Objective: This prospecting aimed to understand intellectual property related to patent documents on EOs and nanotechnology. Methods and Results: The nanotechnology growth curve applied to EOs demonstrated that the period from 2015 to 2017 was the most prominent, with a peak in 2016. China is the dominant country, mainly through research developed in the academic area. The food industry area had the highest number of patents filed, highlighting the preservation line. Ginger essential oil, chitosan and Tween 80 were preferentially used as a core, wall material and an emulsifier, respectively. In the market, the use of EOs is more associated with the pharmaceutical/cosmetics industry. In addition, the food industry market is betting more on products based on hemp oil nanocapsules. Conclusion: EO nanotechnology is promising for the development of sustainable food systems. However, this nanotechnology in Brazil has not yet advanced enough in the food industry, although there are government incentives that may change this paradigm in the future. The profile of the patent documents and the products in the market differ between the application and the types of oils. In addition, there is a gap between the volume of patent documents investigated and the transfer of technology to the commercial sector, but this constitution could be better explored, given the properties of EOs.

Background Lavender essential oil and tea tree essential oil have become popular ingredients in personal care and household products in recent decades. Questions regarding the safety of these oils in pediatric populations have been raised, proposing a link between these essential oils and endocrine disruption in children, specifically prepubertal gynecomastia. To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate this proposed link. Methods This is a cross sectional study conducted among parents of children in the United States to identify the prevalence of endocrine disruption in children aged 2–15 years old. This study also evaluates the potential for a relationship between the exposure of lavender essential oil and tea tree essential oil products and endocrine disrupting outcomes. Results In 556 children with a mean age of 6.33 (SD = 3.92), prevalence of endocrine disruption was .016 (SD = 0.13). No cases of prepubertal gynecomastia were identified in either group, and prevalence of precocious puberty, delayed puberty, growth hormone deficiency, and hypothyroidism were all consistent with population norms. Total risk of endocrine disorders among those exposed (0.0194) did not differ from the risk of those unexposed (0.0069). The risk ratio was 2.796 (95% CI: 0.352, 22.163, P = .458). Conclusion Children who were regularly exposed to lavender or tea tree essential oils experienced the same risk of endocrine disorders as those who were not exposed.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the search for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this sense, natural products emerge as a potential source for the discovery of new drugs, with the research of the pharmacological properties of these products being very important. In addition to its function in plants (insect attraction and repellency), essential oils present pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimutagenic, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we describe the mostly used in vivo acute inflammatory experimental models and the studies showing the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils. Essential oil from species from the Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Burseraceae, Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae families were described as being anti-inflammatory in vivo. Five models of acute inflammation are commonly used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo: ear and paw edema, pleurisy, peritonitis and the subcutaneous air pouch model. In addition to in vivo analysis, ex vivo and in vitro experiments are carried out to study the anti-inflammatory action of essential oils. The most commonly used model was paw edema, especially due to this model being easy to perform. In order to suggest or elucidate the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect, many studies measured some inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, COX-2 expression and the levels of PGE2, and NO, or evaluated the effect of essential oils or their major compounds on inflammation response directly induced by inflammatory mediators

Aim This study was conducted to test the ability of a carvacrol-based formulation (Phodé, France) to decrease the C. jejuni caecal load in inoculated broiler chickens and to study the impact of the C. jejuni inoculation alone or combined with the product, on the caecal microbiota. Methods and Results On day 1, chickens were either fed a control feed or the same diet supplemented with a carvacrol-based product. On day 21, the carvacrol-supplemented chickens and half of the non-supplemented chickens were inoculated with C. jejuni (108 CFU). Quantitative PCR was used to quantify C. jejuni in chicken caecal samples and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was carried out at 25, 31 and 35 days of age. A significant decrease of 1.4 log of the C. jejuni caecal load was observed in 35-day-old chickens supplemented with the product, compared to the inoculated and unsupplemented group (p < 0.05). The inoculation with C. jejuni significantly increased the population richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity and altered beta-diversity. Compared to the control group, the C. jejuni inoculation causes significant changes in the microbiota. The carvacrol-based product associated with C. jejuni inoculation increased the diversity and strongly modified the structure of the microbial community. Functional analysis by 16S rRNA gene-based predictions further revealed that the product up-regulated the pathways involved in the antimicrobial synthesis, which could explain its shaping effect on the caecal microbiota. Conclusions Our study confirmed the impairment of the caecal bacterial community after inoculation and demonstrated the ability of the product to reduce the C. jejuni load in chickens. Further investigations are needed to better understand the mode of action of this product to promote the installation of a beneficial microbiota to its host. Significance and Impact of the Study Results suggested that this product could be promising to control C. jejuni contamination of broilers.

Bio-based antimicrobial films have been developed using sodium alginate and 6 wt% of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) as a volatile antimicrobial substance and 4 and 6 wt% of citric acid (CA) as a non-volatile antimicrobial substance. Antimicrobial activity of the films was tested in in vitro tests against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua by disc diffusion or vapour diffusion assay. Sodium alginate films containing CA exhibited a zone of inhibition between 30.86 ± 2.55 and 45.87 ± 1.90 against E. coli and L. innocua in the disc diffusion assays. Films containing CEO also showed significant antimicrobial activities in the vapour diffusion assays that resulted in a log reduction of 5.3 for E. coli and 3.2 for L. innocua after 6 days. Antimicrobial activities of all films were also tested against L. innocua on sliced cooked ham. Films containing CEO did not prevent the growth of L. innocua inoculated on ham. On the other hand, sodium alginate films with CA fully inhibited the growth of L. innocua on ham during storage at 7.5 C for 12 days resulting in a bacterial count below the detection limit after 12 days. The addition of antimicrobial substances in sodium alginate films resulted in a slight colour change (but significant) and reduced the tensile strength of the films significantly. Adding CA to sodium alginate films increased the moisture content (from 24.81% to 35.41–48.02%) as well as the elongation at break (from 11.3% to 22.6–33.2%) of the films.

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams- -Scrib is one of the most devastating seed-borne diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In the present study, we evaluated the antifungal activity of Bunium persicum essential oil (EO) and its main constituents on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination inhibition of C. lindemuthianum. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EO and its main constituents on decreasing the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by C. lindemuthianum, which are associated with disease progress. Also, the effects of seed treatment and foliar application of EO and its main constituent, cuminaldehyde, on anthracnose disease severity was investigated. The essential oil of B. persicum, was obtained by using a clevenger apparatus and its major constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The EO was characterized by the presence of major compounds such as cuminaldehyde (37.7%), γ-terpinene (17.1%) and β-pinene (15.4%), which indicated antifungal effects against C. lindemuthianum. This pathogen did not grow in the presence of EO, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, β-pinene at 1,500; 1,010 and 1,835 ppm concentrations, respectively. Also, sporulation and spore germination of C. lindemuthianum was completely inhibited by EO and cuminaldehyde. Synergistic effects of the main constituents showed that combing γ-terpinene with cuminaldehyde induced a synergistic activity against C. lindemuthianum and in combination with β-pinene caused an additive effect. Activities of pectinase, cellulase and xylanase, as main CWDEs, were decreased by EO and its main constituents at low concentration without affecting mycelial growth. Seed treatment and foliar application of peppermint EO and/or cuminaldehyde significantly reduced the development of bean anthracnose. We introduced B. persicum EO and constituents, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, as possible control agents for bean anthracnose.

The insecticidal efficiency of Ag-loaded 4A-zeolite (ZAg) and its formulations with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (RO) was evaluated against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). For comparison, different rates of ZAg (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 g ⋅ kg–1 wheat) were used solely and in a combination with LC50 concentrations of RO. Mortality was assessed after 7, 14, and 21 days of insect exposure to treated wheat. The progeny production was also evaluated. The use of ZAg accomplished a complete mortality (100%) on S. oryzae and 96.67% on R. dominica as well as 100% mortality of progeny against the two insect species after the longest exposing duration (21 days), at the highest rate (1 g ⋅ kg–1). On the other hand, the complete mortalities of ZAg formulations on S. oryzae were obtained after 14 d of treatment with F1 formulation (0.605 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 0.25 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) and after 7 days with the other tested formulations. In addition, the complete mortality on R. dominica was obtained only by F8 (0.059 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 1 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) formulation after 14 days of treatment. Concerning the efficiency of the examined formulations on the progeny of S. oryzae, F1 (0.605 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 0.25 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) and F2 (0.605 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 0.5 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) formulations recorded 100% mortality. In addition, F3 (0.605 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 0.75 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) and F4 (0.605 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 1 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) formulations suppressed the progeny production. Furthermore, the complete mortality of R. dominica progeny was obtained with F7 (0.059 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 0.75 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) and F8 (0.059 g ⋅ kg–1 RO + 1 g ⋅ kg–1 ZAg) formulations. ZAg, especially its formulations with R. officinalis oil, had potential effects against two stored-product insects. F1 and F8 formulations could be treated efficiently on S. oryzae and R. dominica, respectively.