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Abstract: Antibiotic resistance can be characterized, in biochemical terms, as an antibiotic’s inability to reach its bacterial target at a concentration that was previously effective. Microbial resistance to different agents can be intrinsic or acquired. Intrinsic resistance occurs due to inherent functional or structural characteristics of the bacteria, such as antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, nonspecific efflux pumps, and permeability barriers. On the other hand, bacteria can acquire resistance mechanisms via horizontal gene transfer in mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Acquired resistance mechanisms include another category of efflux pumps with more specific substrates, which are plasmid-encoded. Efflux pumps are considered one of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides, presenting themselves as integral membrane transporters. They are essential in both bacterial physiology and defense and are responsible for exporting structurally diverse substrates, falling into the following main families: ATP-binding cassette (ABC), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), major facilitator superfamily (MFS), small multidrug resistance (SMR) and resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND). The Efflux pumps NorA and Tet(K) of the MFS family, MepA of the MATE family, and MsrA of the ABC family are some examples of specific efflux pumps that act in the extrusion of antibiotics. In this review, we address bacterial efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), including 1,8-naphthyridine sulfonamide derivatives, given the pre-existing knowledge about the chemical characteristics that favor their biological activity. The modification and emergence of resistance to new EPIs justify further research on this theme, aiming to develop efficient compounds for clinical use.

Introdução: O checklist de cirurgia segura é um procedimento que toma medidas para reduzir as complicações e a mortalidade associadas à cirurgia, que ocorrem, antes, durante ou após a operação. Objetivos: Mostrar aos profissionais de enfermagem a importância do checklist de cirurgia segura em centro cirúrgico, determinar sua eficácia, além de garantir a segurança do paciente e a qualidade da assistência prestada. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica e utilizados métodos de análise qualitativa. Inicialmente, 19 foram pré-selecionados e, após a leitura dos artigos, 10 estudos foram selecionados. Resultados: Dos 10 estudos analisados, 80% dos profissionais de saúde conheciam ou já ouviram falar do checklist de cirurgia segura e 20% não. Quanto ao treinamento para atuar em centro cirúrgico, 40% afirmaram ter sido treinados no checklist de cirurgia segura, enquanto 60% afirmaram não ter treinamento. Em relação à aplicabilidade do checklist de cirurgia segura, 80% dos profissionais afirmaram aplicar o checklist, enquanto 20% desses profissionais não o fizeram. Conclusão: O estudo foi capaz de introduzir conceitos teóricos sobre checklists aos profissionais de enfermagem, demonstrando a eficácia da utilização desse protocolo.

The herbal medicine market has grown considerably as an alternative currently used for the application of plants in the treatment of various diseases. In this environment, studies on the bioactivity of essential oils and the search for those that have antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant properties and also oils that can inhibit key enzymes are highlighted. However, research on the use of plants in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical composition of native species and possible biological activities are still scarce. Therefore, studies for the knowledge of native species with therapeutic potential gain great relevance. This study carried out a review of the research already done on essential oils from species with potentially promising biological activities for the contribution of the sustainable use of biodiversity and the relevance of their medicinal potential.

Esta pesquisa investigou a contribuição do ambiente gamificado Crealit como ferramenta de incentivo à leitura, de livros clássicos da literatura brasileira, com discentes do Ensino Médio Integrado do IFPB, como também no auxílio pedagógico dos docentes no ensino de literatura brasileira. Durante o percurso metodológico adotamos uma pesquisa de caráter aplicado, com procedimentos de pesquisa-ação e abordagem mista qualitativa e quantitativa, tendo como ferramenta de coleta de dados questionários adaptados com questões abertas e fechadas em formato de testes para o público envolvido. Os resultados verificados foram satisfatórios, pois indicaram que o ambiente gamificado Crealit promoveu habilidades motivacionais como ferramenta de incentivo à leitura na maioria dos alunos participantes da pesquisa, a partir do uso do mesmo como produto educacional tecnológico.

The traditional knowledge associated with the use of medicinal plants has significantly contributed to drug development research. In this context, Aloysia gratissima, commonly known as bee-brush or white-brush, has been widely used in Brazilian folk medicine as an analgesic and antimicrobial species. Phytochemical analysis of A. gratissima essential oil has identified sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (17.3%) as a major component with significant antibacterial activity. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the antibacterial effects of the essential oil obtained from A. gratissima (EOAG) and its major compound β-caryophyllene, as well as to evaluate their potential to act as efflux pumps inhibitors in association with conventional antibiotics. The phytochemical characterization of EOAG was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the antibacterial activity against the strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa 24, Staphylococcus aureus 10, and Escherichia coli 06 was assessed using the broth microdilution method. The antibiotic potentiating activity was investigated by analyzing the ability of the natural products to decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin against S. aureus strains 1199B and K2068. A reduction in the MIC of ethidium bromide in the presence of essential oil components was interpreted as efflux pump inhibition. The GC-MS analysis identified 30 compounds, including β-caryophyllene as the major component. The antibacterial activity analysis demonstrated that both EOAG and β-caryophyllene both EOAG and β-caryophyllene presented antibacterial effects against S. aureus 10 (MIC = 32 μg/mL), in addition to potentiating the activity of norfloxacin against [S. aureus 10], [P. aeruginosa 24], and [E. coli 06]. The isolated compound also reversed the degree of antibiotic resistance observed in strains carrying efflux pumps. In conclusion, the essential oil of A. gratissima and β-caryophyllene have the potential to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics and as such can be used in the development of new therapies against bacterial resistance.

a Universidade Regional do Cariri, URCA, Cel Ant^onio Luis, 1161, 63105-000, Pimenta, Crato, CE, Brazil b Universidade Federal do Paran a, UFPR, XV de Novembro, 1299, 80.060-000, Centro, Curitiba, PR, Brazil c Universidade Regional de Blumenau, FURB, Ant^onio da Veiga, 140, 89030-903, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, SC, Brazil d Laborat orio de investiga¸c~ao em Gen etica e Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gon¸calo Moniz (IGM), Funda¸c~ao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA 40296- 710, Brazil e Centro Universit ario Doutor Le~ao Sampaio (Unile~ao), Av. Maria Leticia Leite Pereira s/n, Lagoa Seca, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil

Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC is a plant in the Asteraceae family that is commonly known as macela or marcela. It has antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The species Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are of great clinical importance, thus more evidence on the discovery of new compounds from plant species is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and in vitro antimicrobial potential of essential oils from A. satureioides. A Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test was performed using microdilution, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass spectrometry (GC / MS). Using the GC / MS analysis, we identified alpha-pinene and (E)-cariophilene as major phytoconstituents. We observed synergisms when the essential oil was combined with gentamicin and ampicillin against the S. aureus strain, as well as against E. coli when combined with gentamicin and norfloxacin. The results were promising, but further research is needed to assess the toxicity of A. satureioides oil and its potential for therapeutic use in humans.

Studies show that more consumers are using natural health products in the modern world. We have noticed a growing demand in markets and the professional community for mouthwashes that contain natural compounds. The objective of this study was to assess the chemical characterization and microbiological potential of the essential oil

Commercialized mouthwashes are generally expensive for the most financially vulnerable populations. Thus, several studies evaluate the antimicrobial potential of herbal products, such as essential oils, to reduce the activity of microorganisms in the mouth. The objective of this research was to carry out the chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has the virus that causes the SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome, which has reached a pandemic proportion, with thousands of deaths worldwide already registered. It has no standardized effective clinical treatment, arousing the urgent need for the discovery of bioactive compounds for the treatment of symptoms of COVID-19. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of seasonality on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oils of

The present work addresses the theme of health judicialization and its impacts within the budget. It analyzes the financial effects of court decisions in the Municipal Health Secretariat of Porto Velho, capital of the state of Rondônia. As a temporal delimitation, the period between the years 2014 to 2017 was taken into account. The paper goal is to examine the judicialization phenomenon and which impacts it brings to the administrative scope. The research has a bibliographic and documentary nature, consulting scientific articles, books, websites and especially transparency portals of the entities that institute and gather data on the budget execution of the health area in the Municipality of Porto Velho. The study works with a qualitative approach on the budget, related to the resources that are provided by the municipality of Porto Velho. It is concluded that the financial, structural and intellectual planning is essential for the municipal entity to be able to implement the fundamental social rights to health, as well as the related public policy, which is often affected by excessive judicialization.

Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus are the primary bacteria that cause clinical infections, such as urinary and intestinal infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis. Bacterial resistance is an innate natural occurrence in microorganisms, resulting from mutations or the lateral exchange of genetic material. This serves as evidence for the association between drug consumption and pathogen resistance. Evidence has demonstrated that the association between conventional antibiotics and natural products is a promising pharmacological strategy to overcome resistance mechanisms. Considering the large body of research demonstrating the significant antimicrobial activities of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, the present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antibiotic-enhancing effects of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi essential oil (STEO) against the standard and multidrug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The STEO was extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type vacuum rotary evaporator. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the STEO was assessed by the microdilution method to evaluate the antibacterial activity. The antibiotic-enhancing activity of the essential oil was assessed by determining the MIC of antibiotics in the presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration (MIC/8) of the natural product. The GC-MS analysis revealed alpha-pinene (24.3%), gamma-muurolene (16.6%), and myrcene (13.7%) as major constituents of the STEO. The STEO potentiated the enhanced antibacterial activity of norfloxacin and gentamicin against all the strains and increased the action of penicillin against the Gram-negative strains. Therefore, it is concluded that although the STEO does not exhibit clinically effective antibacterial activity, its association with conventional antibiotics results in enhanced antibiotic activity.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antifungal potential of the essential oil of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. against Candida strains. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was assessed by the microdilution method using the essential oil at a concentration range of 8192 to 8 μg/mL. The minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) was determined by subculture in solid medium. The ability of the essential oil to modulate the activity of antifungals was determined in wells treated simultaneously with the oil at a subinhibitory concentration (MFC/16) and fluconazole (FCZ). The fungal morphology was analyzed by microscopy. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the chemical composition. The essential oil presented an CI50 of 11.24 and 1.45 μg/mL, which was found to potentiate the effect of FCZ against Candida albicans. On the other hand, this combined treatment resulted in antagonism against Candida tropicalis and no evident modulation against Candida krusei was observed. The essential oil significantly inhibited hyphae growth. However, with a MFC ≥ 16,384 μg/mL, it is assumed that it has a fungistatic action. The antifungal properties demonstrated in this study might be related to the presence of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, and the interaction between them. In conclusion, Baccharis trimera showed promising anti-Candida effects, in addition to potentiating the activity of FCZ against Candida albicans, affecting its morphological transition. Therefore, this species constitutes a source of chemical compounds with the potential to be used in the combat of fungal infections.

This study aimed to evaluate the intrinsic antibacterial activity and antibiotic-enhancing effect of an arylamino methylene derivative (MAD) in association with fluoroquinolones. The antibacterial activity against multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was analyzed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth micro dilution method. A reduction in the MIC of the fluoroquinolones against strains treated simultaneously with the MAD was interpreted as an enhanced antibiotic activity. While the MAD exhibited no clinically effective action (MIC ≥ 1.024 µg/mL), it was found to significantly potentiate the activity of norfloxacin, ofloxacin and lomefloxacin against all the strains, which may be related to structural similarities between the MAD and quinolones. Our findings suggest that Meldrum’s acid arylamino derivatives may represent promising molecules in the elaboration of new drugs to reverse resistance to fluoroquinolones.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical profile and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Piper species and modulation of the antibiotic activity, using the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which revealed β-copaen-4-α-ol (31.38%), spathulenol (25.92%), and germacrene B (21.53%) as major constituents of the essential oils of Piper arboreum, Piper aduncum, and Piper gaudichaudianum, respectively. The essential oils analyzed in this study did not present a clinically relevant activity against standard and multiresistant Escherichia coli. However, in the case of multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus, there was a significant activity, corroborating with reports in the literature, where Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to antimicrobial activity. The essential oils modulated the effect of the antibiotics norfloxacin and gentamicin, having on the latter greater modulating effect; however, for erythromycin, no statistically significant effect was observed. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the essential oils of the analyzed Piper species present an inhibitory effect against S. aureus and modulate antibiotic activity, most of which presents synergistic activity.

Este artigo aborda a análise do sistema de drenagem urbana e as inundações do Canal do Anhaia, localizado na área de influência imediata do Porto D. Pedro II no município de Paranaguá, Litoral do Paraná. O estudo tem por base a carta georreferenciada MI - 2858/2-NE FOLHA SG.22-X-D-V/2-NE do Ministério do Exército–Departamento de Engenharia e Construção, Diretoria de Serviços Geográfico Região Sul do Brasil na Escala 1-25.000 que permite identificar os limites de espaço. Foram levantados, junto à Estação de Meteorologia de Paranaguá, vinculada ao 8º Distrito de Meteorologia de Porto Alegre, os eventos de precipitações diárias (mm³) concentradas ou com distribuição moderada do município. O período de análise compreendeu a média mensal de precipitação entre 2010 e 2019. Para a identificação das áreas inundáveis ou alagáveis foi utilizada a compilação de informações provenientes de duas fontes: a empresa Águas de Paranaguá e a Prefeitura Municipal de Paranaguá e adicionalmente observações pessoais dos autores sistematizadas durante os trabalhos de campo desse projeto e anedóticas em outras atividades profissionais na cidade de Paranaguá. O estudo permitiu perceber que o nível da maré e as precipitações, são fatores naturais, que influenciam no escoamento das águas do Canal na Baia de Paranaguá, entretanto, percebeu-se que os alagamentos, são de origem antrópica tendo em vista, as alterações que ocorreram na área de estudo, tais, com, a impermeabilização do solo, mudança na geometria do Canal, lixos e entulhos nas margens do Canal, deficiência nas bocas de lobo e alteração no ciclo hidrológico local. Conclui-se que as inundações que ocorrem na região podem ser evitadas com medidas preventivas de manutenção, limpeza na rede de drenagem, limpeza nas vias de acesso além de ações mitigatórias com a comunidade através de projetos de educação ambiental.

The bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus presents a variety of resistance mechanisms, among which the expression of β-lactamases and efflux pumps stand out for providing a significant degree of resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The 1,8-naphthyridines are nitrogen heterocycles with a broad spectrum of biological activities and, as such, are promising research targets. However, the potential roles of these compounds on bacterial resistance management remain to be better investigated. Therefore, the present study evaluated the antibacterial activity of 1,8-naphthyridine sulfonamides, addressing their ability to act as inhibitors of β-lactamases and efflux pump (QacA/B and QacC) against the strains SA-K4414 and SA-K4100 of S. aureus. All substances were prepared at an initial concentration of 1024 μg/mL, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Subsequently, their effects on β-lactamase- and efflux pump-mediated antibiotic resistance was evaluated from the reduction of the MIC of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and β-lactam antibiotics, respectively. The 1,8-naphthyridines did not present direct antibacterial activity against the strains SA-K4414 and SA-K4100 of S. aureus. On the other hand, when associated with antibiotics against both strains, the compounds reduced the MIC of EtBr and β-lactam antibiotics, suggesting that they may act by inhibiting β-lactamases and efflux pumps such as QacC and QacA/B. However, further research is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these observed effects.

In a recent study, our research group demonstrated that the essential oil of Ocotea odorifera (EOOO) and its major compound safrole potentiated the action fluoroquinolones, modulating bacterial resistance possibly due to direct inhibition of efflux pumps. Thus, in the present study, we investigated whether these treatments could enhance the activity of gentamicin and erythromycin against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The EOOO was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the phytochemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antibiotic-enhancing effect of the EOOO and safrole against MDR strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was analyzed by the broth microdilution method. The chemical analysis confirmed the presence of safrole as a major component among the 16 compounds identified in the EOOO. Both the essential oil and the isolated compound showed clinically relevant antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Regarding the modulation of antibiotic resistance, the EOOO was found to enhance the activity of erythromycin against the strains of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, as well as improving the action of gentamicin against S. aureus. On the other hand, safrole potentiated the activity of gentamicin against the S. aureus strain alone. It is concluded, therefore, that the EOOO and safrole can enhance the activity of macrolides and aminoglycosides, and as such are useful in the development of therapeutic tools to combat bacterial resistance against these classes of antibiotics.

O artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa de literatura com vistas a traçar um panorama histórico das teorias de aprendizagem, tendo como foco o comportamentalismo, o cognitivismo e o humanismo e suas colaborações para o campo da educação profissional tecnológica. A revisão narrativa foi escolhida como método de elaboração deste artigo por permitir uma descrição do estado da arte do tema sob o ponto de vista da fundamentação teórica, interpretação e síntese dos conceitos. Buscou-se abordar o behaviorismo de Watson (radical) e Skinner (metodológico), sendo que Skinner foi quem mais teve influência na educação, com ênfase no ensino-aprendizagem. Já no cogntivismo buscou-se abordar a ótica de Bruner, Piaget, Vergnaud, Vygotsky, Ausebel, Novak, Gowin. Por fim a concepção Humanista de Carl Rogers e Paulo Freire. Seja no campo comportamentalista, cognitivista ou humanista, conclui-se que as teorias de aprendizagem devem ser entendidas de forma crítica pelo professor.

Studies show that more consumers are using natural health products in the modern world. We have noticed a growing demand in markets and the professional community for mouthwashes that contain natural compounds. The objective of this study was to assess the chemical characterization and microbiological potential of the essential oil Piper arboreum (EOPa) to provide data to enable the development of a low-cost mouthwash. The evaluation of the antibacterial and bacterial resistance modulating activity was performed by the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which identified 20 chemical constituents, with caryophyllene oxide being one of the major compounds. The EOPa showed an MIC ≥ 1024 µg/mL for all bacterial strains used in the tests. When evaluating the modulating activity of EOPa combined with chlorhexidine, mouthwash and antibiotics against the bacterial resistance, the oil limited synergistic activity between the MIC of the products tested in combination (37% to 87.5%). Therefore, we recommend expanding the tests with greater variation in the EOPa concentration and the products used, as well as toxicity assessments and in vivo testing, with the purpose of the development of a possible low-cost mouthwash base that is accessible to the most vulnerable populations.

O estudo refere-se ao relacionamento entre o cidadão e a prefeitura de Itaperuna. O intuito do trabalho consiste em responder o seguinte problema: É necessário o incentivo do marketing de relacionamento na prefeitura de Itaperuna? Seu objetivo geral é mostrar a importância do marketing de relacionamento para a prefeitura. Buscou-se ainda com os objetivos específicos definir o conceito de marketing, marketing de relacionamento, serviços públicos e atendimento com uma abordagem teórica-cientifica e descrever técnicas para um excelente atendimento. Esta pesquisa é classificada como bibliográfica e titulada como estudo de caso. Constatou-se que através desse estudo a prefeitura poderá gerir melhor as informações, entender a necessidade dos contribuintes[1], frustrações, ideias e, assim, focar no atendimento totalmente personalizado e atencioso, e estreitando os laços e mostrando que a prefeitura está realmente preocupada com o usuário.

The Atlantic Forest is regarded a rich source of aromatic plants with a broad spectrum of biological properties. The leaves of seven Piper species were collected from the Atlantic Forest domain in the coastal region of Paraná state in winter (W) and spring (S). The volatile oils were extracted from the leaves through hydrodistillation method. The volatile oils were characterized by means of GC-FID and GC-MS. Sesquiterpenes were among the major compounds in all species studied, with many dozens of representatives. However, very low concentrations of monoterpenes were observed; α-pinene in Piper mosenii and P. cernuum, δ-3-carene in P. rivinoides, camphene and β-pinene in P. cernuum are exceptions. The arylpropanoides myristicine and elemicin were found in considerable amount in P. diospyrifolium (26.2%/S) and P. mosenii (16.4%/W), respectively. These oils were also screened for inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase (AG). For AChE the most active samples were P. diospyrifolium, P. aduncum and P. cernuum, with inhibiting level > 93%. For the less sensitive AG, the most promising candidates were P. diospyrifolium and P. mosenii, with inhibiting level > 65%. These results highlight the importance of native plants as renewable source of new inhibitors for AChE and AG. Further investigation is required to identify the most active constituents or fractions from the selected volatile oils. Resumo A Floresta Atlântica é considerada uma rica fonte de plantas aromáticas com amplo espectro de propriedades biológicas. Na busca de novos inibidores da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e α-glicosidase (AG), folhas de diferentes espécies de Piper localizadas na Floresta Atlântica no litoral do Paraná - Brasil, foram submetidas a hidrodestilação e seus óleos voláteis caracterizados por CG-DIC e CG-EM. A coleta ocorreu em duas estações distintas, inverno (I) e primavera (P), de 7 diferentes espécies. Sesquiterpenos foram identificados entre os compostos majoritários em todas as espécies estudadas, com dezenas de representantes. No entanto, foram observadas baixas concentrações de monoterpenos; α-pinene in Piper mosenii and P. cernuum, δ-3-carene in P. rivinoides, camphene and β-pinene in P. cernuum são exceções. Os arilpropanoides miristicina e elemicina foram identificadas em quantidades significativas em P. diospyrifolium (26.2%/P) e P. mosenii (16.4%/I), respectivamente. Para a AChE as amostras mais ativas foram P. diospyrifolium, P. aduncum e P. cernuum, com níveis de inibição > 93%. Para a AG, que se mostrou menos sensível às amostras, os candidatos mais promissores foram P. diospyrifolium e P. mosenii, ambos com níveis de inibição > 65%. Esses resultados destacam a importância das plantas nativas como fontes renováveis de novos inibidores para AChE e AG. Estudos adicionais se fazem necessários para identificar os constituintes ou frações mais ativas dos óleos voláteis selecionados.

Objective: to analyze the spatial distribution of microcephaly cases by Zika virus in a Brazilian municipality. Methods: ecological study that analyzed 53 confirmed cases of microcephaly by Zika virus, reported between 2015 and 2016, extracted from the Registry of Public Health Events - Microcephaly. Incidence rates of the disease in neighborhoods of the municipality, Global and Local Moran Index and Kernel dispersion method were calculated. Results: common areas with high Zika microcephaly incidence rates were identified. The value of Moran’s I demonstrated the presence of clusters, with p=0.001, I=0.3159 in 2015 and I=0.2158 in 2016. According to the Kernel map, there was concentration of cases in Regional Executive Secretariats IV and VI. Most of the cases are within or near precarious settlements. Conclusion: the cases did not occur randomly and reinforce their relationship with the living conditions of the population. Contributions to practice: it is expected that this study can contribute to reflect on public policies and surveillance actions to reduce Zika transmission, recognizing the territories of higher risk for the disease. In addition, to expand discussions between managers and health professionals to qualify notification, care, and monitoring of children with microcephaly by Zika. Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos de microcefalia por vírus Zika em um município brasileiro. Métodos: estudo ecológico que analisou 53 casos confirmados de microcefalia por vírus Zika, notificados entre 2015 e 2016, extraídos do Registro de Eventos em Saúde Pública–Microcefalia. Foram calculadas taxas de incidência da doença nos bairros do município, Índice de Moran Global e Local e método de dispersão de Kernel. Resultados: identificaram-se áreas comuns com altas taxas de incidência de microcefalia por Zika. O valor do I de Moran demonstrou presença de clusters, com p=0,001,I=0,3159 em 2015 e I=0,2158 em 2016. De acordo com o mapa de Kernel, houve concentração de casos nas Secretarias Executivas Regionais IV e VI. A maioria dos casos está dentro ou próximo de assentamentos precários. Conclusão: os casos não ocorreram de modo aleatório e reforçam sua relação com as condições de vida da população. Contribuições para a prática: espera-se que esse estudo possa contribuir para refletir sobre políticas públicas e ações de vigilância para redução da transmissão da Zika, reconhecendo os territórios de maiores riscos para a doença. Além disso, ampliar discussões entre gestores e profissionais da saúde para qualificar notificação, cuidado e acompanhamento das crianças com microcefalia por Zika.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antifungal potential of the essential oil of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. against Candida strains. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC

A wide-ranging organism, such as plants, fungi, insects, marine organisms, and bacteria are the main sources of bioactive substances. Among them, medicinal plants offer harmless elusive means to improve our health conditions. Moreover, plant-derived bioactive is an inspiration for developing several therapeutic agents having extensively diverse chemo-structures and exhibit superior biological properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, many of them are used in therapeutic applications to treat various human ailments. Markedly, tropical countries harbor the maximum global biodiversity and constitute several vital plant species with pharmacological potential. Hence, they are being explored for bioactive compounds, and other raw materials to manufacture herbal medicines or chemo-drugs. In the present time, the emergence of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics has become a major threat in treating microbial infections. Further, side effects caused by classical antibiotics have forced scientists to work toward exploring novel antimicrobial agents to overcome these hitches. Phytoconstituents have been shown to have prospective antimicrobial properties against both sensitive and resistant pathogenic microbes by exerting diverse mode of action. In this chapter, the potential of tropical plant species with antibacterial and antifungal activities are reviewed in detail.

O município de Paranaguá está localizado na planície litorânea do Estado do Paraná, também nela está localizado o Porto D. Pedro II, importante fonte de renda para a cidade e na organização do espaço urbano de Paranaguá. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as temperaturas médias térmicas e correlacionar com a ocupação do solo no período entre 1950 e 2019 na cidade de Paranaguá - Paraná. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa nos arquivos do IBGE Paranaguá, 8º Distrito de Meteorologia de Porto Alegre-RS, pesquisa de campo no período de 2007 a 2019 na Estação de Meteorologia de Paranaguá. A coleta dos dados foi realizada às 09h00min, 15h00min e 21h00minh seguindo horários estabelecidos pela (OMM). Utilizando processamento matemático, foram analisadas as variações da temperatura e precipitações diárias para o período entre janeiro de 1950 e dezembro de 2019. Para a observação no uso de ocupação do solo foram utilizadas fotos antigas e atuais do município, e fez-se uma análise nas temperaturas médias e no crescimento populacional para correlacionar com o uso do solo. No período entre 1950 e 1970 a temperatura média do Município foi de 21,1°C e as precipitações médias foram de 2.173 mm, período caracterizado pelas atividades portuárias em expansão, com o Ciclo do Café. Para o período entre 1971 e 2000, início do ciclo da diversificação, observou-se que houve aumento significativo na média da temperatura, observou-se que a média registrada foi de 21,9ºC com um volume de precipitações de 2.213mm em média. Para o período compreendido entre 2001 e 2019, a temperatura média registrada foi de 22,42 ºC e volumes de precipitações na faixa de 2.238 mm. Os resultados parciais da pesquisa mostram que no período estudado houve aumento nas temperaturas médias, bem como aumento nos volumes de precipitações.

Objective Efflux pumps are transmembrane proteins associated with bacterial resistance mechanisms. Bacteria use these proteins to actively transport antibiotics to the extracellular medium, preventing the pharmacological action of these drugs. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial activity of 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides, as well as their ability to inhibit efflux systems of Staphylococcus aureus strains expressing different levels of the NorA efflux pump. Methods The broth microdilution test was performed to assess antibacterial activity. Efflux pump inhibition was evaluated in silico by molecular docking and in vitro by fluorometric tests, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The MIC was determined in the association between 1,8-naphthyridine and norfloxacin or ethidium bromide. Results The 1,8-naphthyridines did not show direct antibacterial activity. However, they effectively reduced the MIC of multidrug-resistant bacteria by associating with norfloxacin and ethidium bromide, in addition to increasing the fluorescence emission. In silico analysis addressing the binding between NorA and 1,8-naphthyridines suggests that hydrogen bonds and hydrophilic interactions represent the interactions with the most favourable binding energy, corroborating the experimental data. Conclusion Our data suggest that 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides inhibit bacterial resistance through molecular mechanisms associated with inhibition of the NorA efflux pump in S. aureus strains.

Essential oils are secondary metabolites with immense pharmacological potential.These substances are abundantly produced by plants of the family Asteraceae, such as Baccharis coridifolia. Previous studies have demonstrated that this species has pharmacological properties that make it a promising source of new antibacterial agents. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiotic-modulating activity of Baccharis coridifolia essential oil against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The phytochemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography coupled to Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS), and realized the Minimum Inhibitory Concentation (MIC) and antibiotic-modulation from the microdilution method in 96-well plates. It was revealed the presence of germacrene D (23.7%), bicyclogermacrene (17.1%), and (E)-caryophyllene (8.4%) as major components. The minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (512 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (128 μg/mL) demonstrated clinically relevant antibacterial activity. In addition, the combination of subinhibitory doses of the oil with conventional antibiotics showed synergism, indicating potentiation of the antibacterial effect. In conclusion, the essential oil of Baccharis coridifolia (EOBc) presented antibacterial and antibiotic-modulating activities that place this species as a source of molecules useful in the fight against bacterial resistance.

One of the major challenges today for research groups on natural products distributed around the world is the discovery of substances that are bioactive, as well as their respective analogues. Thus, plants represent an important study target in the search for these new substances, being considered a promising source of molecular diversity for selective enzymatic inhibitors and synthesis for numerous bioactive compounds. The Brazilian biodiversity is one of the richest on the planet: it encompasses from 15 to 25% of all plant species, with a high rate of biological endemism, dispersed in unique biomes. A wide variety of micro- and macromolecular metabolites have been obtained, and several substances present biological and pharmacological activities with potential for the development of supplements alimentary, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides prototypes. In this context, this chapter documents the enzyme inhibitory potential of Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, and Piperaceae families from Brazilian Flora.

This chapter discusses on the search for active substances, originating from essential oil plant species occurring in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil. Despite its diminished state, the Atlantic Forest still ranks as a global conservation priority. Although it is just a small fraction of the size of the great Amazon rainforest, the Atlantic Forest still harbors a wide range of biological diversity similar to that of the Amazon. In this biome, around 20,000 species of plants, representing 8% of the Earth’s plants can be found. Some of these plants exhibit numerous therapeutical properties that are mainly attributed to their phytochemicals. Moreover, the essential oils extracted from plants constitute a diverse array of phytocompounds with biological significance. In this context, this chapter describes different plant species, their essential oil chemical composition, and their potential uses and pharmacological applications.

The Coastal Collection of Paraná: territories and perspectives and especially in its fifth volume: DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC POLICIES AND HEALTH is an initiative headed by the Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Territorial Development – PPGDTS at the Federal University of Paraná - UFPR. It is a collective effort among knowledge agents, that is, research teachers, students engaged in research, public agents and local community actors, and aims to add value to the production of knowledge about the regional reality, in a plot that expresses the activities of research, teaching and extension carried out in a synergic and cooperative manner along the coast of Paraná State. The volume consists of 16 chapters, organized in three parts: Development, territory and job, University, inclusion and Regional development, and Territory and health. It is the result of the efforts of a team of teachers and students already in the middle of consolidating their capacities as educators and researchers. The approaches presented result from a long and dense practice of reflections, interactive actions among academic and community agents, within an epistemic and methodological perspective, compatible with the current forms of cooperative production among several disciplines. It is an important and vigorous exercise of knowledge production, in line with a university project that reaffirms its vocation and mission focused on regional and local development, by valuing the rescue of knowledge and community practices, by encouraging and invitation to the dialogue of academic knowledge with the rich cultural heritage of coastal populations.

By means of the book ‘Local Knowledge, Social-environmental Crisis, and Tourism’, part of the collection ‘Paraná Coast: territory and perspectives’, organised by the Programme in Sustainable Territorial Development (PPGDTS) of the Federal University of Paraná, the editors are glad to invite you to read its 14 articles that widely discuss the Paraná coast. This volume is divided in three sections: Caiçara traditional community, local knowledge, and fishing; Conservations Units, water resources, and environment; and Tourism and local development. From a social-spatial analysis to the study of a scenario influenced by social-environmental conflicts, besides the study of natural elements, cultural expressions, and identity manifestations, this book deeply explores a key-region for the settlement, development, and formation of the current Paraná. Based on the different realities presented of the Paraná coast, you will certainly ask to yourself: why is this region still undervalued considering its importance in many aspects? This book may be the first step to answer that and another possible questions.

This study describes the use of native species of the Paraná Coastal. The work was carried out with traditional communities of the region with the objective of contemplating the genetic resources available in the forest, local cultural diversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. The approach taken to the interviewees followed a guideline, with information on the identification of respondents, data referring to Medicinal Plants and Non-Conventional Food Plants. There were 67 plants with some uses mentioned. It was identified that in the community 64% of the residents interviewed were retired and live on fishing and farming. It was observed that women have extensive knowledge about medicinal plants, men already know much more about tree species destined to the construction, either of boats or houses. It was verified the importance of the traditional knowledge about the medicinal plants for the discovery of bioactive compounds and income generation. Resumen El artículo describe el uso sostenible de especies nativas del Litoral del Paraná. El trabajo fue conducido con comunidades tradicionales de la región con el objetivo de contemplar el recurso genético disponible en el bosque, la diversidad cultural local y el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. El enfoque de los entrevistados siguió un itinerario orientador, con informaciones sobre la identificación, datos referentes a las plantas medicinales y Plantas Alimentares no Convencionales y demás usos de la biodiversidad. Se han citado 67 plantas. Se identificó que en la comunidad el 64% de los residentes entrevistados eran jubilados y viven de la pesca y la labranza. Se observó que las mujeres poseen amplio conocimiento sobre plantas medicinales, ya los hombres conocen mucho más sobre especies arbóreas destinadas a la construcción. Se constató la importancia del saber tradicional acerca de las especies para el descubrimiento de compuestos bioactivos y generación de ingresos. Resumo Este estudo descreve as potencialidades do uso sustentável de espécies nativas do Litoral do Paraná. O trabalho foi conduzido com comunidades tradicionais da região com o objetivo de contemplar o recurso genético disponível na floresta, a diversidade cultural local e o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. A abordagem feita aos entrevistados seguiu um roteiro norteador, com informações sobre a identificação dos entrevistados, dados referentes às Plantas Medicinais e Plantas Alimentares não Convencionais e demais usos da biodiversidade. Foram citadas 67 plantas com algumas utilizações. Identificou-se que, na comunidade, 64% dos moradores entrevistados eram aposentados e vivem da pesca e lavoura. Observou-se que as mulheres detêm amplo conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais, já os homens conhecem muito mais sobre espécies arbóreas destinadas à construção, seja de barcos ou casas. Constatou-se a importância do saber tradicional acerca das plantas medicinais para a descoberta de compostos bioativos e geração de renda.