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Background: Adolescents with mild-to-borderline intellectual disability (MBID) may be more susceptible to peer influence than typically developing (TD) adolescents.Aims: This preregistered study compares adolescents with MBID and TD adolescents on their susceptibility to peer influence and investigates links with three potential underlying mechanisms: inhibition, Theory of Mind (ToM) and negative interpretation bias.Methods and Procedures: We assessed 163 adolescents (111 MBID, 52 TD; 14-19 years; 63% boys) using experimental tasks and self- and/or teacher-reports.Outcomes and Results: Adolescents with MBID and TD adolescents did not differ in their susceptibility to peer influence, inhibition and negative interpretations. On two of the four ToM instruments, adolescents with MBID showed weaker ToM than TD adolescents. In a structural equation model, tested in the MBID group, the latent factors inhibition, ToM and negative interpretation bias were not related to susceptibility to peer influence.Conclusions and Implications: Using a multimethod approach, a structural equation model, and a large sample, this study revealed new insights in adolescents with MBID: they did not differ from TD adolescents in many domains and their inhibition, ToM and negative interpretation bias were not linked to their susceptibility to peer influence.

Background: A burn event can elicit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors and their partners and may impact the way these couple members interact with each other. They may try to protect each other from further emotional distress by avoiding talking about the burn event, but they may also show concern towards each other. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate bidirectional relationships between survivor’s and partner’s PTSD symptoms and two interpersonal processes: partner-oriented ‘self-regulation’, which is avoidance-oriented, and ‘expressed concern’, which is approach-oriented. Method: In this longitudinal multi-centre study, 119 burn survivors and their partners participated. Measures of PTSD symptoms, self-regulation, and expressed concern were administered in the acute phase following the burns, and follow-ups took place up to 18 months postburn. Intra- and interpersonal effects were examined in a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Exploratory effects of burn severity were also investigated. Results: Within individuals, survivor’s expressed concern predicted later higher levels of survivor’s PTSD symptoms. In their partners, self-regulation and PTSD symptoms reinforced each other in the early phase postburn. Between the two couple members, partner’s expressed concern predicted later lower levels of survivor’s PTSD symptoms. Exploratory regression analyses showed that burn severity moderated the effect of survivor’s self-regulation on survivor’s PTSD symptoms, indicating that self-regulation was continuously related to higher levels of PTSD symptoms over time within more severely burned survivors, but not in less severely burned survivors. Conclusion: PTSD symptoms and self-regulation reinforced each other in partners and possibly also in more severely burned survivors. Partner’s expressed concern was related to lower levels of survivor’s PTSD symptoms, whereas survivor’s expressed concern was related to higher levels of survivor’s PTSD symptoms. These findings emphasize the importance of screening for and monitoring PTSD symptoms in burn survivors and their partner and of encouraging couple’s self-disclosure. PTSD symptoms in burn survivors and their partners are related to both avoidance- and approach-oriented interpersonal processes.In partners, higher levels of self-regulation were bidirectionally related to higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms.Concern expressed by partners may mitigate posttraumatic stress symptoms in burn survivors. PTSD symptoms in burn survivors and their partners are related to both avoidance- and approach-oriented interpersonal processes. In partners, higher levels of self-regulation were bidirectionally related to higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Concern expressed by partners may mitigate posttraumatic stress symptoms in burn survivors.

Late-life depression (LLD) increases risk for dementia and brain pathology, but possibly this is only true for one or more symptom profiles of LLD. In 4354 participants (76±5 years; 58% female) from the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study, we identified five LLD symptom profiles, based on the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (no LLD(57%); apathy(31%); apathy with emptiness(2%), mild LLD(8%) and severe LLD(2%)). Cox regression analyses showed that severe LLD, mild LLD and apathy increased risk of dementia up to 12 years, compared to no LLD. Additionally, hippocampal volume loss and white matter lesion increase, were assessed on 1.5 T MR images, at baseline and after 5 years follow-up. Only severe LLD showed increased WML volume over time, but not on hippocampal volume loss. WML increase over time mediated partially the relation between mild LLD and dementia but not for the other symptom profiles. It appears that hippocampal atrophy and LLD are independent predictors for dementia incidence, whereas for mild LLD the risk for dementia is partially mediated by WML changes.

Background: Little is known about patterns of depression symptoms over time in older adults. This study aims to assess the association of childhood maltreatment and cortisol levels with latent classes of depression symptoms over ten years in older adults. Methods: A total of 752 participants (mean age 61.7±9.5, female 18%) in the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Memory, depression and aging (SMART-Medea) study provided up to twenty measures of depression symptoms over ten years based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). At baseline, salivary cortisol was measured, and childhood maltreatment was assessed. Responses to the PHQ-9 were indicators in a latent class analysis. Multinomial regression determined associations between class membership and cortisol and maltreatment, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Results: Four distinct classes were identified; never depressed (n=275, 37%), energy/sleep difficulties (n=237, 32%), mild depression symptoms (n=152, 20%) and fluctuating severe depression (n=88, 12%). Childhood maltreatment was associated with mild depression symptoms (OR=1.95, 95% CI: 1.17-3.25) and fluctuating severe depression (OR=3.50, 95% CI: 1.99-6.15). Blunted morning cortisol was associated with energy/sleep difficulties (OR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.95-1.00) and fluctuating severe depression (OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99). There was no evidence for interaction between maltreatment and cortisol. Limitations: There is limited generalizability due to the cohort consisting of participants with atherosclerosis and being mostly male. This study utilizes retrospective self-reporting of childhood maltreatment. Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment and blunted morning cortisol independently contribute to a worse depression course. Blunted morning cortisol may contribute to sub-clinical depression symptoms, specifically difficulties with energy levels and sleep.

Dual process models posit that combinations of impulsive and reflective processes drive behaviour, and that the capacity to engage in effortful cognitive processing moderates the relation between measures of impulsive or reflective processes and actual behaviour. When cognitive resources are low, impulsive processes are more likely to drive behaviour, while when cognitive resources are high, reflective processes will drive behaviour. In our current study, we directly addressed this hypothesis by comparing the capacity of implicit and explicit measures to predict fear and anxiety, either with or without additional cognitive load. In Experiment 1 (N = 83), only explicit measures of spider fear were predictive of spider avoidance, and manipulating cognitive load did not affect these relations. Experiment 2 (N = 70) confirmed these findings, as the capacity of explicit and implicit measures to predict self-reported and physiological responses to a social stressor was not moderated by cognitive load. In two experiments, we thus found no empirical support for the central dual process model assumption that cognitive control moderates the predictive value of implicit and explicit measures. While implicit measures and dual process accounts may still be valuable, we show that results in this field are not necessarily replicable and inconsistent.

The aim of this systematic review was to provide insight in inhibitory control (prepotent response inhibition and interference control) in trauma-exposed youth from a developmental perspective and exploring the effects of prolonged stress. A systematic search was conducted, resulting in 1722 abstracts. Of those, 33 studies met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies measured prepotent response inhibition (Go/no-go and Stop-signal task), 20 studies measured interference control (Flanker and Stroop task), and one measured both. Some studies indeed found evidence for prolonged trauma exposure impeding both subcomponents of inhibitory control, although others did not. At a later age, inhibitory control problems on task performance seem to disappear. However, distinct patterns of brain activity may suggest that those individuals employ compensation strategies. Together, the findings may suggest that non-specific inhibitory control problems occur after prolonged trauma exposure, with older youth possibly employing compensation strategies on the tasks. Future studies may provide a clearer picture of the compensation strategies and the circumstances in which they become visible.

Background: Psychiatric taxonomy segregates pediatric anxiety symptoms into distinct diagnostic subtypes. However, typical mixed symptom presentations pose significant challenges for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Pediatric anxiety alternatively may manifest along multiple, inter-connected domains in ways poorly captured by current classification systems. To evaluate this possibility, we utilize network analytic approaches to characterize pediatric anxiety as a network of symptom domains. Quantifying this network structure could inform our clinical conceptualization of pediatric anxiety, and, accordingly, clinical practice and research. Methods: Participants were 4,964 youths (ages 5-17 years) from seven international sites. Participants completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders which assesses symptom severity along domains that follow pediatric anxiety DSM diagnostic categories (generalized anxiety, social anxiety, separation anxiety, and panic disorders; additionally, school avoidance). We used network analytic methods to quantify patterns of associations among these symptom domains and to relate network variation to important moderators of anxiety symptom expression (age, sex). Findings: The anxiety symptoms network was estimated with high accuracy and featured a highly inter-connected structure. Anxiety patients and healthy youth demonstrated comparable network structures. Sex differences were noted in network structure. Longitudinal data over a three-year period demonstrated specific network structure changes during childhood but not adolescence. Generalized anxiety and panic symptoms consistently emerged as central domains in the symptom network. Interpretation: Pediatric anxiety manifests along inter-connected symptom domains. The revealed pattern of domain associations, alongside moderation effects by age and sex, could inform conceptualization, treatment, and study of pediatric anxiety. Funding Statement: This research was supported (in part) by the NIMH Intramural Research Program (ZIAMH002781-15, NCT00018057), and grants R01 MH094633, R34 MH097931, UH2 MH101470; the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, ZonMW (grant number 200210010). Declaration of Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interests with regard to this manuscript. Ethics Approval Statement: At each site, the study was performed in compliance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki), approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Prior to participation, informed consent and assent were obtained from parents and youth, respectively.

Contains fulltext : 246475.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Anxiety disorders are effectively treated with exposure therapy, but relapse remains high. Fear may reinstate after reoccurrence of the negative event because the expectancy of the aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus [US]) is adjusted but not its evaluation. Imagery rescripting (ImRs) is an intervention that is proposed to work through revaluation of the US. The aim of our preregistered study was to test the effects of ImRs and extinction on US expectancy and US revaluation. Day 1 (n = 106) consisted of acquisition with an aversive film clip as US. The manipulation (ImRs + extinction, extinction-only, or ImRs-only) took place on Day 2. Reinstatement of fear was tested on Day 3. Results showed expectancy learning in both extinction conditions but not in the ImRs-only condition and no enhanced revaluation learning in ImRs. The combination of ImRs and extinction slowed down extinction but did not protect against reinstatement, which pleads in favor of stand-alone interventions in clinical practice. 18 p.

Contains fulltext : 244068.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Freezing to impending threat is a core defensive response. It has been studied primarily using fear conditioning in non-human animals, thwarting advances in translational human anxiety research that has used other indices, such as skin conductance responses. Here we examine postural freezing as a human conditioning index for translational anxiety research. We employed a mixed cued/contextual fear-conditioning paradigm where one context signals the occurrence of the US upon the presentation of the CS, and another context signals that the CS is not followed by the US. Critically, during the following generalization phase, the CS is presented in a third and novel context. We show that human freezing is highly sensitive to fear conditioning, generalizes to ambiguous contexts, and amplifies with threat imminence. Intriguingly, stronger parasympathetically driven freezing under threat, but not sympathetically mediated skin conductance, predicts subsequent startle magnitude. These results demonstrate that humans show fear-conditioned animal-like freezing responses, known to aid in active preparation for unexpected attack, and that freezing captures real-life anxiety expression. Conditioned freezing offers a promising new, non-invasive, and continuous, readout for human fear conditioning, paving the way for future translational studies into human fear and anxiety. 20 p.

Purpose This study explored the individual trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQL) compared to recalled pre-burn level of HRQL and investigated whether burn severity and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms increase the risk of not returning to pre-burn level of HRQL. Methods Data were obtained from 309 adult patients with burns in a multicenter study. Patients completed the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire with a Cognition bolt-on shortly after hospital admission, which included a recalled pre-injury measure, and, again, at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months post-burn. Burn severity was indicated by the number of surgeries, and PTSD symptoms were assessed with the IES-R at three months post-burn. Pre- and post-injury HRQL were compared to norm populations. Results Recalled pre-injury HRQL was higher than population norms and HRQL at 18 months post-burn was comparable to population norms. Compared to the pre-injury level of functioning, four HRQL patterns of change over time were established: Stable, Recovery, Deterioration, and Growth. In each HRQL domain, a subset of patients did not return to their recalled pre-injury levels, especially with regard to Pain, Anxiety/Depression, and Cognition. Patients with more severe burns or PTSD symptoms were less likely to return to pre-injury level of functioning within 18 months post-burn. Conclusion This study identified four patterns of individual change. Patients with more severe injuries and PTSD symptoms were more at risk of not returning to their recalled pre-injury HRQL. This study supports the face validity of using a recalled pre-burn HRQL score as a reference point to monitor HRQL after burns.

When making behavioral decisions, individuals need to balance between exploiting known options or exploring new ones. How individuals solve this exploration-exploitation dilemma (EED) is a key research question across psychology, leading to attempting to disentangle the cognitive mechanisms behind it. A potential predictive factor of performance in an EED is intolerance of uncertainty (IU), an individual difference factor referring to the extent to which uncertain situations are reported to be aversive. Here, we present the results of a series of exploratory analyses in which we tested the relationship between IU and performance in an EED task. For this, we compiled data from 3 experiments, in which participants received the opportunity to exploit different movements in order to avoid a painful stimulus and approach rewards. For decomposing performance in this task, we used different computational models previously employed in studies on the EED. Then, the parameters of the winning model were correlated with the scores of participants in the IU scale. Correlational and cluster analyses, within both frequentists and Bayesian frameworks, did not provide strong evidence for a relation between EED and IU, apart from the decay rate and the subscale "tendency to become paralyzed in the face of uncertainty". Given the theoretical relation between EED and IU, we propose research with different experimental paradigms. ispartof: International Journal Of Psychophysiology vol:181 pages:33-39 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published

Dual-tasks (e.g., making horizontal eye-movements) while recollecting a memory are often used both in the lab and the clinic (such as in EMDR therapy) to attenuate emotional memories and intrusive mental images. According to working memory theory, dual-task interventions are effective because they limit cognitive resources available for the processing of emotional memories. However, there is still ongoing debate about the extent to which and under what conditions dual-task interventions are effective to interfere with emotional memories. In this meta-analysis, we assessed k = 53 laboratory studies investigating the effects of dual-task interventions on negative and positive memories. The effects were measured with the raw mean reduction in vividness and emotionality self-report ratings of emotional memories before compared to after the intervention on 100-point rating scales. Results showed that the dual-task interventions made both negative and positive memories less vivid (mean reduction negative images = 9.18, 95% CI [7.06, 11.29]; mean reduction positive images = 11.73, 95% CI [8.59, 14.86]) and less emotional (mean reduction negative images = 6.22, 95% CI [4.50, 7.94]; mean reduction positive images = 6.71, 95% CI [2.21, 11.20]). Several moderators were tested and are discussed in the light of working memory theory.

Contemporary cognitive models of depression propose that cognitive biases for negative information at the level of attention (attention biases; AB) and interpretation (interpretation biases; IB) increase depression risk by promoting maladaptive emotion regulation (ER). So far, empirical support testing interactions between these variables is restricted to non-clinical and clinical adult samples. The aim of the current study was to extend these findings to a sample of children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 109 children aged 9–14 years who completed behavioural measures of AB (passive-viewing task) and IB (scrambled sentences task) as well as self-report measures of ER and depressive symptoms. In order to maximize the variance in these outcomes we included participants with a clinical diagnosis of depression as well as non-depressed youth with an elevated familial risk of depression and non-depressed youth with a low familial risk of depression. Path model analysis indicated that all variables (AB, IB, adaptive and maladaptive ER) had a direct effect on depressive symptoms. IB and AB also had significant indirect effects on depressive symptoms via maladaptive and adaptive ER. These findings provide initial support for the role of ER as a mediator between cognitive biases and depressive symptoms and provide the foundations for future experimental and longitudinal studies. In contrast to studies in adult samples, both adaptive as well as maladaptive ER mediated the effect of cognitive biases on depressive symptoms. This suggests potentially developmental differences in the role of ER across the lifespan.

Background Alcohol use and anxiety disorders commonly co-occur, resulting in a more severe clinical presentation and poorer response to treatment. Research has shown that approach bias modification (ApBM) and interpretation bias modification (IBM) cognitive retraining interventions can be efficacious adjunctive treatments that improve outcomes for alcohol use and social anxiety, respectively. However, the acceptability, feasibility, and clinical utility of combining ApBM and IBM programs to optimize treatments among comorbid samples are unknown. It is also unclear whether integrating ApBM and IBM within each training session or alternating them between each session is more acceptable and efficacious. Objective This paper describes the protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the Re-train Your Brain intervention—an adjunct web-based ApBM+IBM program—among a clinical sample of emerging adults with hazardous alcohol use and social anxiety. Methods The study involves a three-arm randomized controlled pilot trial in which treatment-seeking emerging adults (18-30 years) with co-occurring hazardous alcohol use and social anxiety will be individually randomized to receive the Re-train Your Brain integrated program, delivered with 10 biweekly sessions focusing on both social anxiety and alcohol each week, plus treatment as usual (TAU; ie, the model of care provided in accordance with standard practice at their service; n=30); the Re-train Your Brain alternating program, delivered with 10 biweekly sessions focusing on social anxiety one week and alcohol the next week, plus TAU (n=30); or TAU only (n=30). Primary outcomes include feasibility (uptake, follow-up rates, treatment adherence, attrition, and adverse events) and acceptability (system usability, client satisfaction, user experience, and training format preference). Secondary efficacy outcomes include changes in alcohol approach and interpretation biases, social anxiety, and alcohol use (eg, drinks per day, binge drinking, drinking motives, severity of dependence, and cravings). The primary end point will be posttreatment (6 weeks postbaseline), with a secondary end point at 3 months postbaseline. Descriptive statistics will be conducted for primary outcomes, whereas intention-to-treat, multilevel mixed effects analysis for repeated measures will be performed for secondary outcomes. Results This study is funded from 2019 to 2023 by Australian Rotary Health. Recruitment is expected to be completed by mid-2022 to late 2022, with follow-ups completed by early 2023. Conclusions This study will be the first to evaluate whether an ApBM+IBM program is acceptable to treatment-seeking, emerging adults and whether it can be feasibly delivered via the web, in settings where it will ultimately be used (eg, at home). The findings will broaden our understanding of the types of programs that emerging adults will engage with and whether the program may be an efficacious treatment option for this comorbidity. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620001273976; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364131 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/28667

The project was funded by a research grant from INSEAD and was also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number 143411., In this crowdsourced initiative, independent analysts used the same dataset to test two hypotheses regarding the effects of scientists’ gender and professional status on verbosity during group meetings. Not only the analytic approach but also the operationalizations of key variables were left unconstrained and up to individual analysts. For instance, analysts could choose to operationalize status as job title, institutional ranking, citation counts, or some combination. To maximize transparency regarding the process by which analytic choices are made, the analysts used a platform we developed called DataExplained to justify both preferred and rejected analytic paths in real time. Analyses lacking sufficient detail, reproducible code, or with statistical errors were excluded, resulting in 29 analyses in the final sample. Researchers reported radically different analyses and dispersed empirical outcomes, in a number of cases obtaining significant effects in opposite directions for the same research question. A Boba multiverse analysis demonstrates that decisions about how to operationalize variables explain variability in outcomes above and beyond statistical choices (e.g., covariates). Subjective researcher decisions play a critical role in driving the reported empirical results, underscoring the need for open data, systematic robustness checks, and transparency regarding both analytic paths taken and not taken. Implications for organizations and leaders, whose decision making relies in part on scientific findings, consulting reports, and internal analyses by data scientists, are discussed., INSEAD, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) European Commission 143411

Background: Partners of burn survivors may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in response to the potential life threatening nature of the burn event and the burn survivor’s medical treatment. Objective: This longitudinal study examined the prevalence, course and potential predictors of partners’ PTSD symptoms up to 18 months post-burn. Methods: Participants were 111 partners of adult burn survivors. In a multi-centre study, PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised during the acute phase and subsequently at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months post-burn. Partners’ appraisal of life threat, anger, guilt and level of rumination were assessed as potential predictors of PTSD symptoms in an exploratory piecewise latent growth model. Results: Acute PTSD symptoms in the clinical range were reported by 30% of the partners, which decreased to 4% at 18 months post-burn. Higher acute PTSD symptoms were related to perceived life threat and higher levels of anger, guilt, and rumination. Over time, mean symptom levels decreased, especially in partners with high levels of acute PTSD symptoms, perceived life threat and rumination. From three months onward, PTSD symptoms decreased less in partners of more severely burned survivors. At 18 months post-burn, higher levels of PTSD symptoms were related to higher acute PTSD symptoms and more severe burns. Conclusions: One in three partners reported clinical levels of acute PTSD symptoms, of which the majority recovered over time. Perceived life threat, feelings of anger and guilt, and rumination may indicate the presence of acute PTSD symptoms, whereas more severe burns predict long-term PTSD symptom levels. The results highlight the need to screen for acute PTSD symptoms and offer psychological help to partners to alleviate acute elevated stress levels if indicated., HIGHLIGHTS One in three partners reported clinical levels of acute PTSD symptoms, which decreased to 4% at 18 months post-burn. Perceived life threat and higher levels of anger, guilt and rumination predicted higher acute PTSD symptoms. Over time, PTSD symptoms decreased less in partners of more severely burn survivors.

Background: It is estimated that more than 40% of rape victims develops a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a statistic that is relatively high compared to other types of trauma. PTSD can affect the victims' psychological, sexual, and physical health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early interventions to prevent the onset of PTSD in this target group. Objective: This randomised controlled trial (RCT) examines the efficacy of early Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy aimed to reduce the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in victims of recent rape. Methods: Subjects (N = 34) are individuals of 16 years and older who present themselves within 7 days post-rape at one of the four participating Sexual Assault Centres in the Netherlands. The intervention consists of two sessions of EMDR therapy between day 14 and 28 post-rape, while the control group receives treatment as usual, consisting of careful monitoring of stress reactions by a case-manager across two contacts during 1-month post-rape. Baseline assessment, posttreatment assessment and follow-up assessments at 8 and 12-weeks post-rape will be used to assess the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, the efficacy of the intervention on psychological and sexual functioning will be determined. Linear mixed model analysis will be used to explore the differences within and between the EMDR group and control group at the various time points. Conclusions: The results of this RCT may help the dissemination and application of evidence-based preventative treatments for PTSD after rape.

The fear conditioning paradigm is one of the most commonly used procedures to examine the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders in laboratories. However, findings with this procedure often do not generalize to clinical settings. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool for improving the ecological and predictive validity of fear conditioning. The current study explored whether a classical differential cue conditioning paradigm with spider-fearful participants can be conducted in a VR-environment. Specifically, 25 spider-fearful and 25 non-fearful female students participated in a fear-conditioning experiment with a virtual spider as an unconditioned stimulus (US). The experiment took place in a virtual office in which participants viewed an avatar of themselves sitting at a desk. Conditioned stimuli (CS) were a blue (CS+; 100% reinforcement) and a green (CS-) light emitted by a desk lamp. Fear reactions were measured by fear ratings, skin conductance responses (SCR), and fear potentiated startle responses (FPS). Our results indicated stronger differential fear conditioning for spider-fearful participants than for non-fearful participants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these results relate specifically to spider-fear, and not to general trait anxiety. We conclude that fear conditioning in VR is a promising tool to improve the validity of classical fear conditioning procedures.

The purpose of this article is to review recent research that is relevant to three controversies concerning memory for trauma. First, we briefly review the debate about recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, summarizing a third interpretation distinct from both the repression and false-memory accounts. Second, we address new findings related to claims that memories of trauma, especially in people with posttraumatic stress disorder, are especially fragmented and disorganized. Third, we discuss research designed to test whether eye movements in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy are effective.

Fear extinction is the well-known process of fear reduction through repeated re-exposure to a feared stimulus without the aversive outcome. The last two decades have witnessed a surge of interest in extinction learning. First, extinction learning is observed across species, and especially research on rodents has made great strides in characterising the physical substrate underlying extinction learning. Second, extinction learning is considered of great clinical significance since it constitutes a crucial component of exposure treatment. While effective in reducing fear responding in the short term, extinction learning can lose its grip, resulting in a return of fear (i.e., laboratory model for relapse of anxiety symptoms in patients). Optimization of extinction learning is, therefore, the subject of intense investigation. It is thought that the success of extinction learning is, at least partly, determined by the mismatch between what is expected and what actually happens (prediction error). However, while much of our knowledge about the neural circuitry of extinction learning and factors that contribute to successful extinction learning comes from animal models, translating these findings to humans has been challenging for a number of reasons. Here, we present an overview of what is known about the animal circuitry underlying extinction of fear, and the role of prediction error. In addition, we conducted a systematic literature search to evaluate the degree to which state-of-the-art neuroimaging methods have contributed to translating these findings to humans. Results show substantial overlap between networks in animals and humans at a macroscale, but current imaging techniques preclude comparisons at a smaller scale, especially in sub-cortical areas that are functionally heterogeneous. Moreover, human neuroimaging shows the involvement of numerous areas that are not typically studied in animals. Results obtained in research aimed to map the extinction circuit are largely dependent on the methods employed, not only across species, but also across human neuroimaging studies. Directions for future research are discussed. ispartof: NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY vol:155 pages:113-126 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Background The peri-traumatic stress response is a strong predictor of symptom development after trauma exposure. Regarding witnessing trauma, the stress response might depend on the susceptibility to others' emotions (emotional contagion, EC). This study investigated whether EC moderates the immediate stress response using a trauma film paradigm. Methods Ninety-five healthy participants were randomly exposed to a trauma or a neutral film. Perceived stressfulness of the film and pre-to post-film changes in self-reported anxiety, heart rate and saliva cortisol levels were assessed. EC towards negative and positive emotions was measured using the emotional contagion scale and its emotion-specific subscales. Results Overall, the trauma film was perceived as distressing and elicited an increase in self-reported anxiety, heart rate and saliva cortisol levels relative to the neutral film. EC towards negative emotions was positively related to the perceived stressfulness of the film, increased anxiety and increased heart rate. The association with saliva cortisol levels was also in the expected direction, but not statistically significant. These associations were not found for EC towards positive emotions. Discussion EC towards negative emotions may be an important predictor of trauma exposure outcomes. Further research should clarify its specific contribution in witnessing and undergoing trauma.

PURPOSE: We tested in a pilot study a new intervention for body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa (AN). Unlike common treatment approaches our hoop training targeted not only cognitive-emotional and visual aspects of body image, but also tactile and body-scaled action components. METHODS: We assessed cognitive, visual, tactile and body-scaled action aspects of body image disturbance before and after completion of hoop training. Twelve AN patients completed treatment as usual (TAU) for body image, 14 completed hoop training in addition to TAU. RESULTS: Results show that patients who completed the 8-week individual hoop training in addition to TAU improved more on body image disturbance tasks from baseline to follow-up than patients who completed only TAU. Hoop training specifically seems to affect tactile body image and body-scaled action. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, a treatment approach in which the full spectrum of body image disturbances in AN is targeted has a unique added effect over treatment as usual. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, non-randomized controlled study.

Whether fear conditioning can take place without contingency awareness is a topic of continuing debate and conflicting findings have been reported in the literature. This systematic review provides a critical assessment of the available evidence. Specifically, a search was conducted to identify articles reporting fear conditioning studies in which the contingency between conditioned stimuli (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was masked, and in which CS-US contingency awareness was assessed. A systematic assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies (k = 41) indicated that most studies suffered from methodological limitations (i.e., poor masking procedures, poor awareness measures, researcher degrees of freedom, and trial-order effects), and that higher quality predicted lower odds of studies concluding in favor of contingency unaware fear conditioning. Furthermore, meta-analytic moderation analyses indicated no evidence for a specific set of conditions under which contingency unaware fear conditioning can be observed. Finally, funnel plot asymmetry and p-curve analysis indicated evidence for publication bias. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence for contingency unaware fear conditioning.

Leading biological hypotheses propose that biological changes may underlie major depressive disorder onset and relapse/recurrence. Here, we investigate if there is prospective evidence for biomarkers derived from leading theories. We focus on neuroimaging, gastrointestinal factors, immunology, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, and oxidative stress. Searches were performed in Pubmed, Embase and PsychInfo for articles published up to 06/2019. References and citations of included articles were screened to identify additional articles. Inclusion criteria were having an MDD diagnosis as outcome, a biomarker as predictor, and prospective design search terms were formulated accordingly. PRISMA guidelines were applied. Meta-analyses were performed using a random effect model when three or more comparable studies were identified, using a random effect model. Our search resulted in 67,464 articles, of which 75 prospective articles were identified on: Neuroimaging (N = 24), Gastrointestinal factors (N = 1), Immunology (N = 8), Neurotrophic (N = 2), Neurotransmitters (N = 1), Hormones (N = 39), Oxidative stress (N = 1). Meta-analyses on brain volumes and immunology markers were not significant. Only cortisol (N = 19, OR = 1.294,p = 0.024) showed a predictive effect on onset/relapse/recurrence of MDD, but not on time until MDD onset/relapse/recurrence. However, this effect disappeared when studies including participants with a baseline clinical diagnosis were removed from the analyses. Other studies were too heterogeneous to compare. Thus, there is a lack of evidence for leading biological theories for onset and maintenance of depression. Only cortisol was identified as potential predictor for MDD, but results are influenced by the disease state. High-quality (prospective) studies on MDD are needed to disentangle the etiology and maintenance of MDD.

The growing literature conceptualizing mental disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as networks of interacting symptoms faces three key challenges. Prior studies predominantly used (a) small samples with low power for precise estimation, (b) nonclinical samples, and (c) single samples. This renders network structures in clinical data, and the extent to which networks replicate across data sets, unknown. To overcome these limitations, the present cross-cultural multisite study estimated regularized partial correlation networks of 16 PTSD symptoms across four data sets of traumatized patients receiving treatment for PTSD (total N = 2,782). Despite differences in culture, trauma type, and severity of the samples, considerable similarities emerged, with moderate to high correlations between symptom profiles (0.43–0.82), network structures (0.62–0.74), and centrality estimates (0.63–0.75). We discuss the importance of future replicability efforts to improve clinical psychological science and provide code, model output, and correlation matrices to make the results of this article fully reproducible.

Item does not contain fulltext Although the existence of 'choking under pressure' is well-supported by research, its biological underpinnings are less clear. In this research, we examined two individual difference variables that may predict whether people are likely to perform poorly in high-incentive conditions: baseline eye blink rate (EBR; reflecting dopamine system functioning) and baseline anterior hemispheric asymmetry (an indicator of goal-directed vs. stimulus driven processing). Participants conducted a switch task under control vs. incentive conditions. People low in EBR were generally capable of improving their performance when incentives were at stake, whereas people high in EBR were not. Hemispheric asymmetry did not predict performance. These findings are consistent with the idea that suboptimal performance in high-stakes conditions may stem from the neuromodulatory effects of dopamine. 8 p.

Stress responses are controlled by the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA)-axis and maladaptive stress responses are associated with the onset and maintenance of stress-related disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Genes that play a role in the HPA-axis regulation may likely contribute to the relation between relevant neurobiological substrates and stress-related disorders. Therefore, we performed gene-wide analyses for 30 a priori literature-based genes involved in HPA-axis regulation in 2014 subjects (34% male; mean age: 42.5) to study the relations with lifetime MDD diagnosis, cortisol awakening response, and dexamethasone suppression test (DST) levels (subsample N= 1472) and hippocampal and amygdala volume (3T MR images; subsample N=225). Additionally, gene by childhood maltreatment (CM) interactions were investigated. Gene-wide significant results were found for dexamethasone suppression (CYP11A1, CYP17A1, POU1F1, AKR1D1), hippocampal volume (CYP17A1, CYP11A1, HSD3B2, PROP1, AVPRA1, SRD5A1), amygdala volume (POMC, CRH, HSD3B2), and lifetime MDD diagnosis (FKBP5 and CRH), all permutation p-valueso0.05. Interactions with CM were found for several genes; the strongest interactions were found for NR3C2, where the minor allele of SNP rs17581262 was related to smaller hippocampal volume, smaller amygdala volume, higher DST levels, and higher odds of MDD diagnosis only in participants with CM. As hypothesized, several HPA-axis genes are associated with stress-related endophenotypes including cortisol response and reduced brain volumes. Furthermore, we found a pleiotropic interaction between CM and the mineralocorticoid receptor gene, suggesting that this gene plays an important moderating role in stress and stress-related disorders.

Background and objectives Safety behavior (SB) is detrimental to the beneficial effects of exposure, because it prevents patients from obtaining evidence that disconfirms their excessive threat beliefs. However, previous studies showed that cleaning SB during exposure to a contaminant does not prevent a reduction in feelings of contamination, fear of contamination, danger, and disgust (CFDD). We aimed to directly examine the effect of SB during exposure to a contaminant on threat beliefs associated with CFDD. Method Healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: repeated exposure to a contaminant whilst abstaining from SB (exposure plus response prevention; E + RP); with the use of disinfectant wipes after each instance of exposure (exposure plus SB; E + SB); or no exposure or safety behavior (control condition). Participants identified their threat belief associated with the contaminant and rated CFDD and the degree to which they believed their threat belief at the pre- and post-test. Results The E + RP and E + SB condition resulted in a larger decrease of CFDD and threat belief ratings than the control condition, whereas these reductions did not differ between the E + RP and E + SB condition. Limitations Results were obtained from a nonclinical sample, and with a single session of exposure. Conclusion Cleaning SB did not impede the beneficial effects of exposure.

In de rubriek Frictie geven wisselende auteurs hun visie op een onderwerp dat discussie oproept, of kijken zij kritisch naar een misverstand of dilemma waar professionals in hun werk tegenaan lopen.

Background and objectives: Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) paradigms targeting anxiety aim to reduce attentional biases for threatening stimuli and thereby reduce anxiety. Based on cognitive theories of performance and learning, elevated levels of arousal during ABM might enhance its effectiveness by making training more engaging and activating fear schemas. This study investigated whether elevated levels of arousal during ABM would increase its effectiveness in reducing attentional bias, stress reactivity, and post-event processing.Method: We randomly assigned 79 high socially anxious students to a session of ABM or control training preceded by either a social stress or control induction to manipulate arousal. Training outcomes were attentional bias, stress reactivity, and post-event processing. Subjective arousal was assessed before, during, and after training.Results: Results indicated that ABM was not successful in reducing attentional bias, stress reactivity or post-event processing, and that the effects of ABM were not moderated by subjective arousal. There was a trend towards ABM being more effective than control training in reducing attentional bias directly after training when participants were more aroused. However, this effect was not maintained one day after the training.Limitations: The arousal manipulation did not result in significant between-group differences in subjective arousal.Conslusions: This study did not provide support for the moderating role of arousal in ABM training effects. Replications with more effective mood induction procedures and more power are needed as a trend finding was observed suggesting that higher levels of arousal improved the direct ABM effects on attentional bias.

Safety behaviors can prevent or minimize a feared outcome. However, in relatively safe situations, they may be less adaptive, presumably because people will misattribute safety to these behaviors. This research aimed to investigate whether safety behaviors in safe situations can lead to increased threat beliefs. In Study 1, we aimed to replicate a fear conditioning study (N = 68 students) in which the experimental, but not the control group, received the opportunity to perform safety behavior to an innocuous stimulus. From before to after the availability of the safety behavior, threat beliefs persisted in the experimental group, while they decreased in the control group. In Study 2, we examined whether threat beliefs had actually increased for some individuals in the experimental group, using a multi-dataset latent class analysis on data from Study 1 and two earlier studies (N = 213). Results showed that about a quarter of individuals who performed safety behavior toward the innocuous stimulus showed increased threat expectancy to this cue, while virtually nobody in the control group exhibited an increase. Taken together, safety behavior in relatively safe situations may have maladaptive effects as it generally maintains and sometimes even increases threat beliefs. ispartof: BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY vol:156 ispartof: location:England status: published

Avoidance towards innocuous cues is a key diagnostic criterion across anxiety-related disorders. Importantly, the most effective intervention for anxiety-related disorders, exposure therapy with response prevention, sometimes does not prevent the relapse of anxiety's symptomatology. We tested whether extinction effects, the experimental proxy of exposure, are enhanced by increasing the discrepancy between the prediction of an unpleasant event happening (shock presentation), and the actual event (shock omission). Forty-eight individuals first saw pictures of three stimuli. Two pictures (CSA, CSB) were followed by a shock (US) and one (CS-) was not. Next, participants learned to avoid the US by pressing a computer key. An extinction and response prevention procedure followed. In the first part of it, participants saw unreinforced presentations of all CSs. In the second part, the single group saw un-reinforced presentations of the CSA and CS-. The compound group encountered compound unreinforced presentations of the CSA and CSB, and separate presentations of the CS-. Return of avoidance and fear was tested after unsignalled presentations of the US. Compound extinction resulted in comparable reduction of fear and avoidance compared to standard extinction. We discuss how future research could enhance extinction effects by adding costs to the avoidance behavior.

Introduction: Burn injury can affect health-related quality of life (HRQL). Knowledge concerning long-term HRQL in burn patients is limited. Therefore our aim was to evaluate long-term HRQL and to study predictors of impaired long-term HRQL. Methods: All adults with a length of stay (LOS) of ≥1 day (2011–2012) were invited. Also, adults with severe burns, i.e., >20% total body surface area (TBSA) burned or TBSA full thickness>5% (2010–2013) were invited. Participants completed the EuroQol(EQ)-5 D-5L + C and visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) 5–7 years after burns. Results: This study included 256 patients (mean %TBSA 10%); 187 patients with minor burns and 69 patients with severe burns. Mean EQ-5D summary was 0.90 and EQ-VAS 83.2 in the minor burn patients, and 0.79 and 78.1 in the severe burn patients. Some problems in at least one dimension were experienced by 81% of patients with severe burns and 45% of those with minor burns. However, a minority reported severe or extreme problems; 15% of those with severe burns and 6% of those with minor burns. Patients with severe burns reported significantly more problems, except for anxiety/depression. In both patient groups most problems were reported on pain/discomfort. Length of hospital stay, gender and age were associated with lower long-term HRQL (EQ-VAS) in multivariate analyses, whereas only length of stay was associated with a lower summary score. Conclusions: The majority of patients experienced some problems with HRQL 5–7 years post burn. This emphasizes that burns can have a negative impact on an individual's HRQL, particularly in more severely burned patients, that persists for years. The HRQL dimensions most frequently affected include pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Patients with a prolonged hospital stay, females and older patients are at higher risk of poor HRQL in the long-term.

Background According to previous research, dysfunctional attitudes and/or scoring extreme on the end-point anchors of questionnaires of dysfunctional thinking predict depressive relapse/recurrence. Evidence that these two methods represent a risk for depressive relapse/recurrence is however mixed, due to differential or poorly defined concepts. The current study aimed to test the two methods. Methods Remitted recurrently depressed patients with low residual depressive symptoms (N = 264) were recruited as part of a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of mobile Cognitive Therapy for recurrent depression versus treatment as usual. In the current secondary analysis, Cox regression models were conducted to test dysfunctional attitudes and extreme responding variables (assessed on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale [DAS]) as predictors of depressive relapse/recurrence within two years after randomization. Results Data from 255 participants were analyzed. Results showed that DAS total scores at baseline significantly predicted depressive relapse/recurrence (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.01, p = .042). An index that reflects endorsement of habitual relative to functional responses was a significant predictor of depressive relapse/recurrence (HR = 2.11, p = .029). Limitations The current study employed a single measure to identify extreme responses and dysfunctional attitudes. Secondly, various statistical analyses were performed without correcting for multiple testing, which in turn increased the likelihood to finding significant results. Conclusions Current study confirmed both methods: People who scored higher on the DAS or had relatively more habitual than functional responses on the extreme positive ends of the DAS had a decreased time to depressive relapse/recurrence.

Cognitive theories of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) posit that cognitive and behavioural factors maintain the disorder. This study examined whether avoidance and safety behaviours mediated the relationship between cognitive factors and GAD symptoms. We also examined the reverse mediation model; that is, whether cognitive factors mediated the relationship between maladaptive behaviours and GAD symptoms. Undergraduate psychology students (N = 125 and N = 292) completed the Worry Behaviours Inventory (a recently developed measure of maladaptive behaviours associated with GAD), in addition to measures of intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive avoidance, metacognitive beliefs, and symptoms of GAD and depression. Analyses supported the reliability and validity of the WBI. We consistently found that engagement in maladaptive behaviours significantly mediated the relationship between cognitive factors and symptoms of GAD. The reverse mediation model was also supported. Our results are consistent with the contention that cognitive and behavioural factors contribute to GAD symptom severity.

Previous research showed that the repeated approaching of one stimulus and avoiding of another stimulus typically leads to more positive evaluations of the former stimuli. In the current study, we examined whether approach and avoidance training (AAT) effects on evaluations of neutral stimuli can be modulated by introducing a regularity between the approach-avoidance actions and a positive or negative (feared) stimulus. In an AAT task, participants repeatedly approached one neutral non-word and avoided another neutral non-word. Half of the participants also approached a negative fear-conditioned stimulus (CS+) and avoided a conditioned safe stimulus (CS−). The other half of the participants avoided the CS+ and approached the CS−. Whereas participants in the avoid CS+ condition exhibited a typical AAT effect, participants in the approach CS+ condition exhibited a reversed AAT effect (i.e. they evaluated the approached neutral non-word as more negative than the avoided non-word). These findings provide evidence for the malleability of the AAT effect when strongly valenced stimuli are approached or avoided. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of our findings.© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Background and objectives People who perform a cognitively demanding secondary task while recalling a distressing memory often experience the memory as less emotional, vivid, or accurate during subsequent recollections. In this experiment, we tested whether the emotional valence (positive versus neutral) and sensory modality (visual, auditory, or both) of a secondary task diminishes the emotionality, vividness, and accuracy of memory of distressing videos. Methods Participants (N = 156) viewed a distressing video and were then randomized to one of six groups in a 2 (Emotional Valence: positive, neutral) × 3 (Modality: visual, auditory, combined) design. Participants were then exposed to an amusing or a neutral clip that was visual, auditory, or audiovisual. They were asked to recall the distressing video during exposure to the clip. Participants rated the emotionality and vividness of their memory of the distressing video, and completed recognition tests regarding its visual and auditory details before and after exposure to the secondary clip. Results Participants who recalled the distressing video while exposed to the amusing clip rated their memory of the distressing video as less distressing (but not less vivid or accurate) than did participants exposed to the neutral clip. Modality had no significant effects Limitations. Participants were not trauma survivors, and the memories targeted were stressful, but subtraumatic. Conclusions Inducing positive emotion during recollection of distressing memories may diminish the emotional distress prompted by subsequent recollection.

The present study aims to examine the influence of negative affect on decision making in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) compared to healthy control women and, secondly, to assess differences between the restrictive (ANR) and binge-purge (ANBP) subtypes. One hundred four women (32 with ANR, 32 with ANBP, and 40 healthy controls) participated. All women were asked to watch either a negative or a control film fragment, both followed by the Bechara Gambling Task (BGT). Before and after the fragments negative affect was measured. Additionally, relevant characteristics (e.g., overall depressive symptoms) were assessed. Differences in negative affect did not influence decision making performance. Independent of affective state, decision making was found to be impaired in women with ANBP (no learning effect on the BGT), but not in women with ANR. These findings highlight the importance of considering different AN subtypes when examining decision making processes. However, the role of negative affect on decision making remains uncertain. Since other affect related factors such as affect dysregulation may also play a role, future studies on decision making in AN should take the role of affect into account.

Highlights • The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is causing increased fear and worries. • In an online study (N = 439) we investigated predictors of fear of the coronavirus. • Increased fear was related to perceived risks for loved ones and health anxiety. • Increased fear was also related to regular and social media use. • We discuss implications for the management of fear of the coronavirus., Fear is an adaptive response in the presence of danger. However, when threat is uncertain and continuous, as in the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, fear can become chronic and burdensome. To identify predictors of fear of the coronavirus, we conducted an online survey (N = 439) three days after the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic (i.e., between March 14 and 17, 2020). Fear of the coronavirus was assessed with the newly developed Fear of the Coronavirus Questionnaire (FCQ) consisting of eight questions pertaining to different dimensions of fear (e.g., subjective worry, safety behaviors, preferential attention), and an open-ended question. The predictors included psychological vulnerability factors (i.e., intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and health anxiety), media exposure, and personal relevance (i.e., personal health, risk for loved ones, and risk control). We found four predictors for the FCQ in a simultaneous regression analysis: health anxiety, regular media use, social media use, and risks for loved ones (R2 = .37). Furthermore, 16 different topics of concern were identified based participants’ open-ended responses, including the health of loved ones, health care systems overload, and economic consequences. We discuss the relevance of our findings for managing people’s fear of the coronavirus.

Background Literature indicates that children from ethnic minorities are at increased risk of sustaining burns. Moreover, parents may experience more psychological distress but why this is the case is poorly investigated. Methods A prospective study including 120 mothers and 106 fathers of preschool children, of which 23 mothers and 24 fathers had an ethnic minority background, investigated levels of parental feelings of guilt, depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms and compared Dutch parents with parents from different ethnic backgrounds on these outcomes. A qualitative study with 46 parents, 24 Dutch and 22 from different ethnic minority backgrounds, explored how they coped with the consequences of the burns. Results Results revealed more symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression in ethnic minority parents. Ethnic minority fathers also had more guilt feelings. Lower social support, medical communication hampered by language barriers, lower health literacy and passive communication styles, (aspects of) religious coping and barriers to psychosocial care may partly explain the differences. Conclusions Parents with an ethnic minority background are at risk to experience increased distress after their child’s burn injury. By exploring the aforementioned factors, health care professionals may increase the family’s wellbeing. It may provide a starting point to offer tailored help.

Contains fulltext : 209865.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Social anxiety is characterised by a bias to recall negative social autobiographical memories as well as anxious expectations about future social interactions. Neuroscientific research shows that a shared neural network underlies both temporal directions of autobiographical recall and future self-projections. Inspired by these findings, the current study tested the effectiveness of a Cognitive Bias Modification training to induce expectancies about the outcome of possible future social interactions (CBM-E). Its effects on interpretation bias, autobiographical recall and personal future projections were tested additionally. Participants read short social scenarios that could possibly happen to them in the future. Each scenario ended in word-fragment which, when completed, disambiguated the meaning of the scenario in either an optimistic or pessimistic way contingent on experimental condition. The CBM-E training was tested in 120 student participants and appeared effective in changing expectancies. The effect generalized to social interpretation bias (scrambled sentences). No direct effects of the training were found on autobiographical recall or future projections. However, participants trained to have pessimistic expectancies who had higher attachment anxiety showed a less positive interpretation bias related to the future. Furthermore, participants with high social anxiety reported less positive personal future projections when trained to have optimistic social expectancies. 15 p.

Excessive avoidance towards innocuous cues is a central diagnostic criterion across anxiety-related disorders. Relevant laboratory paradigms typically include instrumental learning procedures, where the presentation of an aversive cue (e.g., a shock) can be prevented by executing an experimenter-defined response (e.g., a button press) during the presentation of a warning cue (e.g., a square). Despite the popularity of these paradigms, there is no evaluation of how well the experimental findings of conditioned avoidance extend to maladaptive avoidance, or whether findings from animal studies could be informative for human studies. Here, we present a validation of the conditioned avoidance paradigm. We show that although this procedure meets the majority of the tested validity criteria (i.e. face, construct, predictive, and diagnostic validity), it also faces a number of challenges, including the non-consideration of individual differences in learning or the use of procedures that cannot be easily translated to clinical settings. For meeting these challenges, we suggest extensions of the paradigm including the test of individual differences by using ambiguous stimuli as well as the use of virtual reality procedures. Our main conclusion is that despite the significant knowledge provided in conditioned avoidance paradigms, their expansion will allow reaching more theoretical and clinical insights. ispartof: BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY vol:111 pages:99-105 ispartof: location:England status: published

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Maladaptive avoidance is a core characteristic of anxiety-related disorders. Its reduction is often promoted using extinction with response prevention (ExRP) procedures, but these effects are often short-lived. Research has shown that pairing a feared stimulus with a stimulus of an incompatible valence (i.e., counterconditioning) may be effective in reducing fear. This laboratory study tested whether positive imagery during ExRP (i.e., imagery counterconditioning protocol) can also reduce avoidance. METHODS: In the counterconditioning procedure, participants imagined a positive sound. There were four phases. First, participants were presented with squares on a computer screen of which one (CS+) was paired with an aversive sound and another (CS-) was not. Second, they learned to avoid the negative sound in the presence of the CS+, via a key press. Third, they were assigned to either the Counterconditioning (that was asked to imagine a positive sound during ExRP) or No Counterconditioning group (standard ExRP). Finally, they performed a test phase that consisted of two parts: in the first part, avoidance responses were available for each CS and in the second part, these responses were prevented. RESULTS: The Counterconditioning intervention resulted in a short-lived reduction of distress associated with the CS+. However, groups did not differ in avoidance or distress during the test phases. LIMITATIONS: US-expectancy ratings were collected only at the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that positive imagery during ExRP may be effective in reducing distress during the intervention. Explanations for the persistence of avoidance and fear are discussed. ispartof: JOURNAL OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHIATRY vol:70 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published

Background Acute involuntary psychiatric admissions (AIPA) tend to be applied more often in urban areas. Objective The current study aims to describe AIPA prevalence differences between the subdistricts in an urban area, and to identify which district characteristics are associated with a higher AIPA district density. Methods Information was collected on consecutive AIPAs over a 64-month period (2005–2010) in 49 subdistricts in and around the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands, including 1098 AIPAs. District characteristics included several demographic and economical factors and health care characteristics such as number of sheltered living facilities. Results The AIPA density (mean 4.4/10,000 inhabitants/y) was four to five times higher in the most urbanized subdistrict (around 12) compared to the suburban subdistricts (2.5–3). On the district level, the main correlates with AIPA density per district were unemployment rate and small household size. Other correlates were percentage of non-Western immigrants and number of facilities of sheltered living. Conclusions The considerable AIPA density variation between subdistricts in this urban environment reflects that people who are prone to psychiatric admissions live in economically less prosperous environments. Impaired social networks and economic concerns may also contribute to an environment representing social defeat, increased demoralization, or social fragmentation.

There is a growing interest on how mental imagery may be involved in the onset and maintenance of anxiety-related disorders. Here, we used an experimental design to investigate whether a key symptom across anxiety-related disorders, namely avoidance, can be induced via mental imagery. Healthy participants first learned that one neutral stimulus (A) was associated with a mild electric shock and two other neutral stimuli (B and C) were not. They then learned to cancel the shock when A was presented, by pressing a button on a keyboard ('behavioral avoidance'). Next, they were asked to imagine that stimulus B was followed by the shock (i.e., without actual B or shock presentations; Experiment 1; N = 66) or they were shown B and asked to imagine the shock (i.e., without actual shock presentations; Experiment 2; N = 60). Finally, in the test phase, they were shown each of the three stimuli (without the shock) and given the opportunity to make the avoidance response. Results showed that participants tended to avoid B in the test phase in Experiment 1, even though it had never been presented with the shock but not in Experiment 2. We discuss how the findings may explain the acquisition of avoidance in the presentation of innocuousstimuli across anxiety-related disorders. ispartof: BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY vol:132 ispartof: location:England status: published

Safety behavior involves precautions to prevent or minimize a feared outcome, and is involved in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. Earlier research has shown that safety behavior prevents the extinction of conditioned fear and maintains threat expectations. This study tested whether safety behavior directed towards an objectively safe stimulus increases the perceived threat of that stimulus when it is subsequently experienced in the absence of the safety measure. In a conditioning task, participants first learned that one "danger" cue (A) was followed by shock and two "safety" cues (B, C) were not. Then they learned to apply safety behavior during A trials, which prevented the shock. Next, the experimental group, and not the control group, was given the opportunity to display safety behavior to C trials, which had never been coupled with the shock. In a subsequent test phase, A, B, and C were presented without the opportunity for participants to engage in safety behavior. Results showed that safety behavior increased shock expectancy to C in the test phase and maintained a preexisting shock expectancy in the experimental group, but not in the control group. This is the first study to show that safety behavior can maintain threat appraisal to stimuli that only ever acquired threat indirectly. This may be a possible mechanism for the origin of biased threat beliefs, superstitious behaviors, and irrational fears. It is also practically relevant: safety behavior reduces actual danger, but in relatively safe situations, its potential costs may outweigh the benefits.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. For many years the Diffusion Decision Model (DDM) has successfully accounted for behavioral data from a wide range of domains. Important contributors to the DDM's success are the across-trial variability parameters, which allow the model to account for the various shapes of response time distributions encountered in practice. However, several researchers have pointed out that estimating the variability parameters can be a challenging task. Moreover, the numerous fitting methods for the DDM each come with their own associated problems and solutions. This often leaves users in a difficult position. In this collaborative project we invited researchers from the DDM community to apply their various fitting methods to simulated data and provide advice and expert guidance on estimating the DDM's across-trial variability parameters using these methods. Our study establishes a comprehensive reference resource and describes methods that can help to overcome the challenges associated with estimating the DDM's across-trial variability parameters. ispartof: JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY vol:87 pages:46-75 status: published

Background Pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are significant problems in the aftermath of a burn injury and they often co-occur. Catastrophizing has been linked to both phenomena. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying role of catastrophizing in PTSD symptoms and pain following burns. Methods This prospective study included 216 patients with burns. PTSD symptoms and pain were measured during hospitalization (T1) and 6 (T2) and 12 months (T3) postburn. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) indexed PTSD symptoms. Acute pain (T1) was the mean pain during the first two weeks of hospitalization measured using an 11-point graphic numeric rating scale. Chronic pain was indexed using the single item 'average' pain from the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Catastrophizing was measured at T1 and T2 using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Data were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results The results showed that T2 catastrophizing mediated between acute and chronic PTSD symptoms, and T3 pain. Furthermore, the study revealed significant associations between catastrophizing, PTSD symptoms and pain at the respective measurements, and significant longitudinal associations between the constructs. Conclusion A negative cognitive-affective response to a burn event, such as catastrophizing, mediated the relationship between acute and chronic PTSD symptoms and later chronic pain. Screening for catastrophizing and acute PTSD symptoms is recommended to identify persons at risk for chronic PTSD symptoms and pain. Significance The identification of individuals who have the tendency to catastrophize may assist in finding those at risk for development of both chronic PTSD symptoms and chronic pain. Individuals may benefit from early psychological therapy focussing on catastrophizing and acute PTSD symptoms that may ameliorate both chronic PTSD symptoms and pain.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Exposure-based therapies are effective for anxiety disorders, but relapse remains a problem. One explanation might be that exposure therapy reduces threat expectancy but not related feelings of unpleasantness (negative valence of the conditioned stimulus; CS+), which may promote return of threat expectancy and associated fear. Laboratory research has indeed shown that fear extinction leaves negative valence of the conditioned stimulus (CS+) intact. Here, we tested whether adding positive consequences to the CS+ during extinction, a procedure known as counterconditioning, would change the valence of the CS+ and thereby prevent return of threat expectancy. Participants underwent Acquisition (day 1), Intervention (counterconditioning or extinction; day 2), and Spontaneous recovery and Reinstatement (day 3). As expected, threat expectancy ratings during the Spontaneous recovery and Reinstatement tests were lower after counterconditioning than after extinction, but counterconditioning did not reduce CS + negative valence more than extinction. Alternative mechanisms and clinical implications are discussed. ispartof: Behaviour Research and Therapy vol:108 pages:78-84 ispartof: location:England status: published