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Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of olanzapine versus haloperidol to control the signs and symptoms of stuttering. Methods: Ninety-three patients were recruited in a 12-week single-blind randomized clinical trial, which was held between October 2009 and October 2010. Forty-three patients received olanzapine (5 mg/day) and 50 patients, haloperidol (2.5 mg/day). Before and after the study, they were evaluated by a speech pathologist by Van Riper`s questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16. T-test was used to compare the data between the two groups. Results: Mean of stuttering score (SD) before treatment was 4.67 (0.81) and 4.40 (1.14) in haloperidol and olanzapine groups, respectively (P > 0.05). After treatment, the mean (SD) score was 2.87 (1.32) and 1.56 (0.71) in haloperidol and olanzapine groups, respectively (P = 0.000). Conclusions: It seems that olanzapine does have better impact in controlling stuttering, and it may be recommended to prescribe olanzapine for stutters as the first choice to control the stuttering under a careful follow-up.

Background: Thymol and Carvacrol are the two important secondary metabolites from Thymus vulgaris that productions of them are controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Objective: Evaluation of Water stress effects on expression of three important genes of thymol and carvacrol biosynthetic pathway and also physiological and phytochemical properties of Thymus vulgaris. Methods: The present study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 3 replications in Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj. For this purpose, the treatments were selected as control (FC), 70% of FC, 40% of FC, and 20% of FC. Gene expression was studied using real-time PCR method, and HPLC was applied to essence analysis. Also physiological characteristic including chlorophyll content, relative water content, electrolyte leakage percentage and carotenoids content were analyzed. Results: The results revealed that water stress significantly influenced the gene expression (P≤ 0.05). The highest gene expression of DXR and Tctps5 was observed in 70% of FC, while the highest one of TvTPS1 was recorded in 40% of FC. Moreover, the maximum thymol and carvacrol was found in 70% of FC. In other hand the highest chlorophyll content and corotenoids content were obtained in 100% and 70% of FC respectively. Also there were not significant differences between treatments for relative water content and electrolyte leakage percentage. Conclusion: The 70% of FC through influencing of genes in the firs and last of MEP pathway increased thymol and carvacrol production.

Supplementary information on the model.

"nBackground: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). We investigated the effect of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation."nMethods: In a randomized, double-blind placebo, controlled, clinical trial 87 patients with active RA were enrolled. They were divided into 4 groups, received one of the following daily supplement for 3 months; 1- group C: 2.5gr CLA, that con­tained 2 gr 50:50 mix of cis 9-trans11 and trans 10-cis 12 CLAs, 2- group E: 400mg Vitamin E, 3- group CE: CLAs plus vita­min E, 4- group P: placebo. After supplementation Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level increased in C, E and CE groups, CE group had lower GSH-Px than P group(P≤ 0.05)."nResults: Glutathione reductase (GR) increased in CE, C and P groups. Catalase increased in all groups, but enhancement was significant in C and CE. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased in E and C (P≤ 0.05). Catalase and SOD did not show signifi­cant differences between groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly in all groups but this decrease was only significant in CE in comparison with other groups."nConclusion: CLAs might be useful in reducing oxidative stress in RA