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Bu çalışmada protein esaslı nanolifler, özellikleri ve uygulama alanları araştırılmış ve yumurta akı proteininden nanolifli yüzey üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Proteinler, bitkisel ve hayvansal olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayrılırlar. Biyolojik yapıdaki bu proteinler, medikal alan başta olmak üzere gıda endüstrisinde ve kozmetik sanayiinde çeşitli kullanım alanlarına sahiptir. Bu araştırmada, protein esaslı polimerler alt sınıflara ayrılmış, her birinin özellikleri verilmiş, nanolif üretimlerinden bahsedilmiş ve protein esaslı nanoliflerin kullanım alanlarına değinilmiştir. Ayrıca yumurta akı proteini kullanılarak elektro lif çekim teknolojisi ile nanolifli yüzeyler elde edilmiştir. Protein esaslı nanoliflerin biyomedikal alanda genel olarak, ilaç salım sistemleri ve doku mühendisliğinde yapı iskelesi, yara örtüsü, doku jenerasyonu gibi alanlarda kullanımı söz konusudur. Medikal alan dışında ise biyolojik yapısından kaynaklı gıda endüstrisinde de paketleme malzemesi olarak kullanımı söz konusudur. Ayrıca, protein esaslı nanoliflerin filtre malzemesi, biyosensör, katalizör, deri protezleri, ameliyat iplikleri, yumuşak kontakt lensler gibi çok çeşitli kullanım alanları da mevcuttur., In this study, protein-based nanofibers, their properties and application areas were investigated and nanofiber surface production was carried out with egg white protein. Proteins are divided into two main groups, vegetable and animal. These biological proteins have various uses in the food industry, cosmetics industry and especially in the medical field. In this research, protein-based polymers are subclassified according to their source. The general properties of these proteins and the usage areas of protein-based nanofibers are mentioned. In addition, nanofiber surfaces were obtained with electrospinning technology using egg white protein. The protein-based nanofibers are generally used in the field of biomedicine, drug delivery systems and tissue engineering in areas such as scaffolding, wound dressing, tissue generation. Apart from the medical field, it is also used as a packaging material in the food industry due to its biological structure. In addition, protein-based nanofibers have a wide range of uses such as filter material, biosensors, catalysts, skin prostheses, surgical threads, soft contact lenses and etc.

In this study, the magnetic nature and also, electronic characteristics of Ga4X3Mn (X=P and As) systems, which have simple cubic structure confirming P4 ̅3m space group and 215 space number, have been reported. All calculations realized within the framework of ab initio simulation methods have been performed using the meta-generalized gradient (META-GGA) approach within the Density Functional Theory (DFT). In view of the energy-volume curves and the calculated cohesive and formation energies for considering four different types of magnetic orders, it has been detected that these compounds have A-type antiferromagnetic nature. Also, the examined electronic behaviors in the A-type antiferromagnetic order of the related systems show that all two compounds are semiconductors due to having small band gaps in their electronic band structures (Eg = 0.23 eV for Ga4P3Mn and Eg = 0.16 eV for Ga4As3Mn)., Bu çalışmada, basit kübik yapıya sahip ve P4 ̅3m uzay grubu ile 215 uzay numarasına uyan Ga4X3Mn (X=P and As) sistemlerinin manyetik doğası ve ayrıca elektronik karakteristiği rapor edilmiştir. Ab initio simülasyon yöntemleri çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen tüm hesaplamalar, Yoğunluk Fonksiyonel Teorisi (YFT) kapsamında meta-genelleştirilmiş gradient (META-GGA) yaklaşımı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Dört farklı tip manyetik düzen için enerji-hacim eğrileri ve hesaplanan kohesif ve oluşum enerjileri göz önüne alındığında, bu bileşiklerin A-tipi antiferromanyetik yapıya sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ilgili sistemlerin A-tipi antiferromanyetik düzende incelenen elektronik davranışları, elektronik bant yapılarında küçük bant boşluklarına sahip olmaları nedeniyle yarı-iletken olduklarını göstermektedir (Ga4P3Mn için Eb = 0.23 eV ve Ga4As3Mn için Eb = 0.16 eV).

Bu çalışmada yarıiletken silindirik kuantum noktanın optik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Etkin kütle ve parabolik bant yaklaşımı dikkate alınarak yarıiletken silindirik kuantum noktanın enerji spektrumu ve dalga fonksiyonu köşegenleştirme yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Elde ettiğimiz öz değer ve öz fonksiyon ifadelerini kullanarak alt enerji seviyeler arası optik geçişler için soğurma katsayısını hesaplamak için kullanılmıştır. Yarıiletken silindirik kuantum noktanın soğurma katsayısı gelen foton enerjisinin fonksiyonu olarak silindirin yarıçapı ve yüksekliği gibi parametrelerinin farklı değerlerine göre davranışı sayısal olarak araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca soğurma katsayı manyetik alanın farklı değerlerine göre değişimi araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre yarıiletken kuantum noktanın soğurma katsayısı manyetik alanın değişiminden bağımsız ve silindirin yarıçap ve yükseklik parametrelerinin değişimine bağlı olduğu görülmüştür., In this study, the optical properties of semiconductor cylindrical quantum dots were investigated. Considering the effective mass and parabolic band approach, the energy spectrum and wave function of the semiconductor cylindrical quantum dot are calculated using the diagonalization method. With the help of energy spectrum and wave function expressions, the expression of the absorption coefficient for the optical transitions between the lower energy levels was calculated. The absorption coefficient of the semiconductor cylindrical quantum dot we obtained, as a function of the incident photon energy, has been numerically investigated according to the different values of the radius and height parameters of the cylinder. In addition, the variation of the absorption coefficient according to different values of the magnetic field was investigated. According to the results, it has been determined that the absorption coefficient of the semiconductor quantum dot is independent of the change of the magnetic field and depends on the change of the radius and height parameters of the cylinder.

Cations with suitable sizes to occupy an interstitial site of perovskite crystals have been widely used to inhibit ion migration and promote the performance and stability of perovskite optoelectronics. However, such interstitial doping inevitably leads to lattice microstrain that impairs the long-range ordering and stability of the crystals, causing a sacrificial trade-off. Here, we unravel the evident influence of the valence states of the interstitial cations on their efficacy to suppress the ion migration. Incorporation of a trivalent neodymium cation (Nd3+) effectively mitigates the ion migration in the perovskite lattice with a reduced dosage (0.08%) compared to a widely used monovalent cation dopant (Na+, 0.45%). The photovoltaic performances and operational stability of the prototypical perovskite solar cells are enhanced with a trace amount of Nd3+ doping while minimizing the sacrificial trade-off.

Instantons are classical topological solutions, playing an important role in particle physics and cosmology. In this study, the periodicity of the orbits of the fermion-like instanton solutions in the two-dimensional Thirring model obtained with the Heisenberg ansatz is investigated. The trajectories of fermion-like instanton solutions are investigated by the Shannon wavelet entropy (WE) method. In addition, WE and WE spectrum in phase space are analyzed in order to have information about the characteristics of the trajectories of fermion-like instanton solutions. As a result of the study, it was seen that the fermion-like instanton solutions have regular trajectories around the stable point and irregular trajectories at other points. It was also compared with other known entropy methods (Renyi entropy and Tsallis entropy) and similar results were observed., İnstantonlar klasik topolojik çözümlerdir, parçacık fiziği ve kozmolojide önemli rol oynarlar. Bu çalışmada, Heisenberg anzatıyla elde edilen iki boyutlu Thirring modelde fermiyon benzeri instanton çözümlerinin yörüngelerinin periyodikliği incelenmiştir. Fermiyon benzeri instanton çözümlerinin yörüngeleri, Shannon dalgacık entropisi (WE) yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, faz uzayında WE ve WE spektrumları, fermiyon benzeri instanton çözümlerinin yörüngelerinin karakteristiği hakkında bilgi sahibi olabilmek için analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda, fermiyon benzeri instanton çözümlerinin kararlı nokta etrafında düzenli, diğer noktalarda ise düzensiz yörüngelere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca bilinen diğer entropi yöntemleriyle (Renyi entropi ve Tsallis entropi) karşılaştırılmış ve benzer sonuçlar gözlemlenmiştir.

In this study, the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Ni2ScAl full Heusler compound were investigated. For this purpose, first structural optimization was made, and then elastic constants were calculated. Since the calculated elastic constants meet the stability criteria, the elastic modulus was calculated, and its anisotropy was examined. Debye temperature, Gruneisen constant and thermal conductivities were estimated. As a result of the calculations, it is expected that the Ni2ScAl compound is not hard but will show anisotropic and ductile properties. It can be used as a thermal insulator due to its small minimum thermal conductivity., Çalışmada Ni2ScAl full Heusler bileşiğinin mekanik ve termodinamik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, önce yapısal optimizasyon yapılmış akabinde elastik sabitler hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplanan elastik sabitlerin kararlılık kriterlerini sağladığından dolayı elastik modülü hesaplanmış ve anizotropisi incelenmiştir. Debye sıcaklığı, Gruneisen sabiti ve termal iletkenlikleri tahmin edilmiştir. Yapılan hesaplamalar sonucunda Ni2ScAl bileşiği sert olmayıp, anizotrop ve sünek özellik göstermesi beklenmektedir. Küçük minimum termal iletkenliğe sahip olmasından dolayı, ısıl yalıtkan olarak kullanılabilir.

Tıbbi görüntülemenin sağlık hizmetlerindeki etkisi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu sayede hastalıklar daha erken teşhis edilebilir ve tedaviler daha etkin bir şekilde yürütülebilir. Tıbbi görüntülemenin kullanımı teşhisin ötesine geçerek hastalık önleme ve tedavi alanlarına ulaştığından, küresel ölçekte sağlık hizmetlerinin maliyetleri de önemli ölçüde azalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, görüntülemede kullanılan C23H30GdN3O11 (Gadoxetic asit), C28H54GdN5O20 (Gadopentetik asit) ve C20H12O5 (Fluorescein) gibi ilaçların radyasyon koruyucu özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Bu radyasyon parametreleri, lineer ve kütle zayıflama katsayılarını (LAC, MAC), yarım ve onuncu değer katmanlarını (HVL, TVL), ortalama serbest yolu (MFP), etkin atom numarası ve elektron yoğunluğunu (Zeff, Neff) ve etkin iletkenliği (Ceff) içerir. Phy-X yazılımını kullanarak enerji. Bu veriler 1 keV ile 2 MeV enerji bölgesi aralığı için üretilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre bu enerji değerinden sonra 100 keV'a kadar saçılan verilerin birbiriyle uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür., The impact of medical imaging in health services is increasing day by day. In this way, diseases can be diagnosed earlier and treatments can be carried out more effectively. As the use of medical imaging goes beyond diagnosis and reaches the areas of disease prevention and treatment, the costs of healthcare services on a global scale are also significantly reduced. In this study, radiation shielding properties of drugs such as C23H30GdN3O11 (Gadoxetic acid), C28H54GdN5O20 (Gadopentetic acid) and C20H12O5 (Fluorescein) used in imaging have been investigated. These radiation parameters include linear and mass attenuation coefficients (LAC, MAC), half and tenth value layers (HVL, TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number and electron density (Zeff, Neff) and effective conductivity (Ceff) energy by using Phy-X software. These data have been generated for 1 keV to 2 MeV energy region. According to the data obtained, it was seen that the data scattered up to 100 keV were compatible with each other after this energy value.

Photodetection has been gained a lot of attention in last years biased on military wide range and civil application. With essential properties of Zno which has the wide band gap, strong radiation hardness, low cost and good chemical stabilities. ZnO are considered as the most successful candidate for UV photodetector. The study of our report is to review photodetectors based on doped Zno nanostructures and the new advances in ZnO nanostructured generation technique including adjustment and doping methods with modifications of ZnO photodetector. Final part of this review is about literature reviews were reported in recent years about optoelectrical property of Zno nanostructures, due to the fact that Zinc oxide is an important semiconductor material for optoelectronic and industrial applications, such solar cell, photosensors and photodetectors.

Sun oriented cell are also known as Photoelectric (PE) cells, which labor to transform sunlight specifically into electricity, Photoelectric cells are attached electric powered and conveniently arranged within a wide outline known as a sun based board. The efficiency of the sun powered cell is turns on the number of consume photons which are absorbed in the consumer sheet of sun powered cell. However, the low absorption rate of the absorber material and light reflection in the surface of material and the material interfaces of the glass absorbers will reduce the conversion of solar energy. The effect of the energy conversion can be upgrade by modifying the surface morphology of the solar cell. In this article review of Exterior by different Texturing Method to increase efficiency enhancement, minimum waste energy of light of the sun and to get a maximum efficiency for the Sun Powered Cell Effective Upgrade has been investigated.

CdS Cadmium Sulfide is the important semiconductor materials. Semiconductors are solids with conductivities ranged from 104 to 10-10 (n cm)-l. The properties of CdS are structural, Electrical and Optical. We examine a number of papers published between 1983 and 2015 that created CdS thin films in a variety of ways, including chemical bath deposition, spray pyrolysis, thermal evaporation, close spaced sublimation, and pulsed laser ablation. They found band gap energy in (eV), Refractive index (n) and Extension coefficient (k). X-ray diffraction, the researchers employed energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with scanning electron microscopy in this study. The crystallinity the quality of the movie improves after annealing, As a result, optical transmittance is reduced. The structure is hexagonal in general. All of the films are ideal as efficient for solar cell applications, there are a number of different window layers that may be used. Due to their high transmittance and low resistance values. These findings suggest that CBD films with a broad Low resistivity, high mobility, and a high carrier concentration are all characteristics of the band gap. Produced at pH 11 are ideal contenders for use in various optoelectronic devices.

The theory of angular momentum performance a significant position in the classical and quantum mechanical study of physical properties, such as studies into nuclear, atomic, and molecular processes, as well as other quantum problems, including spherical symmetry. In this analysis, angular momentum operators are described in multiple ways, based on the angular momentum operator's commutator, matrix, and geometric representation, The eigenvalue and eigenvector were also known for operatorsJ ̂_±,J ⃑ ̂^2, J ̂_x,J ̂_y and J ̂_zwithin the |j,┤ ├ m⟩ basis. Furthermore, in quantum mechanics, angular momentum is called quantized variable, meaning that it comes in discrete quantities. In contrast to the macroscopic system case where a continuous variable is angular momentum.

The main outdoor factors that reduce the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) panel are the reflection and refraction of light, dirt, dust, and organic waste accumulating on the panel surface. In this article, an antireflection, self-cleaning coating was applied on the PV panel cover glass with a new method. With the coating, the surface has been given a hydrophobic feature. As a coating method, a 3-D printer has not been seen in the literature and used as a new method. The electrospinning method has also been tried as an alternative method. Solutions in different combinations were developed using polylactic acid or polymethylmethacrylate polymer, chloroform ($\text{CHCl}_3$) as a solvent, and silicon dioxide ($\text{SiO}_2$) and titanium dioxide ($\text{TiO}_2$) nanoparticles as primary materials in a modified 3-D printer for bioprinting. Five PV panels were obtained by applying different 3-D parameters from three solutions, which have the best results. Coating thicknesses are in the range of 3.12-8.47 mu m. Coated and uncoated PV panels were tested in outdoor conditions for ten-day periods. The power outputs of the PV panels were measured, and their ten-day average efficiency was presented. According to the results, the highest efficiency increase is 8.7%. The highest light transmittance is 88.2% at 550 nm. In addition, hydrophobic properties were observed on all surfaces and the water contact angle was measured as 96.18 degrees.

In this study, we investigate the effect of the generalized uncertainty principle on the ΛCDM cosmological model. Using quantum corrected Unruh effect and Verlinde’s entropic gravity idea, we find Planck-scale corrected Friedmann equations with a cosmological constant. These results modify the ΛCDM cosmology.

Case metodu, tek-hızlı nötron transport denkleminin çözümünde güçlü bir metottur. Case metodu tek hızlı nötron transport problemlerine ve psedo-geometrilere uygulanabilir. Method, ilgilenen problemin özelliklerine göre belirli sınır şartlarıyla Case özfonksiyonları ve bu özfonksiyonlar arasındaki diklik bağıntılarının kullanımına dayanır. Saçılma etkileri Mika saçılma formülü ve İnönü saçılma formülü ile araştırılabilir. Bu çalışmada Case metodunun formalizmi, Mika saçılma fonksiyonunun analoğu olarak Anlı-Güngör saçılma formülü için türetilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Case özfonksiyonlarını, normalizasyon bağıntısını ve bu özfonksiyonlar arasındaki diklik bağıntıları ile ilgilidir ve dahası Anlı-Güngör saçılma formülündeki saçılma mertebesinin sayısı arttıkça Case özfonksiyonları ve diklik bağıntıları çalışılan saçılma parametresine göre yeniden yazılmalıdır., Case method is a powerful method in solving one-speed neutron transport equation. The method can be applied to one-speed neutron transport problems and pseudo- geometry problems. The method basis on the usage of Case’s eigenfunctions and the orthogonality relations with the certain boundary conditions according to the interested problem. The scattering effects can be investigated via Mika scattering formula and also İnönü’s scattering formula. In this study Case method’s formalism is derived by using Anlı-Güngör scattering formula as an analogue of Mika’s scattering function. This study is about the Case’s eigenfunctions, normalization relation and the orthogonality properties among these eigenfunctions and, moreover; Case’s eigenfunctions and the orthogonality properties must be rewritten according to the studied scattering order as the number of scattering order increase in Anlı-Güngör scattering formula.

The sub-Doppler resonances linewidths and amplitudes depend on the laser beam intensity. The effect of laser beam intensity on the resonance linewidths and amplitudes obtained from different energy transitions of atoms varies from resonance to resonance. The effect of laser beam intensity on resonance linewidths and amplitudes is of great importance for diode laser frequency stability applications. It needs to be determined by measuring. The effect of the laser beam intensity on the linewidths and amplitudes of sub-Doppler resonances were measured by laser heterodyne spectroscopy using the linearly polarized frequency stabilized extended cavity diode lasers. The measurements are compatible with the theory and the uncertainty of the measurements are fewer than 1.6 MHz and 0.3 mV for linewidths and amplitudes, respectively.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) exhibit multiple structural phase transitions, which result in enhanced mechanical and electronic properties of these perovskites. Order-disorder of organic components was thought to be the main factor to cause these phase transitions up to the last decade; however, recent research about HOIPs have shown that the structural phase transition also occurs with the induced pressure or temperature. The research studies related to the pressure have attracted a great deal of scholarly interest due to its contribution to the func-tionality of HOIPs in many current applications. Two-dimensional halide perovskites having been synthesized in the last few years have been increasingly studied thanks to its superior hysteresis in flexibility and mechanical properties under pressure. It is important to understand and model theoretically how induced pressure affects mechanical and electronic properties of (PMA)2PbI4 in order to develop new potential applications in optoelectronics. In this study, the isothermal mode-Grüneisen parameter, the isothermal compressibility, and the bulk modulus were calculated as functions of pressure at ambient temperature by using the calculated Raman frequencies and observed volume data for the selected IR modes in (PMA)2PbI4. These calculated parameters were compared with the observed measurements reported for the Pbca, Pccn and Pccn (isostructural) phases in the studied perovskites. The results obtained in the present study, which were highly compatible with the experimental measurements, showed that (PMA)2PbI4 is usable in optoelectronic applications.

We report the magnetic properties of LaFe2As2, La0.8Ba0.2Fe2As2, and La1-xBaxPt0.1Fe1.9As2 (0

Bu çalışmada, metal organik buhar fazlı epitaksi ile üretilmiş GaN p-i-n yapı, elektrolüminesans (EL) ve sıcaklığa akım-gerilim ölçümleriyle incelenmiştir. GaN p-i-n yapının, düz besleme geriliminde uzay yükü sınırlamalı bölgeye karşılık gelen 50 mA enjeksiyon akımı altında, tepe noktası 2.2 eV enerjisinde olan sarı ışık yaydığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, uzay yükü sınırlamalı bölgeden türetilen mobilitenin, elektrik alan bağlılığının Poole-Frenkel türünde olduğu saptanmış ve termal enerji aralığı 0.299 eV olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplanan bu enerji aralığı, EL ölçümünden elde edilen sonuçlarla desteklenmiştir., In this study, GaN p-i-n structure grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy was investigated by temperature-dependent current-voltage and electroluminescence (EL) measurements. It has been observed that the GaN p-i-n structure emits yellow light with a peak energy of 2.2 eV under 50 mA injection current corresponding to the space charge limited region at forward voltage. In addition, the electric field dependence of the mobility derived from the space-charged region was determined to be Poole-Frenkel and the thermal energy gap was calculated as 0.299 eV. This calculated energy range was supported by the results obtained from the EL measurement.

Plasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as Ag, Au, Cu NPs, attracts a lot of interest due to their notable applications in biological, and chemical sensing. Researchers have studied on plasmonic metal NPs which have exceptional optical properties in a large spectral region. Metal NPs form a unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak that is in the electromagnetic spectrum’s visible part. The peak of SPR firmly depends on the NP’s size, shape, dielectric constant, and medium that the particle is in. Light interacts with nanoparticles that are smaller than the wavelength of incident light in localized surface resonance. That leads Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in which an oscillating local plasma around NP with a certain frequency form. LSPR detection is the most common method for wavelength shift measurement. Analyte absorption causes a change in the local dielectric constant and thus LSPR peak shifts. Biological molecules such as proteins and antibodies can sensitively be detected as they change the local dielectric environment. Therefore, Ag or Au metal NPs can be used as sensor by employing LSPR wavelength shift technique. Among the metal NPs, Ag has a relatively higher refractive index sensitivity. Since Ag NPs have a shaper LSPR peak, they generate more precise measurements. In our work, we have produced plasmonic Ag NPs with various sizes and spherical shapes by employing Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). We investigated the LSPR peaks of produced plasmonic Ag NPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, biosensor properties of plasmonic Ag NPs are investigated by binding Protein A molecules to surface of the NPs. That produced a LSPR wavelength shift of around 100 nm/RIU.

Solution state Overhauser-effect-type dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) has been studied in the last years. The basis of ODNP is a polarization mechanism that presents nuclei with electron spin polarization. ODNP enhancements studies are presented 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol (4FBA) with the stable nitroxide radical as the polarizing agent for 15, 30 and 60 mM concentrations at 1.53 mT. Major ODNP parameters were obtained. The significant parameter is the coupling parameter, since it determines the maximum NMR signal enhancements and the interactions between the nuclear spin and the electron spin. The coupling parameter can vary from -0.152 to 0.001. The obtained ODNP parameters show that both scalar and dipolar interactions occur. The results show that nitroxide radical can be taken as polarizing agent for ODNP studies of 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol solvent. The effect of dissolved molecular oxygen on the enhancement factor for the sample with the smallest concentration was experimentally investigated.

The effects of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations on the intersubband absorption in the GaN/ZnGeN2 quantum well are studied. Schrödinger and Poisson equations are solved self-consistently. The first order linear and third order nonlinear absorption coefficients of the intersubband transitions originating from ground and first excited states are calculated. We have presented the results relative to polarization, doping level and well length. The polarization causes the absorption peak to be reduced and shifted to higher energies, and the nonlinear absorption to become weaker, but this effect is slightly reversed with doping. The effect of polarization or doping increases with well length, but they are observed after 26 Å.

The subject of this study is the use of Indigo Carmine (IC) material in Schottky diode application. The p-Si crystal was chosen as the base material for diode fabrication. One surface of the p-Si metal was coated with Al metal by thermal evaporation method. Indigo carmine interface material was coated on the other surface of p-Si by spin coating method. Finally, Cr metal was coated on this material with DC sputtering method. So we obtained refence Cr/p-Si/Al diode and Cr/IC/p-Si/Al heterojunctions diode. When the current-voltage (I-V) measurements of these diodes at room temperature were examined, it was determined that the Indigo Carmine material improved the diode parameters. It was determined from the I-V measurements of the Cr/IC/p-Si/Al diode for different temperatures that the ideality factor (n) decreased and the barrier height (Φb) value increased with the increasing temperature. These changes with temperature have been attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution in the potential barrier. In addition, the change of diode parameters with temperature showed that the diode has a double Gaussian distribution.

Bu çalışmada, yeni bileşik [HNC5H4B(OH)2–3]2[Pt(CN)4] sentezlendi ve tek kristal X-ışını kırınımı metodu ile kristal yapısı karakterize edildi. Kristal yapı analizi bileşiğin ortorombik kristal sisteminde, Cmca uzay grubunda ve a=6.4372(13) Å, b=14.769(3) Å, c=19.045(4) Å, 𝛼 = β = γ = 90°, V=1810.6(6) Å3, Z=4 kristalleştiğini gösterdi. Bileşiğin kristal yapısında [Pt(CN)4]2– anyonu ve [HNC5H4B(OH)2–3]22+ katyonu N–H⋯NCPt– vegüçlü B(OH)⋯NCPt– hidrojen bağıile etkileşmektedir. Böylece, yapı bir boyutlu zincir bir yapıda büyümektedir. Kayma düzleminin üzerine ve altına dönüşümlü olarak yönlenen katyon molekülleri bc düzleminde iki boyutlu bir ağ oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca, O–H⋯N, C–H⋯O, C–H⋯N ve N–H⋯N hidrojen bağ etkileşimleri de molekülleri bir arada tutmaktadır. Böylece üç boyutlu paketlenmiş bir yapı oluşmaktadır. Bu hidrojen bağ etkileşimleri üç boyutlu kristal yapının oluşmasını ve kafes yapının kararlılığını sağlamaktadır., In this work, the new compound [HNC5H4B(OH)2–3]2[Pt(CN)4] was synthesized and its crystal structure was characterized by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. Crystal structure analysis showed in the orthorhombic crystal system of the compound, in the Cmca space group and a= 6.4372(13) Å, b = 14.769(3) Å, c = 19.045(4) Å, 𝛼 = β = γ = 90°, V = 1810.6(6) Å3, Z = 4 crystallization. In the crystalline structure of the compound, [Pt(CN)4]2– anion and [HNC5H4B(OH)2–3]22+ cation interact with N–H⋯NCPt– and strong B(OH)⋯NCPt– hydrogen bonds. Thus, the structure grows in a one-dimension chain structure. A two-dimensional network is formed in the bc plane with the cation molecules directed alternately above and below the glide plane. In addition, hydrogen bond interactions O–H⋯N, C–H⋯O, C–H⋯N and N–H⋯N also hold molecules together. Thus, a three-dimensional packed structure is formed. These hydrogen bond interactions provide the formation of a threedimensional crystal structure and the stability of the lattice structure.

In this study, the Michelson–Morley experiment and the result of this experiment (the speed of light appears to be the same in all directions) were explored. Although Lorentz gave a mathematical explanation (Lorentz transformations) for this, he did not explain the decreasing momentum with the internal motion of systems. In relation to this decreasing momentum, Einstein solved the problem mathematically by proposing that the mass of the systems increases with the movement of systems (moving mass). We will study this process in a chronological order below. Our primary purpose in this study is to open a platform for discussion by asking questions about the changes in moving systems, as suggested by Lorentz and Einstein (length contraction and mass increase of the object), and to propose a different relativity model by presenting our suggestions and opinions in relation to these discussions.

In this study, the analytical solutions of Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation in (1+3) Dimensions for spin-1 particles in the presence of Frost-Musulin potential were obtained. The standard method was used to obtain these solutions and an approach to the centripetal term was applied. Using the equations obtained, the bound state solutions are expressed in terms of Gaussian hypergeometric functions. Using the boundary conditions of wave functions, the equation giving the bound state energy eigenvalues for any l-state is derived. The bound state energy values for any l-state were determined numerically using the Mathematica software package. In addition, the effects of potential parameters on energy eigenvalues were examined graphically and numerically., Bu çalışmada, spin-1 parçacıklar için Frost-Musulin potansiyelinin varlığında (1+3) boyutta Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau denkleminin analitik çözümleri elde edilmiştir. Bu çözümleri elde edebilmek için standart yöntem kullanılmış ve merkezcil terime bir yaklaşım uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bağıntılar kullanılarak bağlı durum çözümleri Gauss hipergeometrik fonksiyonlar cinsinden ifade edilmiştir. Dalga fonksiyonların sınır koşulları kullanılarak herhangi bir l-durumu için bağlı durum enerji özdeğerlerini veren bağıntı türetilmiştir. Mathematica yazılım paketi kullanılarak herhangi bir l-durumu için bağlı durum enerji değerleri nümerik olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca potansiyel parametrelerinin enerji özdeğerlerine olan etkileri grafiksel ve sayısal olarak incelenmiştir.

Parçacık tedavisinde (PT) genellikle protonlar ve karbon iyonları kullanılır. Fakat protona göre bağıl biyolojik etkileri daha yüksek olan düşük Z’li iyonların (He, O, Ne gibi) kullanımı da araştırılmaktadır. PT’de dozun büyük kısmı, birincil parçacık tarafından tümör hacmine verilmesine rağmen, terapötik ışın ile hastanın dokuları arasındaki etkileşim tarafından üretilen ikincil parçacıkların katkısı nedeniyle ihmal edilemeyecek miktarda ek doz bırakılır. Özellikle nötronlar, tedavi edilen alandan çok uzağa enerji aktararak ikincil kanser riskini artırabilmektedir. Radyasyon tedavisinde yüklü parçacıkları kullanmak için insan dokusuyla birincil parçacık etkileşimleri sonucunda üretilen ikincil nötronları karakterize etmek çok önemlidir. Üretilen ikincil nötronlar detektör veya Monte Carlo (MC) benzetimi gibi yöntemlerle belirlenebilmektedir. Çalışmamızda 50-100 MeV/u enerjili proton ve He iyon ışınları tarafından baş plaka fantomunda üretilen toplam nötron sayıları, nötronlar ve tüm parçacıklar tarafından depolanan dozlar Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System (PHITS) MC kodu ile hesaplanmıştır. He iyon demeti tarafından üretilen ikincil nötron sayısı, proton demetlerine kıyasla 7-14 kat arttı. Protonlar tarafından üretilen ikincil nötron dozlarının He iyon demetlerindeki dozların %11.5 - %16.4’ü arasında olduğu hesaplandı., Particle therapy (PT) usually uses protons and carbon ions. In addition, the use of low-Z ions (such as He, O, Ne) with higher relative biological effects than protons is also being investigated. Although in PT the majority of the dose is delivered to the tumor volume by the primary particle, a negligible additional dose is left due to the contribution of secondary particles produced by the interaction between the therapeutic beam and the patient's tissues. In particular, neutrons can increase the risk of secondary cancer by transferring energy far away from the treated area. To use charged particles in radiation therapy, it is crucial to characterize secondary neutrons produced (SNP) as a result of primary particle interactions with human tissue. The SNP can be detected with the detector or by methods such as Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. In our study, the total number of neutrons produced in the slab head phantom by proton and He ion beams with an energy of 50-100 MeV/u, the doses stored by neutrons and all other particles were calculated with the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System (PHITS) MC code. The number of SNP by He ion beam increased 7-14 times compared to proton beams. It was calculated that the doses of the SNP by protons were between 11.5% - 16.4% of those in the He ion beams.

Complex systems pervade nature and form the core of many technological applications. An exciting feature of these systems is that they exhibit a wide range of temporal behaviors, ranging from collective motion, synchronization, pattern formation, and chaos, among others. This has not only caught the attention of scientists, but also the interest of a wider audience. Consequently, our goal in this work is to provide a simple but descriptive explanation of some concepts related to complex systems. Specifically, the reader embarks on a journey that begins in the 17th century with the discovery of synchronization by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens and ends in the chaotic world explored by meteorologist Edward Lorenz around 1963. The journey is filled with examples, including synchronized clocks and metronomes, electronic fireflies that flash harmoniously, and even a chaotic dress.

During the past years, the study of optical injection has been intensely carried in theoretical and experimental realizations, showing interesting emergent behaviors, and synchronized states between other results. This work proposes an experimental scheme of an array of three driven erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs), which dynamics exhibit the coexistence of multiple attractors. The laser array is controlled by a driver EDFL by injecting its optical intensity into the three coupled driven EDFLs array. The experimental realization was with the aim to induce an attractor tracking in the driving lasers, then to get coexisting states with increasing output power, and to study other emergent behavior given by the differences between doped fibers. To find the multistability regions, some bifurcation diagrams of the laser peak intensities are constructed. The obtained results are identified by comparing them with the modulation frequency. In some cases, the obtained results show that the intensity of the optical output signal of the driven systems is increased with respect to the initial individual response. In the case of synchronized states, it’s possible to get an increased signal from the whole system. The obtained results could have important applications in repeaters of communications systems.

In this study, the K- Serotonin structure formed by adding potassium to Serotonin (5-HT) was investigated by quantum chemical methods. 5-hydroxytryptamine is a neurotransmitter that affects mood, making people feel happy and energetic. 5-HT and 5-HT-potassium were optimized with some base sets to find the optimal band gap using the density function theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) method. The most suitable DFT/LanL2DZ was selected for the structure with and without additives. By calculating the values for 5-HT and K-5-HT, the effects of potassium on 5-HT binding were compared.

Motivated by the experiment, high mobility of gold atoms on two-dimensional carbon sheets, we examine the ground-state structures, mobility, and clustering formations of small gold clusters (Au_n, n = 1-4) on monolayer alpha-graphyne using first-principles DFT calculations and finite temperature MD simulations. We reveal that Au_n cluster prefers to locate at the center of a hexagon in alpha-graphyne. The binding energy of Au_n on alpha-graphyne increases with increasing the number (n) of gold atoms. Moreover, we predict the step-wise formation of Au_2 out of two pre-adsorbed Au_1 ad-atoms. Likewise, the formation of Au_3 and Au_4 is also considered in the same way. The diffusion energy barrier of Au_1 on alpha-graphyne is found to be only 0.26 eV, indicating the high mobility of gold atoms on alpha-graphyne. Remarkably, the energy required for the cluster formation of gold atoms on alpha-graphyne is about less than 0.2 eV. According to our MD simulations at room temperature (RT), the Au_n cluster is subsequently formed on alpha-graphyne. Considering the high mobility of a single gold atom, the strong binding energy of small gold clusters, and the easy clustering of Au_n at RT on alpha-graphyne, we suggest that alpha-graphyne is a suitable substrate for gold cluster formation.

In this work, a new compound [C15H16B3N3O5].[Pt(SCN)4].2(H2O] (1) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The compound (1) crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c a=10.443 Å, b= 24.918 Å, c= 15.048 Å, 𝛼=90, β=133.945, γ=90, V=2819.4 Å3, Z=4. The use of molecular tecton (building block) able to form thiocyano-based hydrogen-bonded synthons (OH···SCN) to synthesize a diverse range of crystal structures is described. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked by intermolecular SCN···HN and BO···HN hydrogen bonds, forming a threedimensional network.

Fotonik kristallerde gözlemlenen birçok dalga yayılım özellikleri sonraları sonik kristaller üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Sonik kristal yapılar negatif kırınım, düzlem lens, dalga kılavuzları gibi bir çok akustik dalga uygulamasına imkân sağlayan akustik metamateriyaldir ve sonic kristal uygulamaları son yılarda yoğun bir şekilde çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada iki boyutlu temel sonik kristal yapıları kısaca tanıtılmakta ve zaman bölgesi sonlu farklar (Finite Difference Time Domain-FDTD) yöntemi simülasyon sonuçları ile sonik kristal yapılarda negatif kırınım özelliği ve dalga odaklama uygulamalarının bir incelemesini sunulmaktadır. Negatif kırınım ve buna bağlı olarak gerçekleşen akustik dalgaların odaklanmasını konu alan pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma bu konuda yapılan önemli çalışmaları kısaca incelenmekte ve zaman bölgesi sonlu farklar yöntemi simülasyonları yardımı ile negatif kırınım ve bununla ilişkili akustik dalga odaklanma olaylarının zaman bölgesi simülasyon sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları zaman bölgesi sonlu farklar simülasyonlarının sonik kristal düzlem lens tasarımı çalışmalarında kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir., Many wave propagation properties, which were observed in photonic crystals, have been demonstrated for sonic crystals, later. The sonic crystal structures are acoustic metamaterials that allow acoustic wave applications such as negative refraction, flat lens, wave guides, and their applications have been intensively studied in recent years. This study introduces fundamental two-dimensional sonic crystal structures and presents an overview for the negative refraction properties and its wave focusing applications by using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation results. There are many studies that address negative refraction and its associated phenomenon acoustic wave focusing. This study briefly reviews some important studies related to this topic and presents time-domain simulation results in order to illustrate negative refraction and the related acoustic wave focusing phenomenon by means of FDTD simulations. Research findings indicates that FDTD simulations can be used for design tasks of sonic crystal flat lens.

In the present study, the some radiation absorption parameters (mass attenuation coefficients, molar extinction coefficients, effective atomic numbers and effective electron densities) of four aromatic plant taxon's (Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum, Astragalus kurdicus var. muschianus, Ranunculus arvensis and Juglans regia) have been measured at 13.92 and 59.54 keV photon energy ranges using XRF spectrometry. Measurements were made using a Si (Li) detector and 241Am spot source. The Si (Li) detector has an active area of 12.5 mm2, a 0.008 mm thick beryllium window and a resolution of 160 eV at 5.9 keV. While the aerial parts of the first three plants were investigated, the leaf part of the J. regia was investigated. The obtained experimental results were compared with the theoretically calculated some absorption parameters using the WinXCOM computer program. It is observed that the experimental results are in good agreement with those calculated theoretically values. It has been observed that the absorption parameters have the highest values in the above ground part of the T. chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum plant and that these parameters have the lowest values in the leaf part of the J. regia plant., Sunulan bu çalışmada, XRF spektrometresi kullanılarak dört aromatik bitki taksonunun (Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum, Astragalus kurdicus var. muschianus, Ranunculus arvensis ve Juglans regia) bazı soğurma parametreleri (kütle azaltma katsayıları, molar yok-olma katsayıları, etkin atom numaraları ve etkin elektron yoğunlukları) 13.92 ile 59.54 keV foton enerji aralıklarında ölçülmüştür. Ölçümler Si(Li) detektör ve 241Am nokta kaynağı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Si(Li) detektör, 12.5 mm2 aktif alana, 0.008 mm kalınlığında berilyum pencereye ve 5.9 keV'de 160 eV çözünürlüğe sahiptir. İlk üç bitkinin toprak üstü kısımları incelenirken, J. regia'nın yaprak kısmı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar WinXCOM bilgisayar programı kullanılarak hesaplanan soğurma parametreleri teorik değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçların hesaplanan teorik sonuçlar ile iyi bir uyum gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. T. chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum bitkisinin toprak üstü kısmında soğurma parametrelerinin en büyük değerler aldığı ve J. regia bitkisinin yaprak kısmında bu parametrelerin en küçük değerler aldıkları gözlemlenmiştir.

A significant group of compounds arise from substituted s-triazine derivatives that have tripodal heterocyclic compound. Compounds classified as heterocyclic possible created the largest and most diverse family of organic compounds. In this study, we reported that a new template has been syntheses from a cyanuric chloride and its diamine derivative. The desired triamine a tripodal 2, 4, 6-tris (p-aminoaanilino)-1, 3, 5-triazine (C21H21N9), called to be TRIPOD, has been obtained from cyanuric chloride with 3 eq of p-phenylenediamine reaction in acetone. After synthesis, TRIPOD sample which was polycrystal form was irradiated by cobalt-gamma source. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of TRIPOD were recorded using X-band EPR spectrometer at room temperature in three axes (x, y, z) which are perpendicular at 10 intervals. The EPR spectrum was simulated using computer program and by using the spectrum. The radical structure was determined in the sample.

The mass and average neutron-proton ratio (N/Z) distributions of fragments from multifragmentation of excited projectile nuclei formed in heavy-ion collisions were reproduced theoretically. The experimental measurements in peripheral heavy-ion collisions of 124Sn + 124Sn and 112Sn + 112Sn at 1 GeV/nucleon were carried out with the Fragment Separator (FRS) of GSI. The mass distribution and N/Z ratios of the produced nuclear fragments are calculated in the frame of a statistical approach. Comparisons with the experimental data show that the statistical models are successfully reproduce the mass yields and N/Z measured in the both reaction systems. The calculations in the present paper were carried out for the first time and were not published anywhere else.

We analyze the effects of the spacetime topology and angular velocity of rotating frame on the dynamics of a relativistic vector boson oscillator (VBO). To determine these effects on the energy of the VBO we solve the corresponding vector boson equation in the rotating frame of 2+1 dimensional cosmic string-induced spacetime background. We obtain an exact energy spectrum, which depends on the angular velocity of the rotating frame and angular deficit parameter of the background. We show that the effects of angular deficit parameter on each energy level of the VBO cannot be same and the angular velocity of the rotating frame couples with the spin of the VBO. Furthermore, we have obtained that the angular velocity of rotating frame breaks the symmetry of the positive-negative energy states.

Cadmium oxide (CdO) film was developed using a chemical spray pyrolysis technique on the p-type silicon (p-Si) substrate. The solution of the CdO was obtained by dissolving cadmium acetate salt in a mixture of distilled water and methanol. High-quality Au and Al contacts were evaporated on the polished and unpolished side of p-Si, respectively to create 4Au/CdO/p-Si/Al device architecture. In this context, four Au/CdO/p-Si/Al devices that were arbitrarily favored were analyzed and compared in depth. Current-Voltage (I-V) measurements were carried out to find out the performance of the CdO interlayer in the Au/p-Si device. The obtained data were analyzed using the Thermionic emission theory, Norde, and Cheung approach. Results indicated that CdO films grown by simple chemical spray pyrolysis technique could be used as barrier modifiers in Au/p-Si rectifier device.

Bu çalışmada, Bi katkılı ZnO ve katkısız ZnO nanomateryaller solvotermal reaksiyon yöntemi ile sentezlenmiştir. Bi katkısının yapısal ve elektrokimyasal özellikler üzerindeki etkisi X-ışını kırınımları (XRD), X-ışını fotoelektron spektroskopisi (XPS) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile araştırılmıştır. Katı malzeme üzerinde gerçekleştirilen X-ışını kırınım spektrumlarından görüldüğü üzere, hem Bi katkılama nanotozun tercih edilen yöneliminin (101) olarak değiştirdiğini hem de Bi+3 iyonlarının beklenen şekilde kristal kafese girdiği açıkça gözlemlenmişdir. Ayrıca, bu sonuç fotoelektron spektrumları ile desteklenmiştir. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu görüntüleri, numunelerin nanoyapılarının şekillerini ve dağılımlarını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmada numunelere uyguladığımız deneysel işlemler için Bi katkılamanın ZnO malzemelerde p tipi iletkenliğin elde edilmesi bakımından uygun olduğu düşünülmektedir., In this study, Bi-doped ZnO and undoped ZnO nanomaterials have been synthesized by the solvothermal reaction method. The effect of Bi doping on the structural and electrochemical properties has been investigated by X-ray diffractions (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As seen from X-ray diffraction spectra performed on the bulk material, it has been clearly observed that both Bi doping changed the preferred orientation of the nanopowder as (101) and Bi+3 ions were expectedly entered the lattice. Furthermore, this result has been supported by photoelectron spectra. Scanning electron microscopy images have shown the shapes and distributions of nanostructures of the samples. As a result, it is thought that Bi doping is suitable for obtaining p-type conductivity in ZnO materials for the experimental processes we applied to samples in the study.

In this study, ZnO thin films were deposited at three different temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 °C by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) was used as a zinc source in the production of ZnO thin film. XRD analysis confirmed that the ZnO thin films are in nano-sized hexagonal structure and the dominant peak position belongs the plane of (100). The crystal grain size was calculated using the Debye-Scherrer formula and found between 324.7-442.3 Å. When SEM surface images are examined, it is seen that ZnO thin films have a homogeneous structure and thicknesses vary between ~253-286 nm from SEM cross-section. The surface roughness of the films was examined with AFM, and the surface roughness values were obtained in the range of 23.00-43.44 nm. From the UV spectra of ZnO thin films, optical transmittance was found to be over 80%, and the forbidden bandgap energies in-between 3.13-3.26 eV., Bu çalışmada, ZnO ince filmler; 350, 400 ve 450 °C üç farklı sıcaklıktaki alttaşa ultrasonik sprey piroliz yöntemi ile biriktirilmiştir. ZnO ince film üretiminde çinko kaynağı olarak çinko asetat dihidrat (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) kullanılmıştır. Yapılan XRD analizleri, ZnO ince filmlerin, nano boyutta hekzagonal yapıda ve baskın pik pozisyonunun (100) düzleminde olduğunu doğrulamıştır. Kristal tane boyutu Debye-Scherrer formülü kullanılarak hesaplanmış ve 324.7-442.3 Å aralığında bulunmuştur. SEM yüzey görüntüleri incelendiğinde ZnO ince filmlerin homojen bir şekilde kaplandığı ve SEM kesit görüntülerinden kalınlıkların ~251-286 nm aralığında değiştiği görülmektedir. Filmlerin yüzey pürüzlülüğü AFM ile incelenmiş ve yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri 23.00-43.44 nm aralığında elde edilmiştir. ZnO ince filmlerin UV spektrumlarından, optik geçirgenlikleri %80' in üzerinde bulunurken, yasak enerji aralıkları 3.13-3.26 eV olarak bulunmuştur.

Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in Cu-based shape memory alloys due to their special characteristics, which can be used in high-temperature applications. In this study, ternary shape memory alloys in the form of CuAlFe with different ratios of iron and quaternary CuAlFe alloys containing Ni, Mn, and Ti were produced by arc melting. Then the produced alloys were kept at 900 ℃ for 24 hours to make sure that all constituents in the alloys were homogeneously distributed. The change in the transformation temperatures for all samples was checked out by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Also, the change in the crystal structure and microstructure were determined by x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The aim of this study is to compare the thermal and microstructural properties of quaternary alloys formed by adding Ni, Mn, and Ti elements to CuAlFe-based shape memory alloy with different rates, which is not available in the literature. The result of this study; although the electron concentration value increased, a significant decrease was observed in the values of the transformation temperatures. Increasing Fe-element decreased the transformation temperature non-linearly. Ni and Mn contents added to CuAlFe shape memory alloys have reduced transformation temperatures, such as Af and Mf. The XRD and SEM-EDX measurements showed the martensite phase with some produced compound precipitated in the matrix phase.

In this study, rhodium, palladium, platinum, gold and cerium were determined by ICP-MS after trace-matrix separation in roadside dusts and soil samples along different motorways in Ankara and Bursa, and in soil samples taken from industrial locations in Nilüfer, Bursa. The clear presence of Pd and Rh was determined at different traffic locations. Platinum remained below the method’s quantification limit for most of the samples. Results showed that both cities showed relatively high concentrations of; Rh and Pt in tunnels and downtowns, Pd in tunnels, bus stations and crossroads, and Au in downtowns. Consistent with the daily road traffic, relatively high concentrations of Rh, Pd and Pt were determined for Ankara. Based on the limited data available for Pt, Pt:Pd ratios varied between 0.04 and 0.25, and Pt:Rh ratios varied between 0.59 and 2.1. Measurements at the industrial location showed an average Rh and Pd concentration of 11 and 359 µg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, Au concentrations remained below the method’s quantification limit except for one sampling location. The average Ce concentration was determined as 23 mg/kg. Platinum remained below the method’s quantification limit for all industrial sampling locations. Overall, high average Rh and Pt concentrations were determined at the traffic sites, while higher average Pd concentration was determined at the industrial locations. Cerium remained consistently below the earth’s crustal levels, which infers that no anthropogenic source can be attributed to Ce.

In this work, the structural, optical and electronic properties of TiO2 thin films grown on glass substrate by Pulse Laser Deposition (PLD) technique are presented. The stoichiometry and the oxidation degree of films were analyzed by considering the Ti 2p and O 1s core energy levels with high resolution X-Ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structural characteristics of the thin films have been investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique. The optical absorption region of growth TiO2 films were analyzed by Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) technique. Spin-orbit coupling splitting of Ti 2p states was measured as 5.7 eV. The characterizations promote the existence of the metal and oxygen vacancies at the surface of film. These point defects enhance the hysteretic transport properties of the TiO2 metal oxide.

(E)-4-(4-ethoxybenzylideneamino)benzonitrile, which is a nematogenic compound, was characterized by using experimental 1H/13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. Computational DFT/B3LYP method with 6–311++G(d,p) basis set was used to get more insight into the molecular structure from single crystal X-ray diffraction, chemical shifts from NMR spectra and vibration bands from FT-IR spectrum. Nematic liquid crystals occupy an important place in nonlinear optics due to their unique physical and optical properties. The Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the title compound were investigated in different solvent media as benzene, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, DMSO and water by the PCM model. Further, frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP) and potential energy surface scanning for the compound were obtained by using the same method., Nematojenik bir bileşik olan (E)-4-((4-etoksibenzilidenamino)benzonitril, deneysel 1H/13C NMR ve FT-IR spektroskopik yöntemlerle karakterize edildi. Tek kristal X-ışını kırınımından elde edilen moleküler yapı, NMR spektrumundan elde edilen kimyasal kaymalar ve FT-IR spektrumundan elde edilen titreşim bantları hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinmek için, hesaplamalı DFT/B3LYP yöntemi 6–311++G(d,p) baz seti ile birlikte kullanıldı. Nematik sıvı kristaller, benzersiz fiziksel ve optik özellikleri nedeniyle doğrusal olmayan optikte önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Başlıktaki bileşiğin doğrusal olmayan optik (NLO) özellikleri, benzen, kloroform, etanol, metanol, DMSO ve su gibi farklı çözücü ortamlarda PCM modeli ile araştırıldı. Dahası, bileşik için sınır moleküler orbitalleri (FMO), moleküler elektrostatik potansiyel haritası (MEP) ve potansiyel enerji yüzeyi taraması aynı yöntem kullanılarak elde edildi.

In this study, the light curves of the ultra-short period W UMa type KIC 7375612 and KIC 9898401 systems were analyzed for the geometric and physical parameters of the systems for the first time. Observation data for light curve analysis were taken from Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalog. The light curves of KIC 7375612 and KIC 9898401 were analyzed by using PHOEBE code. According to the results, we calculated KIC 7375612 and KIC 9898401 of the photometric mass ratio 0.8059 ± 0.0002 and 0.8103 ± 0.0002, and inclination 60º.18 ± 0.05 and 67º.17 ± 0.11, respectively. The effective temperatures were obtained to be 6682 K and 6672 K for KIC 7375612, to be 7376 K and 7365 K for KIC 9898401., Bu çalışmada, çok kısa yörünge dönemli W UMa türü örten çift sistemler KIC 7375612 ve KIC 9898401’nin ışık eğrileri analizleri yapılarak, sistemlere ilişkin geometrik ve fiziksel parametreler ilk kez hesaplanmıştır. Işık eğrisi analizi için kullanılan gözlem verileri Kepler Örten Çiftler Kataloğundan alınmıştır. Işık eğrisi analizleri PHOEBE kodu kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Analizlerin sonuçlarına göre, KIC 7375612 ve KIC 9898401’nin fotometrik kütle oranları sırasıyla 0.8059 ± 0.0002, 0.8103 ± 0.0002 ve yörünge eğimleri 60º.18 ± 0.05, 67º.17 ± 0.11 olarak elde edilmiştir. Sistemleri oluşturan bileşenlerin sıcaklıkları KIC 7375612 için 6682 K ve 6672 K, KIC 9898401 için ise 7376 K ve 7365 K olarak belirlenmiştir.

In GaAs / Ga1-xAlxAs spherical quantum dot, the effect of the dielectric constant, which is a function of hydrostatic pressure, on 2p excited state binding energy and impurity self-polarization, was calculated using the variation method as a function of the dot radius and pressure. According to the results obtained, the dielectric constant and hydrostatic pressure have been shown to change the 2p excited state binding energy and impurity self-polarization. The variations of impurity self-polarization and binding energy depending on dot radius, hydrostatic pressure and dielectric constant are shown. It has been observed that impurity self-polarization decreases with increasing spherical dot radius and hydrostatic pressure, and binding energy increases with increasing hydrostatic pressure, which decreases with increasing spherical dot radius. The obtained results are in compatible with the previous studies., GaAs/Ga1-xAlxAs küresel kuantum noktasında, hidrostatik basınca bağlı dielektrik sabitinin 2p uyarılmış durum bağlanma enerjisi ve yabancı atom self-polarizasyonuna etkisi nokta yarıçapı ve basıncın fonksiyonu olarak varyasyon yöntemi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, dielektrik sabitinin ve hidrostatik basıncın 2p uyarılmış durum bağlanma enerjisini ve yabancı atom self- polarizasyonunu değiştirdiği görülmüştür. Yabancı atom self-polarizasyon ve bağlanma enerjisi nokta yarıçapına, hidrostatik basınca ve dielektrik sabitine bağlı değişimleri gösterilmiştir. Yabancı atom self-polarizasyonun küresel nokta yarıçapı ve hidrostatik basıncın artması ile azaldığı, bağlanma enerjisinin ise küresel nokta yarıçapının artması ile azaldığı hidrostatik basıncın artması ile arttığı görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar daha önce yapılmış çalışmalar ile uyumludur.

In this study, structural, morphological, dielectric and AC conductivity properties of CoMgLa ferrite samples (Co0.5Mg0.5LaxFe2-xO4) were investigated according to the change of x (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5). Samples were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The structural properties were examined using XRD and results show that the prepared sample crystallizes in the cubic spinel structure. Crystallite sizes are changing between 24.92 to 9.80 nm. Morphological and elemental properties were analyzed by SEM and EDX. Dielectric properties were investigated by impedance spectroscopy. The samples showed normal dielectric properties consistent with the Maxwell-Wagner model due to interfacial polarization. When the impedance characteristics were examined, it was found that the relaxation process was compatible with the Cole-Cole model. The results of the modulus show that grains contribute to the relaxation process as well as grain boundaries. AC conductivity exhibited semiconductor behavior. The constant behavior of conductivity at low frequencies is a sign that the examined samples may be suitable for many applications.

In this study, the molecular geometry of 4-Cyanostyrene molecule was optimized by using the Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) with 6-311G(d,p) basis set in the ground state. After the optimization, infrared vibration bands of 4-Cyanostyrene molecule were calculated by using the Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) with 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The theoretically calculated vibrational frequencies were multiplied by a scalar factor to correlate to experimental results. These theoretically obtained frequencies were compared exactly with the experimental results of 4-Cyanostyrene. All calculated frequencies were discussed. Finally, the correlation graphs of the theoretical and experimental results were obtained. The results were seen to be quite compatible with each other.

Dose calibrators are used to measure the amount of radioactive to be given to the patient. It is necessary to determine the correct dose and measure the amount of radioactive material with the least possible error. To minimize these potential errors, quality control (QA) tests should be carried out periodically according to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRC). ATOM LAB 400 (serial number:11070208 ) and 500 (serial number: 15091215) dose calibrators which are actively used in our clinic were used. Our aim is to verify the accuracy of the dose calibrator which needs to be updated by using a recently calibrated dose calibrator. QA tests were performed on both dose calibrators. Test results of the currently certified dose calibrator and ATOM LAB 400 dose calibrator whose certificate will be updated were found to be compatible with each other.The tests performed on both dose calibrators remained with the error limits. Calibration certificate of the ATOM LAB 400 calibrator has been updated in accordance with NRC protocol.

Bu çalışmada, kurşun sülfür kuantum nokta (PbS QD) ince filmler dönel kaplama yöntemi kullanılarak soda-kireç silikat cam alttaşlar üzerine üretildi. Kuantum nokta ince film numunelerinin optik özelliklerini araştırmak için soğurma spektroskopisi ve fotolüminesans (PL) emisyon spektroskopisi yöntemleri kullanıldı. Spektroskopik yöntem sonuçları, üretilen ince filmlerin beklenildiği gibi optik olarak yakın kızılötesi bölgesinde (near-IR) aktif olduğu gösterdi. Üretilen kuantum nokta ince filmlerin yapısal özelliklerinin tayini için eş odaklı Raman spektroskopisi, atomik kuvvet mikroskobu (AFM) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ölçümleri yapıldı. Raman spektroskopisi sonuçlarında, PbS yapısının enine optik modu (TO) ve boyuna optik modu (LO) gözlendi. Üretilen filmlerin AFM analizlerinden yüzey pürüzlülüğü 2.11 nm ve yüzeydeki partikül boyutlarının ortalama 0.5 nm ile 1.0 nm aralığında değiştiği hesaplandı. SEM görüntülerinden, üretim sonrasında metanol ile yıkama ve ısıl işlem yapılmamış numunelerin yüzeyinde organik bir katman ve yapıları içerisinde çok küçük deliklerin (pinhole) varlığı tespit edildi. Yıkama ve düşük başınç altında ısıl işlem yapılan numunelerin SEM görüntülerinde ise metanol yıkama ile organik tabakanın yapıdan uzaklaştığı ve düşük basınç altında ısıl işlem sonrasında çok küçük deliklerin kuantum noktalar tarafından kapatıldığı görüldü., In this study, lead sulfide quantum dot (PbS QD) thin films have been produced onto soda lime silicate glass substrates by spin coating method. Absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy methods were used to investigate the optical properties of quantum dot thin film samples. Spectroscopic methods indicated that the fabricated thin films were optically active in the near-infrared (near-IR) region as expected. The structural properties of quantum dot thin films were carried out by using confocal Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The transverse optical mode (TO) and the longitudinal optical mode (LO) of the PbS structure were observed in the Raman spectroscopy results. The AFM analysis of the produced thin films indicated that the surface roughness of the film was 2.11 nm and the particle size on the surface varied in between 0.5 nm and 1.0 nm. In the SEM micro images, the presence of an organic layer and pinholes were detected on the surface and in the structure of samples before washing with methanol and annealing procedures, respectively. The SEM micro images of samples also shown that the organic layer was removed from the film surface by washing with methanol and pinholes was disappered in the film structure after annealing process under the low pressure.

A new generalizing of inverse Lindley distribution called Kumaraswamy inverse Lindley is presented in this study. Some mathematical expressions are determined to the proposed distribution. Significant statistical measures are deduced including quantiles generating functions, ordinary and incomplete moments, entropies, mean deviations and order statistics. Some different properties such as, median, mean, variance, coefficient of variation, coefficients of skewness and kurtosis are characterized. Moreover, stress-strength reliabilities defined. Simulation study of the Kumaraswamy inverse distribution is introducedusing maximum likelihood estimation and the performances of their estimates are compered through biases and mean square errors. The applicability and importance of the new distribution is conducted through two real data groups., A new generalizing of inverse Lindley distribution called Kumaraswamy inverse Lindley is presented in this study. Some mathematical expressions are determined to the proposed distribution. Significant statistical measures are deduced including quantiles generating functions, ordinary and incomplete moments, entropies, mean deviations and order statistics. Some different properties such as, median, mean, variance, coefficient of variation, coefficients of skewness and kurtosis are characterized. Moreover, stress-strength reliabilities defined. Simulation study of the Kumaraswamy inverse distribution is introduced using maximum likelihood estimation and the performances of their estimates are compered through biases and mean square errors. The applicability and importance of the new distribution is conducted through two real data groups.