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The Erd\H{o}s-Simonovits stability theorem states that for all \epsilon >0 there exists \alpha >0 such that if G is a K_{r+1}-free graph on n vertices with e(G) > ex(n,K_{r+1}) - \alpha n^2, then one can remove \epsilon n^2 edges from G to obtain an r-partite graph. F\"uredi gave a short proof that one can choose \alpha=\epsilon. We give a bound for the relationship of \alpha and \varepsilon which is asymptotically sharp as \epsilon \to 0., Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure

Bootstrap percolation is a deterministic cellular automaton in which vertices of a graph~$G$ begin in one of two states, "dormant" or "active". Given a fixed integer $r$, a dormant vertex becomes active if at any stage it has at least $r$ active neighbors, and it remains active for the duration of the process. Given an initial set of active vertices $A$, we say that $G$ $r$-percolates (from $A$) if every vertex in $G$ becomes active after some number of steps. Let $m(G,r)$ denote the minimum size of a set $A$ such that $G$ $r$-percolates from $A$. Bootstrap percolation has been studied in a number of settings, and has applications to both statistical physics and discrete epidemiology. Here, we are concerned with degree-based density conditions that ensure $m(G,2)=2$. In particular, we give an Ore-type degree sum result that states that if a graph $G$ satisfies $\sigma_2(G)\ge n-2$, then either $m(G,2)=2$ or $G$ is in one of a small number of classes of exceptional graphs. We also give a Chv\'{a}tal-type degree condition: If $G$ is a graph with degree sequence $d_1\le d_2\le\dots\le d_n$ such that $d_i \geq i+1$ or $d_{n-i} \geq n-i-1$ for all $1 \leq i < \frac{n}{2}$, then $m(G,2)=2$ or $G$ falls into one of several specific exceptional classes of graphs. Both of these results are inspired by, and extend, an Ore-type result in [D. Freund, M. Poloczek, and D. Reichman, Contagious sets in dense graphs, to appear in European J. Combin.], Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures

For a real constant $\alpha$, let $\pi_3^\alpha(G)$ be the minimum of twice the number of $K_2$'s plus $\alpha$ times the number of $K_3$'s over all edge decompositions of $G$ into copies of $K_2$ and $K_3$, where $K_r$ denotes the complete graph on $r$ vertices. Let $\pi_3^\alpha(n)$ be the maximum of $\pi_3^\alpha(G)$ over all graphs $G$ with $n$ vertices. The extremal function $\pi_3^3(n)$ was first studied by Gy\H{o}ri and Tuza [Decompositions of graphs into complete subgraphs of given order, Studia Sci. Math. Hungar. 22 (1987), 315--320]. In a recent progress on this problem, Kr\'al', Lidick\'y, Martins and Pehova [Decomposing graphs into edges and triangles, Combin. Prob. Comput. 28 (2019) 465--472] proved via flag algebras that $\pi_3^3(n)\le (1/2+o(1))n^2$. We extend their result by determining the exact value of $\pi_3^\alpha(n)$ and the set of extremal graphs for all $\alpha$ and sufficiently large $n$. In particular, we show for $\alpha=3$ that $K_n$ and the complete bipartite graph $K_{\lfloor n/2\rfloor,\lceil n/2\rceil}$ are the only possible extremal examples for large $n$., Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures

For all $n\ge 9$, we show that the only triangle-free graphs on $n$ vertices maximizing the number $5$-cycles are balanced blow-ups of a 5-cycle. This completely resolves a conjecture by Erd\H{o}s, and extends results by Grzesik and Hatami, Hladk\'y, Kr\'{a}l', Norin and Razborov, where they independently showed this same result for large $n$ and for all $n$ divisible by $5$., Comment: 6 pages

A packing $k$-coloring for some integer $k$ of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a mapping $\varphi:V\to\{1,\ldots,k\}$ such that any two vertices $u, v$ of color $\varphi(u)=\varphi(v)$ are in distance at least $\varphi(u)+1$. This concept is motivated by frequency assignment problems. The \emph{packing chromatic number} of $G$ is the smallest $k$ such that there exists a packing $k$-coloring of $G$. Fiala and Golovach showed that determining the packing chromatic number for chordal graphs is \NP-complete for diameter exactly 5. While the problem is easy to solve for diameter 2, we show \NP-completeness for any diameter at least 3. Our reduction also shows that the packing chromatic number is hard to approximate within $n^{{1/2}-\varepsilon}$ for any $\varepsilon > 0$. In addition, we design an \FPT algorithm for interval graphs of bounded diameter. This leads us to exploring the problem of finding a partial coloring that maximizes the number of colored vertices., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures

A weighting of the edges of a hypergraph is called vertex-coloring if the weighted degrees of the vertices yield a proper coloring of the graph, i.e. every edge contains at least two vertices with different weighted degrees. In this article, we show that such a weighting is possible from the weight set {1,2,…,max{5,r+1}} for all hypergraphs with maximum edge size r≥3 and not containing edges solely consisting of identical vertices. The number r+1 is best possible for this statement.

We characterize the quartic (i.e., 4-regular) multigraphs with the property that every edge lies in a triangle. The main result is that such graphs are either squares of cycles, line multigraphs of cubic multigraphs, or are obtained from these by a number of simple subgraph-replacement operations. A corollary of this is that a simple quartic graph with every edge in a triangle is either the square of a cycle, the line graph of a cubic graph or a graph obtained from the line multigraph of a cubic multigraph by replacing triangles with copies of K1, 1, 3.

A long standing open problem in extremal graph theory is to describe all graphs that maximize the number of induced copies of a path on four vertices. The character of the problem changes in the setting of oriented graphs, and becomes more tractable. Here we resolve this problem in the setting of oriented graphs without transitive triangles., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures

The Hall ratio of a graph $G$ is the maximum value of $v(H) / \alpha(H)$ taken over all non-null subgraphs $H$ of $G$. For any graph, the Hall ratio is a lower-bound on its fractional chromatic number. In this note, we present various constructions of graphs whose fractional chromatic number grows much faster than their Hall ratio. This refutes a conjecture of Harris.

Finding exact Ramsey numbers is a problem typically restricted to relatively small graphs. The flag algebra method was developed to find asymptotic results for very large graphs, so it seems that the method is not suitable for finding small Ramsey numbers. But this intuition is wrong, and we will develop a technique to do just that in this paper. We find new upper bounds for many small graph and hypergraph Ramsey numbers. As a result, we prove the exact values $R(K_4^-,K_4^-,K_4^-)=28$, $R(K_8,C_5)= 29$, $R(K_9,C_6)= 41$, $R(Q_3,Q_3)=13$, $R(K_{3,5},K_{1,6})=17$, $R(C_3, C_5, C_5)= 17$, and $R(K_4^-,K_5^-;3)= 12$. We hope that this technique will be adapted to address other questions for smaller graphs with the flag algebra method., Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures

An edge-ordering of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a bijection $\phi:E\to\{1,2,\ldots,|E|\}$. Given an edge-ordering, a sequence of edges $P=e_1,e_2,\ldots,e_k$ is an increasing path if it is a path in $G$ which satisfies $\phi(e_i)

We prove that every Hamiltonian graph with n vertices and m edges has cycles with more than p−12lnp−1 different lengths, where p=m−n. For general m and n, there exist such graphs having at most 2⌈p+1⌉ different cycle lengths.

Turan's Theorem states that every graph of a certain edge density contains a complete graph $K^k$ and describes the unique extremal graphs. We give a similar Theorem for l-partite graphs. For large l, we find the minimal edge density $d^k_l$, such that every $\ell$-partite graph whose parts have pairwise edge density greater than $d^k_l$ contains a $K^k$. It turns out that $d^k_l=(k-2)/(k-1)$ for large enough l. We also describe the structure of the extremal graphs. For the case of triangles we show that $d^3_{13}=1/2$, disproving a conjecture by Bondy, Shen, Thomasse and Thomassen., Comment: 9 pages

Let $m:=|E(G)|$ sufficiently large and $s:=(m-1)/3$. We show that unless the maximum degree $\Delta > 2s$, there is a weighting $w:E\cup V\to \{0,1,...,s\}$ so that $w(uv)+w(u)+w(v)\ne w(u'v')+w(u')+w(v')$ whenever $uv\ne u'v'$ (such a weighting is called {\em total edge irregular}). This validates a conjecture by Ivanco and Jendrol' for large graphs, extending a result by Brandt, Miskuf and Rautenbach., Comment: 14 pages

We show that every 3-connected claw-free graph which contains no induced copy of P11 is hamiltonian. Since there exist non-hamiltonian 3-connected claw-free graphs without induced copies of P12 this result is, in a way, best possible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 111–121, 2004

For any two positive integers n⩾r⩾1, the well-known Turán Theorem states that there exists a least positive integer ex(n,Kr) such that every graph with n vertices and ex(n,Kr)+1 edges contains a subgraph isomorphic to Kr. We determine the minimum number of edges sufficient for the existence of k cliques with r vertices each intersecting in exactly one common vertex.

In this paper, we present several conditions for K1,3-free graphs, which guarantee the graph is subpancyclic. In particular, we show that every K1,3-free graph with a minimum degree sum δ2 > 2 √3n+1 - 4; every {K1,3P7}-free graph with δ2 ≥ 9; every {K1,3Z4}-free graph with δ2 ≥ 9; and every K1,3-free graph with maximum degree Δ, diam(G) ≤ (Δ + 6)/4 and δ2 ≥ 9 is subpancyclic.

A weighting of the edges of a graph is called irregular if the weighted degrees of the vertices are all different. In this note we show that such a weighting is possible from the weight set {1,2,…,...

Let $G$ be a fixed graph and let ${\mathcal F}$ be a family of graphs. A subgraph $J$ of $G$ is ${\mathcal F}$-saturated if no member of ${\mathcal F}$ is a subgraph of $J$, but for any edge $e$ in $E(G)-E(J)$, some element of ${\mathcal F}$ is a subgraph of $J+e$. We let $\text{ex}({\mathcal F},G)$ and $\text{sat}({\mathcal F},G)$ denote the maximum and minimum size of an ${\mathcal F}$-saturated subgraph of $G$, respectively. If no element of ${\mathcal F}$ is a subgraph of $G$, then $\text{sat}({\mathcal F},G) = \text{ex}({\mathcal F}, G) = |E(G)|$. In this paper, for $k\ge 3$ and $n\ge 100$ we determine $\text{sat}(K_3,K_k^n)$, where $K_k^n$ is the complete balanced $k$-partite graph with partite sets of size $n$. We also give several families of constructions of $K_t$-saturated subgraphs of $K_k^n$ for $t\ge 4$. Our results and constructions provide an informative contrast to recent results on the edge-density version of $\text{ex}(K_t,K_k^n)$ from [A. Bondy, J. Shen, S. Thomass\'e, and C. Thomassen, Density conditions for triangles in multipartite graphs, Combinatorica 26 (2006), 121--131] and [F. Pfender, Complete subgraphs in multipartite graphs, Combinatorica 32 (2012), no. 4, 483--495]., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures

The crossing number cr(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of crossings in a nondegenerate planar drawing of G. The rectilinear crossing number cr'(G) of G is the minimum number of crossings in a rectilinear nondegenerate planar drawing (with edges as straight line segments) of G. Zarankiewicz proved in 1952 that cr'(K_{n_1,n_2})\le Z(n_1,n_2):= n_1/2*(n_1-1)/2*n_2/2*(n_2-1)/2. We define an analogous bound A(n_1,n_2,n_3) for the complete tripartite graph K_{n_1,n_2,n_3}, and prove that cr'(K_{n_1,n_2,n_3})\le A({n_1,n_2,n_3}). We also show that for n large enough, 0.973 A(n,n,n) \le cr'(K_{n,n,n}) and 0.666 A(n,n,n)\le cr(K_{n,n,n}), with the tighter rectilinear lower bound established through the use of flag algebras. A complete multipartite graph is balanced if the partite sets all have the same cardinality. We study asymptotic behavior of the crossing number of the balanced complete r-partite graph. Richter and Thomassen proved in 1997 that the limit as n\to\infty of cr(K_{n,n}) over the maximum number of crossings in a drawing of K_{n,n} exists and is at most 1/4. We define z(r)=3(r^2-r)/8(r^2+r-3) and show that for a fixed r and the balanced complete r-partite graph, z(r) is an upper bound to the limit superior of the crossing number divided by the maximum number of crossings in a drawing.

A stable cutset in a graph is a stable set whose deletion disconnects the graph. It was conjectured by Caro and proved by Chen and Yu that any graph with $n$ vertices and at most $2n-4$ edges contains a stable cutset. The bound is tight, as we will show that all graphs with $n$ vertices and $2n-3$ edges without stable cutset arise recursively glueing together triangles and triangular prisms along an edge or triangle. As a by-product, an algorithmic implication of our result will be pointed out.

A rainbow matching in an edge-colored graph is a matching in which all the edges have distinct colors. Wang asked if there is a function $f(\delta)$ such that a properly edge-colored graph $G$ with minimum degree $\delta$ and order at least $f(\delta)$ must have a rainbow matching of size $\delta$ . We answer this question in the affirmative; an extremal approach yields that $f(\delta) = 98\delta/23< 4.27\delta$ suffices. Furthermore, we give an $O(\delta(G)|V(G)|^2)$ -time algorithm that generates such a matching in a properly edge-colored graph of order at least $6.5\delta$ .

For a graph $G$, let $t(G)$ denote the maximum number of vertices in an induced subgraph of $G$ that is a tree. Further, for a vertex $v\in V(G)$, let $t^v(G)$ denote the maximum number of vertices in an induced subgraph of $G$ that is a tree, with the extra condition that the tree must contain $v$. The minimum of $t(G)$ ($t^v(G)$, respectively) over all connected triangle-free graphs $G$ (and vertices $v\in V(G)$) on $n$ vertices is denoted by $t_3(n)$ ($t_3^v(n)$). Clearly, $t^v(G)\le t(G)$ for all $v\in V(G)$. In this note, we solve the extremal problem of maximizing $|G|$ for given $t^v(G)$, given that $G$ is connected and triangle-free. We show that $|G|\le 1+\frac{(t_v(G)-1)t_v(G)}{2}$ and determine the unique extremal graphs. Thus, we get as corollary that $t_3(n)\ge t_3^v(n)=\lceil {1/2}(1+\sqrt{8n-7})\rceil$, improving a recent result by Fox, Loh and Sudakov., Comment: 2 pages, minor edits for better readability

The visibility graph $\mathcal {V}(X)$ of a discrete point set X⊂ℝ2 has vertex set X and an edge xy for every two points x,y∈X whenever there is no other point in X on the line segment between x and y. We show that for every graph G, there is a point set X∈ℝ2, such that the subgraph of $\mathcal {V}(X\cup \mathbb {Z}^{2})$ induced by X is isomorphic to G. As a consequence, we show that there are visibility graphs of arbitrary high chromatic number with clique number 6 settling a question by Kara, Por and Wood.

A collection L = P 1 ∪ P 2 ∪ · · · ∪ P t (1 ≤ t ≤ k) of t disjoint paths, s of them being singletons with |V (L)| = k is called a (k, t, s)-linear forest. A graph G is (k, t, s)ordered if for every (k, t, s)-linear forest L in G there exists a cycle C in G that contains the paths of L in the designated order as subpaths. If the cycle is also a hamiltonian cycle, then G is said to be (k, t, s)-ordered hamiltonian. We give sharp sum of degree conditions for nonadjacent vertices that imply a graph is (k, t, s)-ordered hamiltonian.