Search

Objectives: Psychoacoustic tests assessed shortly after cochlear implantation (CI) are useful predictors of the rehabilitative speech outcome. While largely independent, both spectral and temporal resolution tests are important to provide an accurate prediction of speech recognition. However, rapid tests of temporal sensitivity are currently lacking. Here, we propose a simple amplitude-modulation rate discrimination (AMRD) paradigm that is validated by predicting future speech recognition in adult CI patients. Design: In 34 newly implanted patients we used an adaptive AMRD paradigm where broadband noise was modulated at the speech-relevant rate of ~4 Hz. In a longitudinal study, speech recognition in quiet was assessed using the closed-set Freiburger number test shortly after CI implantation (t0) as well as the open-set Freiburger monosyllabic word test six months later (t6). Results: Both AMRD thresholds at t0 (r = –0.51) and speech recognition scores at t0 (r = 0.56) predicted speech recognition scores at t6. However, AMRD and speech recognition at t0 were uncorrelated, suggesting that those measures capture partially distinct perceptual abilities. A multiple-regression model predicting six-month speech recognition outcome (t6) with deafness duration and speech recognition at t0 improved from adjusted R² = 0.30 to adjusted R² = 0.44 when AMRD threshold was added as a predictor. Conclusions: These findings identify AMRD thresholds as a reliable, non-redundant predictor above and beyond established speech tests for CI outcome. This AMRD test could potentially be developed into a rapid clinical temporal-resolution test to be integrated into the post-operative test battery to improve the reliability of speech outcome prognosis.

We prove limit laws for the number of occurrences of a pattern on the fringe of a ranked tree-child network which is picked uniformly at random. Our results extend the limit law for cherries proved by Bienvenu et al. (2022). For patterns of height $1$ and $2$, we show that they either occur frequently (mean is asymptotically linear and limit law is normal) or sporadically (mean is asymptotically constant and limit law is Poisson) or not all (mean tends to $0$ and limit law is degenerate). We expect that these are the only possible limit laws for any fringe pattern., Comment: 20 pages

Tree-child networks are one of the most prominent network classes for modeling evolutionary processes which contain reticulation events. Several recent studies have addressed counting questions for bicombining tree-child networks in which every reticulation node has exactly two parents. We extend these studies to $d$-combining tree-child networks where every reticulation node has now $d\geq 2$ parents, and we study one-component as well as general tree-child networks. Moreover, we also give results on the distributional behavior of shape parameters (e.g., number of reticulation nodes, Sackin index) of a network which is drawn uniformly at random from the set of all tree-child networks with the same number of leaves. We show phase transitions depending on $d$, leading to normal, Bessel, Poisson, and degenerate distributions. Some of our results are new even in the bicombining case., Comment: Journal version of arXiv:2203.07619; 48 pages

In multicellular organisms, not all cells are created equal. Instead, organismal complexity is achieved by specialisation and division of labour between distinct cell types. Therefore, the organism depends on the presence, correct proportion and function of all cell types. It follows that early development is geared towards setting up the basic body plan and to specify cell lineages. Since plants employ a post-embryonic mode of development, the continuous growth and addition of new organs require a source of new cells, as well as a strict regulation of cellular composition throughout the entire life-cycle. To meet these demands, evolution has brought about complex regulatory systems to maintain and control continuously active stem cell systems. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of non cell-autonomous control of shoot stem cells in the model plantArabidopsis thalianawith a strong focus on the cell-to-cell mobility and function of the WUSCHEL homeodomain transcription factor.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has emerged as a viable mean to obtain core tissue. Different wet suction techniques using saline or heparin have been described. We aimed to compare tissue adequacy with the “wet saline” (WS) technique compared to the “wet heparin” (WH) technique.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent EUS-LB and Percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB-LB) for benign parenchymal liver disease between May 2017 to October 2019. All procedures were performed at a single tertiary Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC).Results: A total of 257 biopsies from 217 patients were included. Among the 102 EUS-LB specimens, 53 were obtained using WS technique and 49 were obtained using WH technique. Specimen adequacy was similar in the both groups. Median ASL and length of longest piece did not differ significantly between both groups. Clots were present more frequently in the WS group. Among patients who underwent EUS-LB of both right and left liver lobes, an adequate biopsy was obtained in 85% of patients in the WS group and 96% of patients in the WH group. EUS-LB showed lower risk of post procedural pain and complication rates when compared with percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB). To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare diagnostic accuracy between WH and WS EUS-LB techniques, and to compare post-procedure pain between EUS-LB and moderate sedation PLB. WH-EUS-LB may be preferable to WS because of fewer clots in the specimen. Prospective studies are needed to further verify these findings.

In der Modullandschaft der Pädagogischen Hochschule Luzern scheint die Disziplin „Allgemeine Didaktik“ nicht explizit auf. Die Inhalte der Allgemeinen Didaktik sind dennoch nicht an den Rand gedrängt worden. Sie wurden entlang berufsrelevanter Themen und Kompetenzen, die sowohl auf allgemeine als auch auf spezifische unterrichtsbezogene Kompetenzen ausgerichtet sind, in Module der Berufsstudien oder der Bildungs- und Sozialwissenschaften integriert. Zwar ist die Allgemeine Didaktik als eigenständige Disziplin an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Luzern nicht mehr die Leitdisziplin in der Einführung in pädagogisches Denken und Handeln. Doch im Verbund mit den Fachdidaktiken, den Bildungswissenschaften und der Lernpsychologie ist sie für den Aufbau der Unterrichtskompetenzen unverzichtbar: Angehende Lehrerinnen und Lehrer brauchen einen Orientierungsrahmen – den bietet die Allgemeine Didaktik in Kooperation mit anderen Disziplinen.

A reliable workup with regard to a single diagnostic marker indicating periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with sufficient sensitivity and specificity is still missing. The immunologically reactive molecule Pecam-1 is shed from the T-cell surface upon activation via proinflammatory signaling, e.g., triggered by specific pathogens. We hypothesized that soluble Pecam-1 (sPecam-1) can hence function as a biomarker of PJI. Fifty-eight patients were prospectively enrolled and assigned to one of the respective treatment groups (native knees prior to surgery, aseptic, and septic total knee arthroplasty (TKA) revision surgeries). Via synovial sample acquisition and ELISA testing, a database on local sPecam-1 levels was established. We observed a significantly larger quantity of sPecam-1 in septic (n = 22) compared to aseptic TKA revision surgeries (n = 20, p ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, a significantly larger amount of sPecam-1 was found in septic and aseptic revisions compared to native joints (n = 16, p ≤ 0.001). Benchmarking it to the gold standard showed a high predictive power for the detection of PJI. Local sPecam-1 levels correlated to the infection status of the implant, and thus bear a strong potential to act as a biomarker of PJI. While a clear role of sPecam-1 in infection could be demonstrated, the underlying mechanism of the molecule’s natural function needs to be further unraveled., publishedVersion

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076211019620 for Distinguishing atrial fibrillation from sinus rhythm using commercial pulse detection systems: The non-interventional BAYathlon study by Christian Müller, Ulf Hengstmann, Michael Fuchs, Martin Kirchner, Frank Kleinjung, Harald Mathis, Stephan Martin, Ingo Bläse and Stefan Perings in Digital Health

Graph tries are a new and interesting data structure proposed by Jacquet in 2014. They generalize the classical trie data structure which has found many applications in computer science and is one of the most popular data structure on words. For his generalization, Jacquet considered the size (or space requirement) and derived an asymptotic expansion for the mean and the variance when graph tries are built from $n$ independently chosen random labelings of a rooted $M$-ary tree. Moreover, he conjectured a central limit theorem for the (suitably normalized) size as the number of labelings tends to infinity. In this paper, we verify this conjecture with the method of moments., Comment: 20 pages; some minor errors fixed

Tree-child networks are an important network class which are used in phylogenetics to model reticulate evolution. In a recent paper, Pons and Batle (2021) conjectured a relation between tree-child networks and certain words. In this short note, we prove their conjecture for the (important) class of one-component tree-child networks., Comment: 6 pages

(VLID)3805318

(VLID)3805009

In previous work, we gave asymptotic counting results for the number of tree-child and normal networks with $k$ reticulation vertices and explicit exponential generating functions of the counting sequences for $k=1,2,3$. The purpose of this note is two-fold. First, we make some corrections to our previous approach which overcounted the above numbers and thus gives erroneous exponential generating functions (however, the overcounting does not effect our asymptotic counting results). Secondly, we use our (corrected) exponential generating functions to derive explicit formulas for the number of tree-child and normal networks with $k=1,2,3$ reticulation vertices. This re-derives recent results of Carona and Zhang, answers their question for normal networks with $k=2$, and adds new formulas in the case $k=3$., Comment: revised version; 20 pages

(VLID)5347521

This is the editor's editorial. In lieu of an abstract, here is the editorial's first paragraph: In the first issue of Textual Practice, the late Shakespeare scholar Terence Hawkes claimed, "It is never a good time to start a new journal." "The Humanities in particular feel marginalized and underfunded," he continued. "[T]hey sense themselves to be hopelessly at odds with a culture which has long abandoned any recognition of the value of their role."1 More than thirty years later, some of these words still ring very true., JAAAS: Journal of the Austrian Association for American Studies, 1 (1), p. v-vii

Das Vertrauensverhältnis zwischen Praxislehrperson und Praktikant/-in stellt eine zentrale Gelingensbedingung für Praktika dar. Vertrauen in der Beziehung zwischen Praktikant/-in und Praxislehrperson baut sich in einem Prozess der Ko-Konstruktion auf, wobei Studierende und Praxislehrpersonen ihre Feedbacks und Reaktionen im Prozess wechselseitig deuten., + ID der Publikation: phlu_10046 + Art des Beitrages: Artikel (Journal) + Seiten: 19 - 25 + Jahrgang: 18 + Medium/Art/Gattung: Journal für LehrerInnenbildung + Sprache: Deutsch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2021-04-14 10:43:26

The important biochemical probe molecule brefeldin A (1) has served as an inspirational target in the past, but none of the many routes has actually delivered more than just a few milligrams of product, where documented. The approach described herein is clearly more efficient; it hinges upon the first implementation of ruthenium‐catalyzed trans‐hydrogenation in natural products total synthesis. Because this unorthodox reaction is selective for the triple bond and does not touch the transannular alkene or the lactone site of the cycloalkyne, it outperforms the classical Birch‐type reduction that could not be applied at such a late stage. Other key steps en route to 1 comprise an iron‐catalyzed reductive formation of a non‐terminal alkyne, an asymmetric propiolate carbonyl addition mediated by a bulky amino alcohol, and a macrocyclization by ring‐closing alkyne metathesis catalyzed by a molybdenum alkylidyne.

Recent progress on the relation between asymmetric conformal field theories and vacua of gauged supergravities is reviewed. This includes an attempt to classify asymmetric Gepner models in 8D, 6D and 4D with at least eight supercharges, and how they can be categorized by just a few mechanisms including the super Higgs-effect. The latter is a prerequisite for the identification with non-geometric flux compactifications. We also highlight our findings for the identification of 4D asymmetric Gepner models with ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetry with Minkowski vacua of ${\cal N}=2$ GSUGRA., Comment: Proceedings prepared for the "Workshop on Geometry and Physics", November 2016, Ringberg Castle, Germany; v2: references added

Mit den fortgesetzten Streiks bei der Deutschen Bahn und der Lufthansa wächst der Unmut über die Spartengewerkschaften. Sollte der Gesetzgeber die Tarifpluralität und das Handeln kleiner Gewerkschaften beschneiden? Norbert Berthold, Universität Würzburg, plädiert für Tarifpluralität statt Tarifeinheit. In einer wirtschaftlich heterogener werdenden Welt müssten sich die Institutionen ändern. Die adäquate Antwort auf heterogenere Unternehmen seien betriebliche Bündnisse für Arbeit: Tarifpluralität nicht Tarifeinheit sei die passende Antwort. Wer Angst vor Spartengewerkschaften habe, sollte dafür sorgen, dass der Wettbewerb auf den Absatzmärkten entfesselt werde und der (Sozial-)Staat die Budgetrestriktion der Unternehmen nicht aufweiche. Auch Claus Schnabel, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, sieht kaum überzeugende Gründe, warum die Tarifpluralität durch den Gesetzgeber beschnitten werden sollten. Solange die Funktionsfähigkeit des deutschen Systems der Arbeitsbeziehungen und der Lohnfindung nicht wirklich in Gefahr sei, wofür es derzeit keine Anzeichen gebe, bestehe kein Grund für gesetzgeberischen Aktionismus. Für Hagen Lesch, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, weist dagegen Gewerkschaftskonkurrenz verschiedene Nachteile auf. Es werden u.a. das Solidarprinzip geopfert und die Lohnungleichheit zunehmen. Michael Fuchs, CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion, unterstreicht, dass es bei der Frage nach einer Eindämmung der Macht der Spartengewerkschaften nicht darum geht, einzelne Betriebe vor Streiks zu schützen, sondern um den Schutz der Gesamtwirtschaft und der Bürger im Bereich der Daseinsvorsorge vor Kollateralschäden. Wenn das gesamtwirtschaftliche Gleichgewicht auf dem Spiel stehe, müsse die Koalitionsfreiheit zurücktreten. Deshalb sei es an der Zeit, die Tarifeinheit gesetzlich zu normieren. Klaus Dauderstädt, dbb beamtenbund und tarifunion, plädiert dagegen für die Koalitionsfreiheit und gegen eine gesetzlich auferlegte Tarifeinheit.

We study asymmetric simple-current extensions of Gepner models in dimensions $D=4,6,8$ with at least eight supercharges in the right-moving sector. The models obtained in an extensive stochastic computer search belong to a small number of different classes. These classes can be categorized as dimensional reductions, asymmetric orbifolds with $(-1)^{F_L}$, extra gauge enhancement and as coming from the super Higgs-effect. Models in the latter class are particularly interesting, as they may correspond to non-geometric flux compactifications., Comment: 37 pages

We give a sufficient and necessary condition such that for almost all $s\in{\mathbb R}$ \[ \|n\theta-s\, Comment: 12 pages

In many cases, landslide that are causing severe disasters in populated downstream valleys occur in remote mountainous areas of Lombok Island. Those areas are difficult to access and to investigate by conventional ground-based mapping. Remote sensing contributes a way to collect data and information on remote and inaccessible terrain. Statistical approach using probability and weighting methodology has been applied to characterize landslide-prone ground. The methodology combines elements of techniques published by Greenbaum (Project summary report: rapid methods of landslide hazard mapping. Technical Report WC/95/30. International division. British Geological Survey. Key worth, Nottingham, UK, pp 12, 1995) and by Lee and Min (Environ Geol 40:1095–1113, 2001) allowing for increase of reliability of the landslide susceptibility map as the final product. Landslide inventory was supported through, and most of factors data have been derived through GIS processing and interpretation of satellite remote sensing data. Maps of factors weighted for significance in terms of landslide accountability and probability. The landslide susceptibility index (LSI) is the summation of each factors’ weight multiplied by the class value of each pixel, pixel by pixel. This produces an interim landslide susceptibility map as the preliminary result. Validation of the results in the field composes the final landslide susceptibility assessment of Lombok Island. The study area was classified into five categories of landslide susceptibility: very low, low, moderate, high and very high.

This paper provides an overview of the state of access to bank financing for SMEs in five Sub-Saharan African countries and analyzes the drivers behind banks'involvement with SMEs. The paper builds on data collected through five in-depth studies in Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, and Tanzania between 2010 and 2012. The paper shows that the share of SME lending in the overall loan portfolios of banks varies between 5 and 20 percent. Reasons for this finding vary, but key contributing factors are the structure and size of the economy and the extent of Government borrowing, the degree of innovation mainly as introduced by foreign entrants to financial sectors, and the state of the financial sector infrastructure and enabling environment.

In spite of shallow financial markets, Sub-Saharan Africa will not escape the repercussions of the global financial crisis. The global turmoil threatens the progress Sub-Saharan Africa has made in financial sector deepening and broadening over the recent years and underlines the importance of continuing and deepening the necessary institutional reforms. In this context it is important to define the role of government in expanding financial sectors in a sustainable and market-friendly manner. Foreign banks have brought more benefits than risks for their host economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are certainly not a panacea and not a substitute for institutional and policy reform. The profile of foreign banks, however, has changed, with more and more regional banks emerging. This trend toward regional integration is promising as it might allow the small African financial system to reap benefits from scale economies, but it also requires regulatory and supervisory improvements and coordination across the region.

Although by regional standards, Kenya's financial system is relatively well developed and diversified, major structural impediments prevent it from reaching its full potential. Crosscountry comparisons, however, show the importance of a well-developed financial sector for long-term economic growth and poverty alleviation. Experience from other developing economies has shown the detrimental effect of government ownership and the positive impact that foreign bank ownership can have on the development of a market-based financial system. Analyzing and decomposing the high interest rate spreads and margins in Kenya helps identify structural impediments that drive the high cost of and low access to financial services. The limited information sharing on debtors, deficiencies in the legal and judicial system, the limited number of strong and reputable banks and non-transparency and uncertainty in the banking market are major impediments to the development of Kenya's financial system, to reducing spreads and to widening access.

Titel und Zusammenfassung #### Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einführung 1 1.1 Das Anliegen der Arbeit 1 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 2. Begriffsbestimmung und Stand der Forschung über GIS-gestützte geometrisch-begrifflicher Generalisierung 3 2.1 Begriffsbestimmung 3 2.2 Stand der Forschung 4 3. Die wesentlichen Elemente geologischer und bodenkundlicher Grundlagenkarten 7 3.1 Vergleich Bodenkarte - Geologische Karte 7 3.2 Das Wesen der Bodenkarte 10 4. Die Entwicklung der Bodenkarten in Deutschland mit Sicht auf die Zunahme von Informationsdichte und Komplexität 16 5. Die Erfassung, Beschreibung und Kennzeichnung der Bodendecke 19 5.1 Steuerungsfaktoren der Bodenbildung 19 5.2 Techniken der Bodenkartierung 20 5.3 Standardisierung der Bodenkartierung: Kartieranleitung (KA4) und Bodensystematik 23 6. Generalisierung und Aggregierung, Konzepte in der praktischen Kartographie und der Bodenkunde 27 6.1 Kartografische Generalisierung 27 6.2 Bodenkundliche Aggregierung und Regionalisierung 29 6.3 Beispiele bodenkundlicher Aggregierung 32 7. Geo-Informationssystem (GIS) und Datenbanken in der Bodenkunde, Konzepte, Arbeitsweisen und Aufgaben 34 7.1 Begriffsbestimmung GIS, FIS und BIS 34 7.2 Bodenkundliche Flächendatenbank 35 8. Der Prozess der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung von Bodenkarten mit GIS-Werkzeugen 39 9. Die Methoden zur Unterstützung des Aggregierungsprozesses in der Bodenkunde 43 9.1 Landschaftsanalyse und Entropiemodellierung 43 9.1.1 Indizes zur Kennzeichnung der Diversität / Heterogenität 43 9.1.2 Gestaltindizes 45 9.1.3 Indizes zur Kennzeichnung der räumlichen Struktur 46 9.2 Multivariate Gruppierungsverfahren 49 9.2.1 Gruppierung durch den Experten 49 9.2.2 Hierarchische Clusteranalyse 50 9.2.3 Zweidimensionale Skalierung 51 9.2.4 Bewertung von Gruppierungen, F- und t-Werte 51 9.2.5 Formale Begriffsanalyse 54 9.2.6 Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse 55 9.3 Kontextbasierte Regeln 56 9.3.1 Darstellbarkeitsindizes 56 9.3.2 Grenzlängenindex 57 9.3.3 Abstandsmessung, Verbindungsflächenermittlung und Flächenverschmelzung 58 10. Das Programm "Analytische Werkzeuge der Aggregierung und Generalisierung von Bodenkarten" 60 10.1 Einleitende Bemerkungen 60 10.2 Systemvoraussetzungen 61 10.3 Neue Softwareversion 61 10.4 Inhaltliche Voraussetzungen 61 10.5 Installation 61 10.6 Programmstart 62 10.7 Allgemeine Bemerkungen 62 10.8 Programmkomponenten 66 10.8.1 Gliederung der Programmkomponenten 66 10.8.2 Allgemein verfügbare Komponenten (Dienstprogramme) 67 10.8.3 Komponente "Landschaftsanalyse" 69 10.8.4 Komponente "Index maximaler Reduktion" 83 10.8.5 Komponente "Nachbarschaftskennzeichnung für ein Attribut" 86 10.8.6 Komponente "Nachbarschaftskennzeichnung aller Inhalte" 88 10.8.7 Komponente "Distanzmessung zwischen Polygonen verschiedener Inhalte" 89 10.8.8 Komponente "Verbindungsflächenermittlung" 91 10.8.9 Komponente "Verschmelzung von Flächen" 95 10.8.10 Komponente "Datenbankanbindung/Tabellenauswahl für multivariate Statistik" 97 10.8.11 Die gemeinsamen Teilkomponenten der Gruppierungsverfahren 100 10.8.12 Komponente "Expertengruppierung" 102 10.8.13 Komponente "Hierarchische Gruppierung (Clustern)" 103 10.8.14 Komponente "Zweidimensionale Skalierung" 106 10.8.15 Komponente "Inventar-Entropie" 108 10.8.16 Komponente "Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse" 110 10.8.17 Komponente "Visualisieren von Gruppenlösungen" 113 10.9 Literatur zur Herkunft der Formeln und Verfahren 114 10.10 Dokumentationen der eingesetzten Softwareprodukte 115 10.11 Glossar der wichtigsten verwendeten ArcInfo-Ausdrücke 115 10.12 Glossar der verwendeten Datenbank-Ausdrücke 116 11. Die geometrisch-begriffliche Generalisierung des Blattes Potsdam 1 : 50 000 (L3744) zur Darstellung in den Folgemaßstäben 1 : 100 000 und 1 : 200 000 118 11.1 Geologisch-morphologischer Rahmen zum Blatt L3744 Potsdam, anthropogene Einflüsse und die wichtigsten Bodeneinheiten 118 11.2 Das Kartierungskonzept zur bodengeologischen Kartierung des Landes Brandenburg im Maßstab 1 : 50 000 (BK 50) 121 11.3 Die Aggregierung des Beispielblatts mit den im GIS implementierten Werkzeugen 123 11.3.1 Analyse der thematisch-kartographischen Konzeption der Ausgangskarte und des Inventars der Legendeneinheiten 123 11.3.1.1 Bewertung der Ausgangskarte mit dem Index der maximalen Reduktion 123 11.3.1.2 Kennzeichnung der Heterogenität auf der Ebene der Ausgangskarte durch Entropiemessung 123 11.3.1.3 Aufschlüsselung des Bodenformeninventars der Legendeneinheiten nach Art der Dominanz des boden- und substratsystematischen Teilinventars 124 11.3.1.4 Typisierung des boden- und substratsystematischen Inventars in den Hauptgenesegruppen durch die Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse (KFA) 125 11.3.1.5 Join-Count-Statistik (JCS) für die Hauptgenesegruppen 126 11.3.1.6 Kennzeichnung von Auffälligkeit mit der standardisierten Entropie 126 11.3.1.7 Darstellung von Zusammenhängen zwischen den wichtigsten landschaftsanalytischen Kenngrößen der Ausgangskarte 127 11.3.2 Der Aggregierungs- und Generalisierungsprozess 131 11.3.2.1 Die Bewertung der Darstellbarkeit in den angestrebten Folgemaßstäben 1 : 100 000 und 1 : 200 000 131 11.3.2.2 Die inhaltliche Aggregierung der Legendeneinheiten 131 11.3.2.3 Test auf Darstellbarkeit der neuen Legendeneinheiten, Erhalt des Besonderen und die weitere Zusammenfassung nach der Vergesellschaftung 142 11.3.2.4 Verbindungsflächenermittlung und Eliminierung von Kleinstflächen 144 11.3.2.5 Formenvereinfachung, Glättung des Linienverlaufs 145 11.3.2.6 Inhaltliche Beschreibung der neuen Legendeneinheiten 145 11.3.3 Bewertung der Ergebniskarten 146 11.3.4 Vergleich des BÜK 200 - Ausschnitts mit dem Entwurf BÜK 200 Berlin 149 12. Anwendbarkeit der eingesetzten Verfahren und Indizes 154 12.1 Anwendbarkeit der Verfahren in den Teilschritten geometrisch- begrifflicher Generalisierung 154 12.2 Gültigkeit der Verfahren in den Aggregierungsstufen der KA 4 155 13. Danksagung 157 14. Verzeichnisse 158 14.1 Literaturverzeichnis 158 14.2 Verzeichnis der digitalen Karten 161 14.3 Verzeichnis der Tabellen und Abbildungen 162 15. Legende der Bodengeologischen Karte 1 : 50 000, Blatt Potsdam L3744 166 15.1 Die verbale Beschreibung der Blattlegendeneinheiten der Bodengeologischen Karte 1 : 50 000, L3744, Blatt Potsdam 166 15.2 Die substratsystematische Gliederung in der Bodengeologischen Karte 1 : 50 000, L3744, Blatt Potsdam 168 15.3 Die Bodenformen der Blattlegendeneinheiten der Bodengeologischen Karte 1 : 50 000, Blatt Potsdam L3744 169 16. Tabellen zum Vergleich BÜK 200 Entwurf und Ergebnis - Rohkarte im Maßstab 1 : 200 000 176 16.1 Das Bodenformeninventar der Ergebnis - Rohkarte im Maßstab 1 : 200 000 176 16.2 Zusammenstellung der Verschneidung des Entwurfs BÜK 200 Berlin CC3942 und Ergebnis - Rohkarte im Maßstab 1 : 200 000 177 17. Lebenslauf 184 18. Selbständigkeitserklärung 186 Anlage Die Bodenübersichtskarte Die Bodenübersichtskarte Programm "Analytische Werkzeuge der Aggregierung und Generalisierung von Bodenkarten" Download tag.zip, Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung von Bodenkarten. Bodenkarten nehmen unter den geowissenschaftlichen thematischen Karten eine Sonderstellung ein. Die Sonderstellung ist durch das eng räumliche Muster der Böden begründet. Bereits im großmaßstäbigen Darstellungsbereich werden die einzelnen Bodenareale durch ein Gefüge von Böden, die unterschiedlicher systematischer Einordnung sein können, beschrieben. Bodenkarten werden digital erstellt und sind Grundlage von Auswertungskarten. Die digitale Herstellung und Haltung von Bodenkarten verlangt für den Prozess geometrisch-begrifflicher Generalisierung reproduzierbare Lösungswege. Der Prozess geometrisch-begrifflicher Generalisierung von Bodenkarten ist in vier Teilschritte zerlegt, die sequenziell bearbeitet werden. Diese sind: 1) die inhaltliche Aggregierung, 2) die Flächenaggregierung, 3) die inhaltliche Generalisierung, 4) und die geometrische Generalisierung. Unter der Prämisse von Darstellbarkeit und Nutzeranforderung an einen bestimmten Maßstab, werden Flächeneinheiten voneinander abgegrenzt. Die Bodenareale sollen sich voneinander unterscheiden, im entsprechenden Maßstab darstellbar sein und eine handhabbare innere Heterogenität besitzen. Zur Bearbeitung in den vier Teilschritten geometrisch-begrifflicher Generalisierung werden multivariate Verfahren, landschaftsanalytische und informationstheoretische Kenngrößen und kontextbasierte Regeln genutzt. Die Grundlage zur Anwendung dieser Methode ist durch die Flächendatenbank eines bodenkundlichen Kartenwerkes gegeben. Die Flächendatenbank ist mit den geometrischen Daten verknüpft und führt die inhaltlichen Beschreibungen der Bodeneinheiten. Es existiert ein Regelwerk der Zuordnung von Flächenkartiereinheiten zu bestimmten Merkmalskomplexen mit deren Wichtigkeit im betrachteten Raum. Die Teilschritte der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung von Bodenkarten werden algorithmisiert. Es entstehen Lösungsvorschläge zur Zusammenfassung, die nachvollziehbar sind. Der Prozess geometrisch-begrifflicher Generalisierung von Bodenkarten gewinnt damit an Transparenz. Im Programm "Analytische Werkzeuge der Aggregierung und Generalisierung" sind die Methoden zur Unterstützung der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung von Bodenkarten umgesetzt. Das Programm läuft unter der ArcInfo-Workstation- Umgebung (geometrisch-topologisches Datenmanagement) und greift auf Access- Datenbanken (semantisches Datenmanagement) zu. Im Leitfaden zum Programm sind die zugrunde liegenden Formeln wiedergegeben und die aus den Berechnungen resultierenden Ergebnisse und die Formate der Ergebnisdateien beschrieben. Für ein Beispielblatt aus dem bodengeologischen Kartenwerk des Landes Brandenburg, L3744, Blatt Potsdam 1 : 50 000, wird der Prozess geometrisch- begrifflicher Generalisierung von Bodenkarten mit den programmierten Werkzeugen geführt. Zwei Folgemaßstäbe, 1 : 100 000 und 1 : 200 000, werden erarbeitet und bewertet. Die Gültigkeit der Verfahren in den Teilschritten der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung und für die bodengeografischen Dimensionen wird diskutiert. Eine Automatisierung der geometrisch-begrifflichen Generalisierung von Bodenkarten wird nicht erreicht. Der bodenkundliche Experte entscheidet auf der jeweiligen Bearbeitungsstufe über Lösungsschnitte, plausible Nachbarschaftszusammenfassung, Reichweite etc. Die implementierten Werkzeuge sind zur Erarbeitung von Entscheidungsgrundlagen gedacht., Summary The presented research focuses mainly on the geometrical-conceptual generalisation of soil maps. Soil maps often play a special role among geo-scientific thematic maps. Their eminence is due to the tightly interwoven spatial pattern of soils. Even large-scale soil maps already comprise soil associations representing mosaics of different soils. Soil maps are nowadays created digitally and form the basis for thematic geo- referenced evaluations. The digital production and storage of soil maps requires solutions which consist of verifiable, objective methods for the geometrical-conceptual generalisation of soil map units. The process of such a generalisation may be divided into four stages which are being sequentially processed: 1) content-based aggregation, 2) spatial aggregation, 3) conceptual generalisation, 4) geometrical generalisation. With the objective to provide transparency and user convenience for a given spatial map resolution, soil map units can also be statistically defined. Depending on the spatial scale the differences between soil units can then be systematically assessed, while the remaining internal heterogeneity should still be manageable for the user. Multivariate statistics, information theory and landscape analysis, as well as context-based relation-ships and rules, are used to implement all four stages of the geometrical-conceptual generalisation. A map database containing a regional set of soil maps was used to apply the proposed method. The database is linked to geometrical data and also contains the descriptions of the soil units. A set of rules was developed independently of this study to enable the allocation of mapping units to certain characteristics and complexes of features, including a ranking according to the importance within the respective space. Each step of the geometrical-conceptual generalisation is supported by specific algorithms. Solution pathways comprehensible to the user for the spatial aggregation of soil units result. Thus, the process becomes more transparent. In order to facilitate a verifiable, transparent and user-oriented processing of the geometrical-conceptual generalisation of soil maps, the GIS/statistical program "Analytic Tools of Aggregation and Generalisation" was developed. The program runs under any ArcInfo workstation environment (geometrical- topological data management) and accesses ACCESS databases (semantic data management). The underlying formulas are presented in the manual of the program, which also contains descriptions of the program output, including the format of the resulting files. The geometrical-conceptual generalisation of soil maps using these programs was tested using a sheet of the soil map of the federal state of Brandenburg at 1:50,000. Two scale aggregations, 1:100,000 and 1:200,000, were derived in this study. The validity of the proposed methodological approach, the individual procedures in the different steps of the geometrical-conceptual generalisation, as well as soil geographical aspects, are discussed. The results clearly reveal that a complete automation of the geometrical- conceptual generalisation of soil maps is not possible without qualitative decisions, e.g. on the evaluation of alternative aggregation scenarios or choices between the most plausible neighbourhood relationships. These decisions are, of course, dependent on the respective processing scale. The implemented statistical and GIS tools were designed to provide valuable and verifiable support in the processing of large amounts of background information, qualitative and quantitative data, and to derive geo-referenced and easily modifiable products for the decision making in soil map analysis and bottom-up aggregation of soil maps.

Every approach to privatization entails tradeoffs. The chief advantage of case-by-case privatization -including sales for cash or initial public offerings (IPOs)- is efficiency. Case-by-case privatization generates revenues, gives shareholders control over managers, and provides access to capital and skills. But it is slow and does not promote widespread public participation. Voucher-based mass privatization programs, by contrast, are designed to promote equity in the distribution of wealth, through widespread participation. But they do not ensure efficiency because they may not generate revenues, bring in new capital or skills, or give shareholders control over managers. To promote equity and efficiency, the authors propose a new form of privatization -IPO-Plus- that incorporates key features of both case-by-case privatization and mass privatization. IPO-Plus promotes equity through widespread (but not mass) participation in privatization. It promotes efficiency by making privatization transparent, by fostering capital market development, and by creating independent financial institutions that would press companies to improve their financial performance. It relies not on vouchers but on the sale of low-priced public shares. It allows deferred payment for company shares as an incentive to purchase them as well as downwardly flexible share prices. Because the quality of the enterprises chosen for privatization is essential to the success of the IPO-Plus program, it is important that few enterprises targeted for IPO-Plus be published before the program is launched. This will motivate potential investors to join the program by setting up management companies, establishing public investment funds, and buying shares in them. IPO-Plus is more likely than mass privatization to create real owners. Investors in IPO-Plus are given a subsidy, but only in proportion to what they themselves choose to pay. The individual determines (up to a ceiling) how much to invest in the program. IPO-Plus is particularly appropriate where the objective is to encourage outside ownership rather than significant employee ownership. It encourages the emergence of market intermediaries and ensures the concentration of enterprise shares in investment funds. Outside ownership and concentration of share voting rights provide the basis for enterprise restructuring and economic growth.

Numerous stories have and are being written in both fiction and non-fiction about the future of the United States’ Southwest; and nearly always that future is considered to be closely linked to the vicissitudes of water. In a multidisciplinary work that combines ecocriticism, environmental history, and decolonial theories, this paper analyzesthe socio-technological complexities behind water (mis)management in the Southwest with a focus on urban environments, and their socio-environmental consequences. A lush sprawl development called ‘Venice’ is proposed in Arizona in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead(1991). In the same line, Chicano author Rudolfo Anaya presents struggles over water rights and plans for turning Albuquerque into a ‘desert Venice’city in his novel Alburquerque(1992). Fictional plans like these become very real when one reads the posts and news about the water-demanding Santolina sprawl development currently proposed for Albuquerque’s West side. On another note, Paolo Bacigalupi’s last novel, The Water Knife(2015) presents arcologies (self-contained, self-sufficient buildings) as an option to escape what he perceives will be a hellish region when climate change worsens and water underground levels are eventually depleted. Migration, xenophobia and environmental re-adaptation then become central issues to consider. A nuanced decolonial analysis of these dystopian narratives calls into question current decision-making around water management in the Southwest through the perspectives of these authors. If one argues that the environmental degradation of the arid Southwest is partly a consequence of the cultural oppression of the native local inhabitants, by imposing an inappropriate socio-environmental culture and ethics over the region, dystopian novels such as these become all the more relevant when proposing alternative futures., Numerosas historias se han escrito, y se continúan escribiendo tanto en crítica como en literatura, acerca del futuro del Suroeste de Estados Unidos, y prácticamente siempre dicho futuro va mano a mano con las vicisitudes del agua. En un trabajo multidisciplinar que combina la ecocrítica, la historia medioambiental y teorías decoloniales,este artículo analiza las complejidades socio-tecnológicas que se encuentran tras la (mala) gestión del agua del Suroeste con especial atención a contextos urbanos, y sus consecuencias socio-medioambientales. Leslie Marmon Silko, en su obra The Almanac of the Dead(1991), presenta los planes para construir en Arizona una lujosa urbanización llena de fuentes y lagunas llamada ‘Venecia’. De forma similar la novela Alburquerque(1992), escrita por el célebre escritor chicano Rudolfo Anaya, presenta los esfuerzos de un candidato a la alcaldía por conseguir los derechos sobre el agua de la zona y sus planes para convertir la ciudad en una ‘Venecia del desierto’. Dichos planes provenientes de la ficción resultan particularmente creíbles cuando una lee las noticias sobre la urbanización Santolina, propuesta al oeste de la ciudad de Albuquerque. Por otra parte, la novela The Water Knife(2015), de Paolo Bacigalupi, presenta arcologías (edificios autosuficientes) como una posible opción para escapar de lo que prevé será una región infernal, una vez se agoten los acuíferos naturales y empeoren las inclemencias derivadas del cambio climático. La emigración, la xenofobia y la readaptación medioambiental se convertirán entonces en temas clave. Al analizar estas narrativas de ficción a través de una lente decolonial se cuestiona la actual gestión del agua en el Suroeste. Estas novelas distópicas resultan centrales a la hora de proponer futuros alternativos si se argumenta que la degradación medioambiental del Suroeste se debe en gran medida a la opresión cultural sufrida por los habitantes locales y nativos, al imponerles una cultural y una ética socio-medioambiental inadecuada.