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Aims: This study was conducted to determine the phytoplasma diseases of pepper plants in Hatay province between 2016 and 2019.Methods and Results: Samples of pepper (Capsicum annuum), sesame (Sesamum indicum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) which had typical phytoplasma symptoms and insect (Cicadellidae spp.) samples were collected from the pepper fields. Empoasca sp., Cicadulina bipunctata, Psammotettix sp., Balchutha hebe, Euscelidius sp., Anaceratagallia laevis and Exitianus capicola were found as potential insect vectors of the phytoplasmas as descending order of population densities. T-budding grafting technique was successful for phytoplasma transmission from infected sesame and basil plants to healthy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) plants in controlled conditions. Phytoplasmas were detected in pepper, tomato, basil, sesame and bindweed and from some insect samples. Total nucleic acid isolation was accomplished by the CTAB method. Direct and Nested PCR were used employing R16F1/R16R0 and R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs respectively.Conclusions: DNA of positive samples were sequenced, and uploaded to Genbank, and were identified as Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii on pepper (MT993358), sesame (MT994434), tomato (MT992754), basil (MT994432), Empoasca sp. (MT994430), Exitianus capicola (MT994433), Euscelidius sp. (MT994431); and as Ca. Phytoplasma solani on binweed (MT993422) and tomato (MT992796).Significance and Impact of the Study: According to our knowledge, this study is the first to identify and upload to Genbank of Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii on basil and Empoasca sp., Exitianus capicola and Euscelidius sp. as insect vectors of the diseases in Turkey.

Symptomatic potato plants were found to be infected with Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) during thestudies in potato growing areas in Hatay province in 2009 and 2010. Suspected plant samples were taken fromdifferent potato cultivars and weeds in 2014-2015 due to determine of the presence and prevalence of AMV and itsother hosts in the felds. Potential vector species as Aphis fabae Scopoli, A. gossypii Glover, A. solanella Theobald,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Rhopalosiphum padi L. were intensively foundon weeds in the potato felds. Potato leaf samples showing yellow spots and patterns, and then severe chlorosiswere detected by serological (DAS ELISA: Double antibody sandwich-Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) andbiological indexing methods. AMV was detected in Physalis angulata by the rate of 15.3% in 2014. Although,AMV infection was found in low levels in symptomatic potato plants in 2014 and 2015 (5.4% and 4.6%), AMVis important in Amik plain due to the virus can be transmitted by vector aphids to weeds and other crops mainlygrowing in Amik plain such as alfalfa, tomato and pepper or from these sources to potatoes. AMV infection beganto be affected potatoes grown in Hatay during the last few years. Seed tubers infected by AMV are thought to bethe source of the virus infection of potatoes growing in Hatay-Turkey. For monitoring of the status of the virus inpotato felds over the years, the studies on AMV infection on potatoes, weeds and other hosts are in progress, Hatay ili patates alanlarında 2009 ve 2010 yıllarında yapılan çalışmalarda Yonca mozaik virüsü (Alfalfamosaic virus: AMV) ile enfekteli olabileceğinden şüphelenilen simptomlu patates bitkileri belirlenmiştir. Patatesalanlarında AMV’nin varlığı ve yaygınlığı ile diğer konukçularını belirlemek üzere 2014-2015 yıllarında farklıçeşitlere ait patates tarlalarından şüpheli bitki örnekleri alınmıştır. İncelenen patates tarlalarında özellikle yabancıotlar üzerinde yoğun olarak AMV potansiyel vektörü olan Aphis fabae Scopoli, A. gossypii Glover, A. solanellaTheobald, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) ve Rhopalosiphum padi L. türleribelirlenmiştir. Sarı desenler, lekeler ve daha sonra şiddetli kloroz gösteren patates yaprak örneği serolojik (DASELISA: Double antibody sandwich-Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) ve biyolojik indeksleme (mekanikinokulasyon) yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Ülkemizde Hatay ilinde yetiştirilen patateste son birkaç yıldır AMV’ninenfeksiyon oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Yabancı ot türlerinden Physalis angulata örneklerinde 2014 yılında %15.3oranında AMV enfeksiyonu belirlenmiştir. Simptomlu patates bitkilerinde AMV enfeksiyonu 2014 ve 2015 üretimdönemlerinde %5.4 ve %4.6 olarak bulunmuştur. AMV’nin patateste düşük seviyelerde enfeksiyon oluşturmasınarağmen, özellikle Amik Ovası’nda yetiştirilen yonca, domates ve biber gibi diğer kültür bitkileri ile yabacı otlarveya bu kaynaklardan patatese virüsün vektör yaprak bitleri ile taşınabilmesi nedeni ile Hatay ilinde patatesteAMV enfeksiyonu belirlenmesi önem taşımaktadır. Hatay ilinde patates bitkilerinde son birkaç yıldır görülmeyebaşlayan AMV enfeksiyonu için il dışından gelen enfekteli tohumluk yumruların kaynak olduğu düşünülmektedir.AMV’nin yıllara içinde patates alanlarındaki durumunu izlemek için patates, yabancı otlar ve diğer konukçuları ileilgili çalışmalar devam etmektedir

During the late summer-early autumn of 2002, surveys were carried out in Turkey to determine the presence of phytoplasma diseases in fruit trees. Phytoplasmas were detected and characterized by PCR-RFLP analysis and TEM technique in stone fruit and pear trees in the eastern Mediterranean region of the country. Six out of 24 samples, including almond, apricot, peach, pear and plum, gave positive results in PCR assays. RFLP analysis usingSspI andBsaAI enzymes of PCR products obtained with primer pair f01/r01 enabled identification of the phytoplasmas involved in the diseases. Stone fruit trees, including a local apricot variety (‘Sakit’) and a pear sample, were found to be infected with European stone fruit yellows (ESFY, 16SrX-B) and pear decline (PD, 16SrX-C) phytoplasmas, respectively. This is the first report in Turkey of PD phytoplasma infecting pear and of ESFY phytoplasma infecting almond, apricot, myrobalan plum and peach; ESFY phytoplasma infecting Japanese plum was previously reported.