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Automatic functional tests are a long-standing issue in software development projects, and they are still carried out manually. The Selenium testing framework has gained popularity as an active community and standard environment for automated assessment of web applications. As a result, the trend setting of web services is evolving on a daily basis, and there is a need to improve automatic testing. The study involves to make the system to understand the experiences of previous test cases and apply new cases to predict the status of test case using Tanh activated Clustering and Classification model (TACC). The primary goal is to improve the model's clustering and classification output. The outcomes show that the TACC model has increased performance and demonstrated that automated testing results can be predicted, which is cost effective and reduces manual effort to a greater extent.

Selenium stands as open-source program apparatus aimed at computerization testing. Here, selenium-IDE (Integrated Developments Environment) Testing is investigated, which could be a remarkably vital movement in Program Improvement Handle. It is to look at and alter source code. A high-quality computer program can well be achieved by producing Compelling Testing. This Paper handles a critical in addition to the crucial issue of Program Testing. Testing can well be executed both manually and automatically. This paper sets to do Mechanization Testing through "Selenium". Test cases (TC) are consequently recorded with this web testing tool whilst the analyzer is entering the information in a web application screen.

Composite materials made up of natural fiber have gained more importance in automobile industries due to their lightweight, non-abrasive properties, fair cost, and environmental friendliness. The chemical treatment on the fiber surface enhances the individual fiber mechanical property which leads to the same benefits in the composite preparation too. In this study, an attempt was carried out to analyze the chemical treated composite over untreated composite. The reinforcement fiber veldt grape and matrix resin polylactic acid was chosen for composite preparation. By the two roll mill followed by compression molding technique the untreated and chemical treated composites were prepared. The mechanical properties tensile, flexural, impact, water absorption tests were performed on untreated and chemical-treated composites. The morphological analysis was performed on both untreated and chemical-treated fiber composites by scanning electron microscope. The chemical-treated composite is observed to have considerably increased favorable mechanical properties than the untreated fiber composite. The morphology of the chemical-treated fiber composite is seen to have superior interaction with the fiber matrix.

Introduction: The most common ligament injured in knee is anterior cruciate ligament. This ligament is related to stability, prevention of excessive rotation and forward motion of knee. Accurate reconstruction should be done to achieve excellent functional outcome. Objectives: The main aim was to assess the functional outcome of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon auto graft. Also the study intended to describe early weight bearing and early mobilisation and rapid rehabilitation for good clinical recovery after surgery. Methodology: The study was done among 40 subjects who were between 18yrs to 50yrs, with ACL deficient knees, associated menisci injuries. The subjects excluded were having severe co-morbidities, multi ligament injuries and previously operated knee. The Patients were assessed with the IKDC score and single hop test preoperatively and after 6 months. Results: In the study 1 subject didn’t return to pre injury activity level and other 39 came back to pre injury activity level. In the study IKDC score and single hop test after 6 months showed a higher mean in comparison to pre operative evaluation. Conclusion: The technique of ACL reconstruction offers a normal or near normal function and pre and post operative outcome is improved by IKDC score or single hop test

This paper investigates the behavior of Doubled skinned (DSCFT) composite hollow columns with steel tubes compressed under concentric axial loads. The DSCFT member is a new type of composite construction, which consists of two concentric steel tubes with geoploymer concrete sandwiched between them. Thus, DSCFT columns have a series of advantages, such as high strength, high bending stiffness, good seismic and fire performance, and also having favorable construction ability. The finite element analysis of the DSCFT circular column is conducted to validate the finite element model. The results obtained from the finite element investigation are compared with the strength values predicted using existing formulations in the analytical investigation. A good correlation was found between the values obtained.

Hospital patient record that is stored in public cloud demands high level of security and access control. To guarantee the proper user access, an authentication scheme is required that can follow up data access. In this paper, counter based authentication verification is introduced. This method utilizes token generation and counter strategy. Elliptic curve based digital signature is employed in token generation. Along with the generated token, the data is encrypted and a counter value is appended to it. Whenever an authorized user views or modifies the stored data, the counter value is updated. Thus, this method significantly identifies an unauthorized data access.

Monel K-500 is a Nickel based super alloy which have superlative properties such as high strength, resistance to corrosion, retention of mechanical properties at service temperature and structural stability. It finds wide application in aerospace application, nuclear reactor, gas turbines, submarines, combustion engine exhaust valve, petro chemical components, heat exchanger, etc. However, during machining of super alloys, difficulties are there due to its low thermal conductivity and work hardening effect. Challenges in conventional machining can be minimized by using suitable machining as well as process parameters. Among the different machining processes, not much work has been initiated on drilling of above super alloys. Normally, drilled holes are used in screws, bolts, shafts, steam pipes, fitting of furniture and other equipments. By considering the applications and difficulties in machining of super alloys, drilling experiment is selected on Monel K-500. Experiments were conducted as per Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array using process parameters such as different drill tool material, drilling speed, feed and cutting fluids and Surface roughness and MRR values were measured as output responses. Effect of selected process parameters on the above machinability responses were analyzed. Optimum process parameters were identified to improve the machinability of Monel K-500.

Hamstring tendon autograft remains a popular graft choice nowadays. Knee pain after surgery has decreased very much than patellar tendon graft and recovery was also feasier and faster. Biomechanically stronger also compared to patellar tendon graft. Extensive search of articles were done in PUBMED, Google scholar and reference checking. We concluded that quadrupled hamstring tendon graft gives an excellent outcome by assessing with IKDC scoring.

In a general braking system 6-wheeler vehicle two brake shoes are used in each wheel. The pressure applied is equal on both sides and friction force is high. Hence the loss of brake shoe life is also decreased. Whenever a sudden brake is applied, skidding problem occurs. As a result heat and stress distribution is also found to be uneven. The strength of the brake shoe material is increased so as to have an increased stress and displacement. Heat and stress distribution are always uniform. It gives a safety drive to the driver and passenger.

We use three micromechanics approaches, namely, the method of cells (MoCs), the Fourier series approach (FSA) and the transformation field analysis (TFA) to delineate the sensitivity of their predictions to changes in the unit cell configuration. The three approaches are formulated to have identical final expressions relating the local sub-cell strains to the homogenized strains in the unit cell. The cubic-edge, the hexagonal close-packed and the cubic-diagonal unit cell configurations are employed to study the elasto-plastic response of a Boron-Aluminum fiber reinforced composite under transverse loading, and compare present results with Brockenbrough et al.’s findings who used the finite element method . The elasto-plastic response predicted from the cubic-edge unit-cell shows the most hardening while that from the cubic-diagonal unit-cell the least hardening. Of the three approaches employed, the elasto-plastic response predicted by the MoCs is closest to that of Brockenbrough et al. The effect of fiber cross section on the elasto-plastic response analyzed using only the TFA approach is found to be significant for both elastic constants and plastic hardening.

Magnetic moulding is a relatively lesser-known process used for casting of metallic materials. The conventional magnetic moulding set up has certain shortcomings, due to heat transfer from the molten metal to the container wall through the steel balls; simultaneously heat is generated from the container wall due to Joule Thomson heating from the current-carrying copper coils, leading to the possibility of stagnation in heat transfer and thereby retarding the heat carried away to the steel balls. In order to overcome this, the current work deals with, the conventional magnetic moulding set up modified with water circulating jacket, so as to enhance the heat transfer, which is expected to improve the solidification rate and hence have control over the grain size of the cast products.

The paper proposes a classification algorithm based on support tensor machines which finds the maximum margin between the tensor spaces. The proposed algorithm has been deployed to classify erythemato-squamous diseases (ESDs) with the help of its features. Features are derived from the skin lesion images of ESDs, and it has been represented as second-order tensors, i.e., $$ \varvec{X} \in \varvec{ }{\mathbb{R}}^{\varvec{n}} $$ can be transformed into $$ \varvec{X} \in \,\varvec{ }{\mathbf{\Re }}^{{\varvec{n}_{1} }} \,\varvec{ } \otimes \,{\mathbf{\Re }}^{{\varvec{n}_{2} }} $$ where $$ n_{1} \times n_{2} \cong n $$. After deriving the features from the skin lesion images, dominant features are extracted using Tucker tensor decomposition method. Most of the existing machine learning algorithms depend on the vector-based learning models, and these algorithms suffer from the data overfitting problem. To resolve this problem, in this paper, tensor-based learning is implemented for classification. Proposed algorithm is evaluated with the real-time dataset (Xie et al. in: He, Liu, Krupinski, Xu (eds) Health information science, Springer, Berlin, 2012), and higher classification accuracy of 99.93–100% is achieved. The acquired results are compared with the existing machine learning algorithms, and it drives home the point that the proposed algorithm provides higher classification accuracy.

Three micromechanics approaches (method of cells, Fourier series analysis, and transformation field analysis) are formulated so that the final expressions relating the local sub-cell strain to the homogenized macro-strain in a unit cell are similar, although the three techniques and assumptions made to deduce them are different. This allows for a direct comparison of the three methods, and, more importantly, enables one to use the same algorithm for solving equations after the strain concentration and the strain transformation matrices have been determined from the three methods. Elastic constants found from the three approaches compare well with each other, and with those experimentally found. The micromechanics approaches are embedded in a finite element scheme to study elasto-plastic deformations of fiber-reinforced composites. The three sets of the axial stress-axial strain curves are found to correlate well with each other, and with the experimental ones. We use these micromechanics approaches to determine strains in each sub-cell from the macro-strains (i.e., dehomogenize global strains into local strains), find stresses in each constituent or sub-cell, and then employ the micromechanics technique to find macro-stresses (i.e., homogenize stresses) and stiffnesses.

Cervical cancer is the major cancer affecting women and is growing at a very significant rate. One of the major challenges in treatment of cervical cancer is its detection in early stages. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections are the major causes of cervical cancer that risks precancerous cell to cervical cancer cells. Gene-based DNA nanobiosensor is designed to capture the cancer specific antigen and helps in screening process of cancer patients. In this work, a nanobiosensor is designed using Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) and the signal conditioning circuits designed are interfaced with the sensor for amplifying the bio potential generated with the chemical reaction of the antigen with the antibody placed over the CNTFET channel. The sensor array is designed to have 64 cells that are configured into three categories such as core, periphery and middle sensors to increase the sensitivity of cell detection. Three reference voltages are generated from the current reference circuit for biasing the bottom gates of CNTFETs that produce maximum current due to the electro potential changes in the top gate. The corresponding voltages are further processed to detect the presence of analyte concentration and the sensitivity of the designed sensor array is found to be 130 μA/V. Keywords: Bio sensor, CNTFET, Sensor array, Cervical cancer, HPV

Little Andaman, the fourth largest island in the Andaman group of islands of India, was severely affected by the December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean tsunami generated by massive earthquake of moment magnitude 9.3 Mw which devastated the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands causing heavy damage to life and property. Due to hostile terrain conditions not much information was available on the extent of inundation and run-up along the island except for Hut Bay region. In order to study the vulnerability of the island to tsunami hazard, the inundation in the island due to the 2004 tsunami was studied using TUNAMI N2 numerical model and ENVISAT ASAR datasets. The extent of inundation derived from the SAR imagery was compared using the RTK-GPS field survey points collected in the Hut Bay regions immediately after the 2004 tsunami. The extent of inundation obtained from SAR images for the entire island was compared with inundation obtained from model. It was observed that the inundation obtained from the model matched well with inundation extent from SAR imagery for nearshore regions, while for low-lying areas and creeks large deviations were observed. In the absence of field datasets, the inundation derived from SAR imagery would be effective in providing ground data to validate the numerical models which can then be run for multiple scenarios for disaster mitigation and planning operation in areas that have hostile terrain conditions.

Relay emergency valves are typical pneumatic flow control valves which are primarily used in air brake vehicles to speed up the application and release of rear axle(s) brakes. This valve will also have additional provision to apply the trailer brake automatically in the event of accidental decoupling of trailer. The relay emergency valve will graduate, hold, and release of air pressure from the brake chambers to which it is connected. The relay emergency valve is used to reduce the response time of brake applications on heavy-duty vehicles. In order to achieve higher valve response, the valve should yield high flow rate for a wide range of operating pressures. Higher flow output can be achieved with the minimum flow restriction in the valves. To achieve different product functions, the assembly will have subparts like piston, springs, seals, etc. which will restrict the flow passage. To achieve high flow rate without sacrificing the product function, the valve flow area should be maximum. Hence, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be utilized as a useful design tool to optimize the flow area of relay emergency valves and also to study the effect of flow restrictions. This paper covers the optimization of the flow path by finding the nominal flow diameters as per ISO 6358. A thorough CFD analysis with several design iterations of the valve has been made to improve and finalize the nominal flow diameter with the required flow rate at the outlet to meet the design requirements. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experiments.

The process of information security entails securing the information by transferring it through the networks preventing the data from attacks. This way of securing the information is known as cryptography. The perspective of converting the plain-text into nonunderstandable format is known as cryptography that could be possible using certain cryptography algorithms. The security could not be offered by the conventional cryptographic algorithms that lacks in their security for the huge amount of growing data, which could be easily broken by the intruders for their malicious activities. This gives rise to the new cryptographic algorithm known as DNA computing that could strengthen the information security, which does not provide any intruders to get authorized to confidential data. The proposed DNA symmetric cryptography enhances information security. The results reveal that encryption process carried out on plain-text is highly secured.

Most of the swarm optimization techniques are inspired by the characteristics as well as behaviour of flock of birds whereas Artificial Bee Colony is based on the foraging characteristics of the bees. However, certain problems which are solved by ABC do not yield desired results in-terms of performance. ABC is a new devised swarm intelligence algorithm and predominately employed for optimization of numerical problems. The main reason for the success of ABC algorithm is that it consists of feature such as fathomable and flexibility when compared to other swarm optimization algorithms and there are many possible applications of ABC. Cloud computing has their limitation in their application and functionality. The cloud computing environment experiences several security issues such as Dos attack, replay attack, flooding attack. In this paper, an effective classifier is proposed based on Artificial Bee Colony for cloud computing. It is evident in the evaluation results that the proposed classifier achieved a higher accuracy rate.

Homogenization of mechanical properties of a heterogeneous material using analytical/semi-analytical micromechanics approaches is computationally less expensive than that through numerical techniques. However, analytical methods cannot be easily applied to a complex distribution of the microstructure in a unit cell (or a representative volume element). Here, we alleviate this by accommodating cuboidal and wedge shaped sub-volumes in the Fourier series approach (FSA). This is akin to using penta- and hexa-hedral elements to discretize the geometry in 3-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The technique is applied to study the elasto-plastic response of unidirectional fiber/yarn-reinforced composites with square, circular and star shaped fibers to transverse loading. It is shown that (i) predicted transverse elastic modulus and the shear moduli are sensitive to the fiber shape and the unit cell configuration, (ii) the stress–strain curves for the homogenized composite agree with those reported in the literature found by using the FEA, and (iii) the presently computed elastic constants for plain and 2/2 twill weave fabrics are close to those found by other methods and deduced from the test data. A linear softening model based on plasticity approach is implemented within the FSA to predict failure and progressive softening in the yarn and the resin. It captures the nonlinear response and provides the ultimate strength under tensile loading.

This paper focuses on efficient techniques based on AdaBoost and its hybrid (AdaBoost-SVM) classifiers for an automatic detection of the erythemato-squamous diseases (ESD). The classification of ESD requires an enormous amount of computational effort, as all the features of the diseases have more than 90 % commonality. Some of the approaches reported in literature are fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, neuro-fuzzy models and support vector machine. Recently, AdaBoost and its hybrid algorithms are widely used to enhance the accuracy of the learning algorithms. In this paper, we propose AdaBoost and its hybrid algorithms for diagnosis of erythemato-squamous diseases for the first time. User-friendly-interface is designed to assist dermatologists to estimate the ESD with the help of 34 features includes patient's histopathological and clinical data sets. Efficient interface design is based on the following steps: (1) feature selection for all the 34 parameters involved in the erythemato-squamous disease is done using association rule based Apriori algorithm, (2) association rules are used to find $$\upalpha \%$$?% of transactions (diseases) to meet $$\upbeta \%$$β% of the features of the diseases, (3) support value of all the subset of $$\upalpha $$? transaction from $$\upalpha \%$$?% of transactions is found and the dominant subset is found using Apriori algorithm, and (4) AdaBoost and its hybrid classifiers are used to classify the diseases. In this paper, the real, modest, gentle and hybrid AdaBoost algorithms are implemented and tested with the dataset of 366 patients. The data preprocessing reduces the dimensionality of the dataset and improves the time complexity of the estimation of the diseases. Proposed methodologies are proved as a potential solution for diagnosing ESD with significant improvement in computational time and accuracy compared to other models discussed in the recent literature.

The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the high sensitivity microcantilever based biosensor used in biomedical diagnostics. This paper presents trapezoidal paddle microcantilever designs which gives better deflection and higher sensitivity for biosensing applications. The proposed sensor design provides the free end deflection which is nearly two times as the existing trapezoidal beam with the same area. Comsol multiphysics software is used to design and analyze the deflection of the proposed microcantilever sensors. This device plays an important application in the identification of disease causing particles. The main advantages of MEMS based sensors are specificity, simplicity, and high sensitivity, potential ability for real-time and on-site analysis coupled with the high speed and low cost.

Holarrhena antidysenterica belongs to the family Apocynaceae is commonly known as kurchi in Hindi, Tellicherry bark in English is a small deciduous tree which is distributed throughout the world and in India, it is found in dry forests. In Indian traditional medicine, H. antidysenterica is popularly used as a medication for dysentery, diarrhoea and intestinal worms. Plant parts such as bark are used to treat anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, amoebiasis, chronic bronchitis, locally for boils, ulcers; a decoction of the bark is used in bleeding and piles. The phytochemicals present in the plant include coumarins, ergosterol, flavonoids, phenolic acids, resins, saponins, steroidal alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids. Pharmacological studies include anti-amnesic, neuroprotective, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, anti-diabetic, anti-urolithic, antibacterial activity, anti-haemorrhoidal, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-mutagenic, antihypertensive activity, antioxidant/free radical scavenging property, diuretic activity, anti-amoebic, anthelminthic, anti-microbial and anti-MRSA properties of Holarrhena antidysenterica. This review article explored the detailed investigation of the botanical description, phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of Holarrhena antidysenterica to afford an objective for further research.

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (ML) is a rare, non-hereditary, developmental anomaly that occurs because of the progressive proliferation of all mesenchymal elements of single or multiple digits or entire extremity, with a disproportionate increase in fibroadipose tissue. Commonly one or few digits of an extremity will be enlarged and present as macrodactyly or as enlarged limb. Lower limb involvement is more common and frequently unilateral. The diagnosis of ML is made by accurate clinical assessment and imaging modalities, such as plain X-ray, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and confirmed by histopathological study. In this case, we described a 10-year-old child who was brought to us with enlarged upper and lower extremities and was diagnosed as a case of ML with the help of clinico-radiological studies and presented here because of focal gigantism involving all four limbs, which is very rare.

In order to provide high security and safety in the field of information hiding, this study proposes a novel technology using Steganography. An exotic steganographic algorithm, is used in this study, which Hides the secret text data in a 2D plane (Here, in our case let the 2D plane be the QR code), after encryption and the position of the secret data will be changed using rotation transformation. The proposed algorithm has been tested under various imperceptibility characters such as PSNR, MSE, Human Vision Quality Metrics and Histograms are compared to both cover image and the stego image. This novel algorithm shows Lower MSE, higher PSNR values and it is evident that the proposed algorithm is robust to JPEG attacks.

The aim of this study list the contributions of various machine learning algorithms for the prediction of Erythemato Squamous Diseases (ESDs) and it is very useful for the budding researchers to do research in this field. In the advent of ozone depletion the ultra violet radiation is the major cause of many skin diseases, which are leading to skin cancer. Early detection of skin cancer is more important to avoid human loses and especially the white skinned people are more affected. The Asian and African race people are less affected as they have melanin in their skin. The American's are directly and more widely affected by the ozone depletion, due to this ESD, which is predominant among the skin diseases. Due to technology advancements a large amount of data are deposited. In these data the information is hidden as raw data and with latest methodologies and technologies like Data Mining, neural networks, fuzzy systems, Genetic and Evolutionary computing a pattern can be evolved to study them. Guvenir et al. (1998) studied about ESDs and contributed 366 patients data with 34 features consisting of clinical and histopathological data in the dermatology dataset (The data taken from School of Medicine in Gazi University and the department of Computer Science in Bilkent University, Turkey; and it is available in the URL (http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Dermatology) in the year 1998. This survey study gives a brief description about the contribution of what in the field of ESDs in Chronological order from the year 1998 till 2013. In this study we intend to contribute various machine learning algorithms dealing with ESDs.

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had a significant impact on the Tamil Nadu coast in India. In this paper, a range of field survey data collected by different survey teams available in literature have been analyzed and compiled to serve as a basis for validation of numerical tsunami simulations. The individual field surveys reveal a significant scatter in the run-up data between the different teams, which point out that the uncertainty in these data must be taken into account when using them for validation. The inundation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami is simulated for the coastlines of Chennai and Nagapattinam based on high-resolution topography. Different spatially uniform Manning friction as well as heterogeneous friction maps is used. Overall, the simulation results showed a good agreement with the field observations, but there are also some observed spatial variability in the goodness of the fit between the data and simulations. In some areas, clear discrepancies are found. The results obtained using detailed land use maps including spatially variable friction are not significantly more accurate than those employing spatially constant values. For most areas, parameters indicating relatively low friction provided best match with the observations. This may also suggest that the inundation is often strongly governed by local variations in topography.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an under-recognised and rare disease, associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and is relapsing, yet exquisitely corticosteroid-sensitive. It includes various neurological symptoms such as stroke-like episodes or diffuse neuropsychiatric manifestations. Here we present a case of middle-aged female with history of long term generalised epilepsy that presented with fever, status epilepticus and altered behaviour and responded well to steroids. A negative microbiological screen of the CSF and serum along with raised CSF protein, elevated serum antithyroid antibodies, characteristic EEG and neuroimaging findings yielded the diagnosis. Copyright © 2014, Indian Journal of Medical Specialities. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper presents a novel intellectual-property (IP) identification scheme using the existing System-on-aChip (SOC) watermarking design. An efficient and novel principle is established for IP identification which depends on the current IP design flow. The principle is embedding different Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encoders in to System-on-a-Chip (SOC) based watermarked devices at behavior design level. Here the AES encoders provide additional security to the previously generated watermark sequences. This method is efficient as it survives synthesis, placement, and routing and can identify the IP at various levels. It may be easy to detect the identification of the provider even after the chip has been manufactured. The proposed method increases security for the System-on-a-Chip (SOC) based IP identification and protection scheme.

Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of non conventional methods for printing of biosensors and development of appropriate electronic circuits and embedded systems for detection of glucose. Methods/Statistical analysis: Biosensor Fabrication requries clean room and high investment, In this paper, an attempt is made to design and fabricate biosensor using inkjet printer and the printed sensor is interfaced with signal conditioning and processing unit to detect change in the glucose concentration of the solution to be tested. Findings: Biosensors of various configurations have been modeled using online simulator and have been verified for their characteristics and properties based on software simulations. One of the key challenges in biosensor is fabrication process of biosensors.The serpentine and circular structures sensors are fabricatd and interfaced with signal conditioning circuit and controller. The patterns are printed using silvernitrate solution and the sensor is interfaced with wheatstone bridge and signal conditioning units. The sensing is carried out using reference circuit and the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) circuit. Interface circuit and ADC is configured on Programmable System-on-Chip (PSOC) which are interfaced with Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) for display for readings. Application/Improvements: The circular designed biosensor is reliable than the serpentine structure and has more than 40% improvement in sensitivity in glucose detection.

A new processing concept has been developed to produce nano structured metal matrix composite coatings. Electroless coatings of Ni-P and composite Ni-P-ZnO were developed by co-deposition process on mild steel substrates. Ni-P-ZnO coatings were prepared using conventional route i.e., ZnO particles of ~ 20 μm with average diameter were added to the bath (900C, pH ~9.0) and kept in suspension by stirring. Uniform and grayish bright coatings were observed. The coatings were heat treated at 400°C for 1h in argon atmosphere to attain crystalline nature of coating. The as-synthesized and heat treated Ni-P and composite Ni-P-ZnO coatings were characterized by XRD, FESEM and AFM.

We analyze three-dimensional (3-D) deformations of soft body armor in the form of a clamped rectangular plate impacted at normal incidence by a projectile. Results have been computed by the finite element method, using the commercial software LSDYNA, for the armor with and without a matrix, and in the former case with either perfect or no bonding between the matrix and the yarn. Also, two impact speeds and two polymers, one stiffer than the other, have been considered. Significant contributions of the work include studying 3-D elastoplastic deformations, and delineating the effect of the matrix on the ballistic performance of the armor. It is found that the matrix reduces the maximum deflection of the armor, increases the size of the deformed area, and enhances the reduction in the kinetic energy of the projectile. However, the size of the deformed area is not a good indicator of the energy absorbed during impact. These results are useful for armor designers since the reduction in the maximum deflection should reduce the intensity of injuries to persons wearing the armor. On the other hand the larger deformed area of the armor can increase the possibility of injuries.

We study elasto-plastic deformations of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymeric composites (UFPCs) with fibers assumed to deform elastically and the matrix elasto-plastically. The matrix’s and hence composite’s plastic deformations are analyzed by using both the pressure-independent von Mises yield surface and the pressure-dependent Drucker–Prager yield surface and the associated flow rules. In both cases the strain hardening of the matrix is considered and values of material parameters for the matrix are obtained by computing the effective stress versus the effective plastic strain curves from experimental uniaxial stress–strain curves. Values of parameters in the yield surface for the UFPC in terms of those of the matrix and the volume fraction of fibers are found by using a micromechanics approach. Wherever possible, the computed results are compared with the corresponding experimental findings available in the literature. Significant contributions of the work include providing a methodology for determining values of elasto-plastic material parameters for a UFPC from those of its constituents and their volume fractions, and giving expressions in terms of volume fractions of fibers for material parameters appearing in the yield surface of the composite.

Ad hoc networks are characterized by multihop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols plays an important role. We compare the performance of two prominent on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On-demand distance Vector Routing (AODV). A detailed simulation model with MAC and physical layer models is used to study the interlayer interactions and their performance implications. We demonstrate that even though DSR and AODV share similar on-demand behavior, the differences in the protocol mechanisms can lead to significant performance differentials. In this paper we examine two on demand routing protocols AODV and DSR based on packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, normalized MAC load, average end to end delay by varying the number of sources, speed and pause time.

Mobile ad hoc networks(MANET) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self organize into arbitrary and temporary ad-hoc network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internet work in areas with no preexisting communication infrastructure e.g., disaster recovery environments. An ad-hoc network is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad-hoc paradigm. Recently the introduction of new technologies such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent revolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. To facilitate communication within the network a routing protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. The goal of the routing protocol is to have an efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes, so that messages can be delivered in a timely manner. Bandwidth and power constraints are the important factors to be considered in current wireless network because multi-hop ad-hoc wireless relies on each node in the network to act as a router and packet forwarder. This dependency places bandwidth, power computation demands on mobile host to be taken into account while choosing the protocol. Routing protocols used in wired network cannot be used for mobile ad-hoc networks because of node mobility. The ad-hoc routing protocols are divided into two classes: table driven and demand based. This paper reviews and discusses routing protocol belonging to each category.

It is possible that tuberculosis is transmitted from patients to healthcare workers (HCWs). However, there are few data on this from developing countries. The object of this study was to document the incidence of tuberculosis among HCWs in the Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, India during a 10-year period (January 1992-December 2001). Data were collected from records maintained in the staff and students health services of CMC. A total of 125 cases were diagnosed during the period of study. The overall incidence of sputum positive cases was similar to that observed in the general population, during most years. However, it appears that focal outbreaks occur with transmission between HCWs. The chance of developing extra-pulmonary tuberculosis was higher in HCWs compared with the general population.

It has long been recognized that stethoscopes and other inanimate objects carry virulent micro-organisms that can cause nosocomial infections in susceptible patients. Among the frequently used items in hospitals are pagers and stethoscopes. The manner in which these items are used has the potential to cause colonization of bacteria and transfer of these bacteria to another person. This prospective study was performed in order to assess the colonization rates among randomly selected pagers and stethoscopes. We found that 15 (25%) pagers and 11 (27.5%) stethoscopes were contaminated. Enterococci (10%) were the most common isolates found followed by Staphylococci (8%) and Enterobacteriaceae (7%). There was no significant difference in the rates of colonization between shared and personal pagers ( P = 0.16). Stethoscopes were more likely to be contaminated with Enterococci compared to pagers ( P = 0.013, 95% confidence interval 1.3–52.9). Our findings confirm the need for protocols to prevent transmission of infection through inanimate objects.

This paper discusses about the detailed study of Quick Response (QR) codes, their Structures and the current state-of-the-art, in which how the Quick Response Codes are used in the field of Information security. Our Study also examines the various imperceptibility characteristics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Mean Square Error, Average Difference, Maximum Difference, Normalized Absolute Error based on pixel value based data hiding technique and the findings are presented. This approach gives the best image quality measures between the Cover QR and the Stego QR, as the secret data has been embedded to its best matching pixel value of the cover QR code.