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Many British soldiers charged with suppressing the American Revolution embarked on their mission animated by anger. They expressed their fury most frequently through indiscriminate looting. Marauding undermined the discipline of the king’s troops and their commanders’ strategy by making enemies out of American moderates who had not yet rebelled, alienating Loyalists, and renewing Rebel resolve to continue fighting. In either 1778 or 1779, General Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander-in-chief in North America, commissioned two aides-de-camp, Major Patrick Ferguson and Captain John André, to formulate independent plans to enable British armies to operate in the interior without alienating hearts and minds. This article explores how Clinton, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis, and other British commanders attempted to implement the André/Ferguson plan in the American South in 1780 and 1781.

IntroductionThe aim of this thesis was to improve the clinical management of diabetes mellitus in cats. Therenare many aspects of this field of research in which there is scant information in the literature,nleading to problems with management of diabetic cats for veterinary practitioners. Due to thenvariety of issues which are unresolved in the management of feline diabetes, this thesisninvestigated some of the clinically important issues for the management of diabetes in cats, usingna multifaceted approach. This included development of a method for repeated blood sampling ofnnon-diabetic and diabetic cats, studies on aspects of food and feeding in diabetic cats, annevaluation of the clinical use and pharmacological properties of an insulin registered for veterinarynuse in Australia, an investigation of clinical and biochemical indicators of diabetic control in cats,nand studies of changes in certain plasma proteins and lipids shown to be of importance inndiabetes and diabetic treatment in other species.Diabetic cats for the studies reported in this thesis were recruited by referral from veterinarynpractitioners during 1996 through 1998. Details of the cats are given in Table 1. In all the chaptersnof the thesis, the same numbering system is used for the diabetic cats. In addition, detailednresults from the studies are included on a CD-ROM included at the end of the thesis.A search of the literature failed to identify a method of central catheterisation of cats which wasnsafe, efficacious for ongoing blood sampling, and which would assure resumption of patency ofnthe vein after the catheter was removed. Management of diabetes in cats and studies to benperformed on cats in this thesis required reliable venous access which could exceed one week,nand this had to be performed at least twice in the cats studied. To fulfill these requirements, annew design of indwelling jugular catheter was developed, along with a suitable procedure fornplacement and maintenance. Details of the catheters, the placement method, maintenancenprocedures, their problems and complications, in a group of diabetic cats, are reported in thisnchapter (Chapter 3 - Evaluation of central venous catheters in diabetic and non-diabetic cats).Previous reports regarding management of diabetic cats vary in their recommendations fornfeeding regimes. Most information available has been extrapolated directly from the literature onnhuman diabetics, despite the different nutritional requirements and feeding behavior of cats. Also,nan overnight fast is often recommended before measuring baseline blood glucose concentrationsnin cats, with no experimental data reported which confirms that this is necessary. Limited studiesnhave been undertaken in normal (non-diabetic) cats on post-prandial hyperglycaemia, but nonstudies had been reported in diabetic cats. Limited studies on the effect of hypoglycaemia in catsnon appetite are somewhat equivocal in their findings. The studies reported in this chaptern(Chapter 4 - Feeding and blood glucose in diabetic cats) from both normal (non-diabetic) andndiabetic cats, aimed to give meaningful information on the effect of eating on blood glucose inndiabetic cats. The objective was to provide the basis of feeding recommendations of diabetic catsnas part of clinical management.n n n

Fighting Means Killing: Civil War Soldiers and the Nature of Combat

Word of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn on 25 June 1876, reached most Americans right after the republic marked the one hundredth anniversary ...

At the outbreak of the American Civil War, the United States Army numbered only 13,000 to 16,000 regulars. During the next four years, that force mushroomed in size, with an estimated 2,100,000 men...

The application of decentralization for the estimation of the state of a large-scale system is detailed. Decentralized estimation requires the global system be decomposed into a set of local models. The local models can have an order less than the global model if uncoupled and weakly coupled dynamics are neglected. Each local model computes a local state estimate, which can be combined to form the global state estimate. A simple system is studied to determine the types of coupling, and to determine the sensitivity of the state estimator to the coupling terms. A technique is presented, based on model reduction theoty, which provides a procedure for generating the local models from a heavily coupled global model. A detailed example is presented with the design of a decentralized state estimator for the Space Intereferometry Mission (SIM) spacecraj?.

T HIS is a formal apology for failing to cite a reference. Reference [1] was published as a Technical Note in the Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics in 2002 to present a technique to prebalance large-order, ill-conditioned models before the conduct of a standard model reduction. Although the technique was original, improved the numerical algorithm, and useful to the authors, 1) our starting placewas theMATLABRobust Control Toolbox [2], andwe should have referenced it, and 2) we failed to conduct a thorough literature search and, as a result, did not recognize that other authors had addressed the same problem, with a different solution, more than a decade earlier [3,4], which led to the development of this Toolbox. Although this omission was unintentional, it was inappropriate and unprofessional. We reviewed this oversight with the AIAA Publications Ethical Standards Subcommittee, and we are in agreement that this apology is the appropriate resolution to the issue. This oversight has reinforced for us the importance of conducting a thorough literature search. References

During the current preliminary design phase of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder mission, optical performance requirements need to be translated into dynamic requirements such as aperture shear (AS), optical pathlength difference (OPD), and differential aperture tilt (AT). This paper presents a methodology that specifies allowable variances on AS, OPD, and AT in order to achieve the level of null depth required by the TPF mission. These dynamic requirements can then be used in a trade study to compare various nulling interferometer configurations. They also reveal the relationship between important design parameters and the optical performance. Another design tool introduced in this paper is the control effort analysis. It assesses the control effort required for different interferometer architectures based on the derived dynamic requirements. The paper describes both the open-loop stability and closed-loop control effort analyses in detail and illustrates the effectiveness of these tools for various TPF architectures.

NGST represents a challenging problem from the point of view of maintaining a milli-arcsecond level pointing accuracy and diffraction limited wavefront performance in the presence of dynamic onboard disturbances during science observations in a cryogenic environment. A Dynamics-Optics-Controls-Structures framework is being developed in support of the NGST dynamics and controls modeling program. First, an integrated model comprising multiple disturbance sources, structures, optics and control systems was developed in order to predict the expected dynamic wavefront error and line-of-sight jitter. A disturbance analysis was carried out using frequency domain and Lyapunov techniques. An indexing technique was subsequently used to analyze the sensor-actuator topology of the system. A sensitivity analysis revealed which modal parameters contribute significantly to the root-mean-square errors. The critical frequencies were found to be in the range from 5-50 Hz. This information was subsequently used to recommend performance improvements including stiffening the secondary mirror tower, isolating reaction wheels and adding passive damping treatments. The combination of improvements was implemented numerically, resulting in good performance with sufficient design margins. Isoperformance analysis was introduced as a means of trading system parameters, while holding the performance constant. This research is motivated by the fact that it will not be possible to test the fully deployed observatory in a I g environment before launch.

(2009). Nathanael Greene: A Biography of the American Revolution. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 110-111.

Over the past decade, the Space Engineering Research Center (SERC) and Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed and operated numerous dynamics and controls testbeds and flight experiments in university laboratories, government facilities and Shuttle/MIR. These programs have been in support of multi-instrument pointing platforms, acoustic control, and space-based optical interferometry, a diverse combination of experiments in a wide variety of environments and at many levels of technology maturity has given the SERC/SSL insights into the benefits and drawbacks of conducting such programs. This paper elaborates upon the manner in which experimental objectives were developed, lessons learned in the design and operation of these experiments, as well as the experiences of how such experiments have changed the posture of the associated controls technology from the perspective of readiness for insertion into various applications.

We describe a laboratory test article developed to capture the dynamics and control problems anticipated for future space-based telescopes: the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) and the Next Generation Space Telescopes (NGST). We motivate the design of the Origins Testbed (OT) by identifying three operational events common to spacebased telescopes and requiring the OT to simulate them in a laboratory: large-angle slew, optical capture (alignment), and observation. The OT is the first spacecraft-like testbed to include nanometer phasing and a large-angle slew capability in the presence of spacecraftlike disturbances. The OT is discussed in detail, including the testbed’s dynamics and control sensors and actuators, with particular emphasis on the optical system. We present the necessary optics to capture the phasing of SIM and NGST using three interferometer channels. Pointing optics are detailed, with a description of an implemented spiral-based autoalignment algorithm. Initial slew control is discussed, and experimental results are presented. Future experiments performed on the OT will provide critical heritage for control techniques to be implemented on SIM and NGST.