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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The home page of MDSi. Fig. S2. The gene info page of MDSi. Fig. S3. The annotation page of MDSi. Fig. S4. The variation search page of MDSi. Fig. S5. The JBrowse shows the gene mutations and their impact on Si9g49990 genes. Fig. S6. The SNP variation page of MDSi. Fig. S7. The InDel variation page of MDSi. Fig. S8. The network result page of Si1g01230 gene. Fig. S9. The network result of Si1g01230. Fig. S10. The chromosome location of genes related to Si1g01230. Fig. S11. The download page of MDSi.

Background Late blight disease (LBD) caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans (PI), is the most devastating disease limiting potato (Solanum tuberosum) production globally. Currently, this disease pathogen is re-emerging and appearing in new areas at a very high intensity. A better understanding of the natural defense mechanisms against PI in different potato cultivars especially at the protein level is still lacking. Therefore, to elucidate potato proteome response to PI, we investigated changes in the proteome and leaf morphology of three potato cultivars, namely; Favorita (FA), Mira (MA), and E-malingshu N0.14 (E14) infected with PI by using the iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis. Results A total of 3306 proteins were found in the three potato genotypes, and 2044 proteins were quantified. Cluster analysis revealed MA and E14 clustered together separately from FA. The protein profile and related functions revealed that the cultivars shared a typical hypersensitive response to PI, including induction of elicitors, oxidative burst, and suppression of photosynthesis in the potato leaves. Meanwhile, MA and E14 deployed additional specific response mechanism different from FA, involving high induction of protease inhibitors, serine/threonine kinases, terpenoid, hormone signaling, and transport, which contributed to MA tolerance of LBD. Furthermore, inductions of pathogenesis-related proteins, LRR receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase, WRKY transcription factors, jasmonic acid, and phenolic compounds mediate E14 resistance against LBD. These proteins were confirmed at the transcription level by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and at the translation level by western-blot. Conclusions We found several proteins that were differentially abundant among the cultivars, that includes common and cultivar specific proteins which highlighted similarities and significant differences between FA, MA, and E14 in terms of their defense response to PI. Here the specific accumulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Serine/threonine kinases, WRKY transcription played a positive role in E14 immunity against PI. The candidate proteins identified reported in this study will form the basis of future studies and may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of late blight disease resistance in potato.

General Sparse Matrix-Matrix Multiplication (SpGEMM) has attracted much attention from researchers in graph analyzing, scientific computing, and deep learning. Many optimization techniques have been developed for different applications and computing architectures over the past decades. The objective of this paper is to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the researches on SpGEMM. Existing researches have been grouped into different categories based on target architectures and design choices. Covered topics include typical applications, compression formats, general formulations, key problems and techniques, architecture-oriented optimizations, and programming models. The rationales of different algorithms are analyzed and summarized. This survey sufficiently reveals the latest progress of SpGEMM research to 2021. Moreover, a thorough performance comparison of existing implementations is presented. Based on our findings, we highlight future research directions, which encourage better design and implementations in later studies., Comment: 37 pages, 20 figures, 11 tables, 1 algorithm

Additional file 1: Table S1. The fluorescent intensity data of TAc-eGFP and TAc-IeGFP cell cultures. Table S2. The fluorescent intensity data of the resuspended BAc-eGFP and BAc-IeGFP cells. Table S3. The fluorescent intensity data of the supernatant of BAc-eGFP and BAc-IeGFP cell cultures. Table S4. The fluorescent intensity data of five E. coli strains expressing eGFP and its variants. Table S5. The fluorescent intensity data of BI-eGFP and BI-IeGFP cells. Table S6. The fluorescent intensity data of the supernatants of BI-eGFP and BI-IeGFP cell cultures. Table S7. The fluorescent intensity data of TAc-mCherry and TAc-ImCherry cell cultures. Table S8. The fluorescent intensity data of supernatants of BAc-mCherry and BAc-ImCherry cell cultures. Table S9. The fluorescent intensity data of BAc-ImCherry cells. Figure S1. Comparison of fluorescent proteins expressed in different strains. Figure S2. Solubility analysis of three recombinant proteins. Figure S3. SDS-PAGE analysis of Cry1Ia and its truncated variants.

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is a valued and effective technology to decrease asphalt binder’s viscosity in order to save energy and to reduce the release of carbon dioxide (CO2). Sasobit (an organic additive) is a widely used warm mix additive, which has been studied in several aspects by some researchers such as the increase of physical properties as well as the increase of rheological properties of asphalt binder. Deurex (natural sugar cane wax or free of paraffins), which is similar to the Sasobit, can be seen as a new warm mix additive. The study aims to assess the high temperature rheological properties and viscosity reduction of asphalt which is modified with the two additives: Sasobit and Deurex. During the study, Deurex was added into the base asphalt in same proportion as the Sasobit as 0%, 1%, 2% and 3%, so 16 different binders could be obtained. Above all, the study conducted the Rotational viscometer test (RV), which separately and together measured the two additives’ effects for the viscosity of the binders. The conventional tests results reveal that adding Deurex to the Sasobit can improve the cracking properties of binders as compared to the Sasobit at low temperature. And the viscometer test results reveal that both Sasobit and Deurex can reduce the viscosity and the Sasobit can be more effective than Deurex when the content of additive is low. Furthermore, the decrease of asphalt binders’ viscosities is more obvious at lower temperature. Then the study conducted the Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test including the Performance grade, frequency sweep and temperature sweep tests. G∗(complex shear modulus) and δ (phase angle) can be measured in the test, and the results reveal that the Sasobit and Deurex increase the value of G∗ and decrease the value of δ. Therefore, the rutting factor G∗/sinδ is improved. In other words, the high temperature properties of modified asphalt binders are increased, particularly the ability of resistance to deformation. The test also found that the 2%Deurex play a relatively big efficacy with Sasobit. Finally, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was used to analyze the modification mechanism of the modified binders. All in all, the Sasobit and Deurex modified asphalt do have a good performance in high temperature. And 2%Deurex with 2% or 3%Sasobit is recommend.

The competition, coexistence and cooperation of various orders in low-dimensional materials like spin, charge, topological orders and charge-density-wave has been one of the most intriguing issues in condensed matter physics. In particular, layered transition metal dichalcogenides provide an ideal platform for studying such an interplay with a notable case of 1${T}$-TaS$_{2}$ featuring Mott-insulating ground state, charge-density-wave, spin frustration and emerging superconductivity together. We investigated local electronic states of Se-substituted 1${T}$-TaS$_{2}$ by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS), where superconductivity emerges from the unique Mott-CDW state. Spatially resolved STS measurements reveal that an apparent V-shape pseudogap forms at the Fermi Level (E$_{F}$), with the origin of the electronic states splitting and transformation from the Mott states, and the CDW gaps are largely preserved. The formation of the pseudogap has little correlation to the variation of local Se concentration, but appears to be a global characteristics. Furthermore, the correlation length of local density of states (LDOS) diverges at the Fermi energy and decays rapidly at high energies. The spatial correlation shows a power-law decay close to the Fermi energy. Our statistics analysis of the LDOS indicates that our system exhibits weak multifractal behavior of the wave functions. These findings strongly support a correlated metallic state induced by disorder in our system, which provides an new insight into the novel mechanism of emerging superconductivity in the two-dimensional correlated electronic systems.

To examine the effects of the inlet temperature on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), this study proposes a dynamic temperature (DT) model by considering the dynamic variation in temperature that influences the water content of the cell and its performance. A three-dimensional model featuring the geometry and nonconformal mesh of the PEMFC is first formulated. An experiment was then conducted featuring a 34-cm2 single-cell and test system. Following this, a simulation and another experiment were carried out at a working temperature of 333 K with 100% relative humidity (RH) at inlet temperatures of 316 K, 323 K, and 328 K (at 50%, 60%, and 80% RH, respectively). The contours, which included hydrogen in the channels and water in the membrane, were then described. The results show that the proposed DT model can more accurately predict the performance of the PEMFC than the FLUENT model. In particular, when the inlet temperature was 328 K (80% RH), the maximum relative difference between the DT model and FLUENT was 13.8% compared to the results of the experiment. The hydrogen content in the channels decreased and the water content in the membrane increased as the reaction continued. The proposed model provides a new means for studying the effects of dynamic temperature on the PEMFC.To examine the effects of the inlet temperature on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), this study proposes a dynamic temperature (DT) model by considering the dynamic variation in temperature that influences the water content of the cell and its performance. A three-dimensional model featuring the geometry and nonconformal mesh of the PEMFC is first formulated. An experiment was then conducted featuring a 34-cm2 single-cell and test system. Following this, a simulation and another experiment were carried out at a working temperature of 333 K with 100% relative humidity (RH) at inlet temperatures of 316 K, 323 K, and 328 K (at 50%, 60%, and 80% RH, respectively). The contours, which included hydrogen in the channels and water in the membrane, were then described. The results show that the proposed DT model can more accurately predict the performance of the PEMFC than the FLUENT model. In particular, when the inlet temperature was 328 K (80% RH), the maximum relative difference between the DT mode...

A three-dimensional and isothermal anode relative humidity (ARH) model is presented and used to study the anode inlet humidity effects on the fastest power attenuation single cell in a vehicle fuel cell stack. The ARH model is based on the phenomenon that the anode is more sensitive than the cathode to water flooding. The pressure drop is considered in the ARH model, and saturation pressure is established by a pressure drop. Based on the pressure drop and relative humidity, simulations and tests are completed. First, the geometric model and computational grids are established, based on real structure of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Second, single cell distribution in the stack, test schematic and experimental conditions are demonstrated. Finally, polarization curves with 10 cells are displayed and discussed under these conditions that working temperature 70 &deg, C, and diverse relative humidity (40%, 55%, 70%, 85%, and 100%). The test results of 34 cm2 fuel cell stack are compared against simulation results. The results show that C10 (the single cell with the farthest distance from the gas inlet) power attenuation is the fastest and that its performance is the poorest under the experimental conditions. The polarization curves predicted by the ARH model indicate fairly good coherence with the experimental results, compared against the Fluent original model. The ARH model calculation deviation is 28% less than the Fluent model at 360 mA&middot, cm&minus, 2 for a relative humidity of 85%. The current density distribution is almost uniform, and membrane water content is negatively affected by high humidity.

This study presents an interval bus departure frequency programming model for traffic system pollution control through odd-even restrictions on private vehicles policy under uncertainties. The restriction policy results in enormous cost of the public transportation system especially in peak hours. The developed model can effectively quantify the relationship among system cost, execution time of the restriction policy and traffic environment by considering the uncertainties of traffic system. The uncertainties presented as interval numbers in the public transportation system can be quantified with the interval programming. The developed model is applied to Wuhan city, China. The results indicate that the efficiency of the program is significantly influenced by automobile ownership, the execution time of the policy and the level of emission. Besides, the program can easily be extended to all bus routes for vehicle emissions management.

In this paper, sediment samples were collected along the Wanquan beaches and sieved in the laboratory in order to obtain the grain size distributions and associated parameters, i.e. mean grain size, sorting coefficient and skewness. Furthermore, we have calculated the longshore drift sediment transport rates and equilibrium cross-sectional areas of the entrance channel by using the method of sedimentary dynamics. The results indicate that the longshore drift sediment transport is dominated by waves with a direction from south to north, which result in rapid changes of the entrance channel. Therefore, some suggestions were proposed for improving the water quality and restoring the ecosystem of estuary. The engineering method includes increasing the sea-route of entrance channel, tidal prism and water exchanges in Shamei Lagoon.

In this paper degradation mechanism is discussed to deal with the problem of adaptive population size in evolutionary algorithm. A new evolutionary algorithm based on the degradation mechanism of population size is proposed according to a simplified strategy. The experimental results show that the new algorithm has better performance than an evolutionary algorithm with constant size of population.

This paper analyzes the performance of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete, and shallow talk the application of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete in bridge deck maintenance.

DE Ring camptothecin intermediate II was prepared enantioselectively from 2-chloro-6-hydroxypyridine in six steps and used in a nine-step synthesis of (S)-camptothecin.

DE Ring camptothecin intermediate II was prepared enantioselectively from 2-chloro-6-hydroxypyridine in six steps and used in a nine-step synthesis of (S)-camptothecin.

A six-step synthesis of (±)-camptothecin has been achieved starting from 2-methoxypyridine and 2-bromoquinoline

An N- vs. O-alkylation study of 2-pyridone with various alcohols and solvents under Mitsunobu conditions was carried out.