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Coronavirus (COVID-19) firstly appeared in China in 2019 as a deadly disease which gradually encompassed the whole world. For its prevention, a nationwide quarantine and lockdown was suggested and applied in many countries which had great impact not only on the general public and educational system but all the systems of the world psychologically. It could be observed that the ratio of psychological impact i.e. stress, anxiety and depression varies among people related to different factors. The students and the workers of university especially of the medical staff influenced by this pandemic much more. Nationwide lockdown affected the study and created emotional disturbance of uncertainty as no one knows how and when all the things and classes will go on previous routine. I will hereby evaluate the ratio and frequency of psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the medical students, workers and university staff. For this purpose, a questionnaire based survey will be conducted from 150 participants including the nursing staff, students and medical students as well as university faculty members and workers. The results will be compiled by the method and will be analysed by using standard tools. The aim of this study will be to find the factors so that it will be easy to manage the mental health affecting factors in early stages and prevent the population of university from psychological issues. Covid19 is a very threatening and alarming condition all over the world. It has affected worldwide social, economic and mental health of the people, because of coronavirus people are afraid of going outside, afraid to moot anyone, afraid to continue their job as they perform their work before. At the same time corona affected most of the students' lives because during the corona pandemic students cannot attend their physical classes on campus. That is why the online system introduced is totally unfavourable and most of the students are mentally disturbed due to this pandemic. Nursing students and staff are highly affected due to this pandemic because they have to perform their clinical duties in hospital. The objective is to evaluate the psychological effects of COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of university. This study is a cross- sectional to investigate the mental stress of students and nursing staff during the lockdown of corona pandemic data was analysed on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The results showed that many of the respondents had no effect of covid19 pandemic but on the other hand many of the people are badly affected by this pandemic on their mental and social health. This research concludes that most of the people that are affected by this coronavirus are highly disparate while some of the people are not affected.

Adverse drug reactions affect individuals of all ages and cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Pharmacovigilance is a vital component of healthcare that aims to improve patient safety. Nurses have a critical role to play in ensuring patient safety throughout medication administration. Assess the knowledge of nursing student’s towards Pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction. Assess the attitude of nursing student’s towards Pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction.A descriptive cross sectional study was used in this study. Convenient sampling was used for data collection. Sample size was 110 from the University of Lahore. Conduct and utilization of research in nursing questionnaires was used for nurse’s knowledge regarding Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug reaction. Data analysis was done by entering the data on SPSS software. Data analysis was done by entering the data on SPSS (statistical package for social science studies) software version 21. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of participants 11.8% (n=13) have good knowledge regarding pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction, 48.2% (n=53) have moderate knowledge and 40.0% (n=44) have poor knowledge. 23.6% (n=26) students have a positive attitude, 50.0% (n=55) students have a moderate attitude and 26.4% (n=29) students have a negative attitude towards Pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction. The result of the present study shows that nursing students who participated in this study had insufficient knowledge towards adverse drug reaction and pharmacovigilance and moderate practice level. Due to lack of knowledge there is a barrier in reporting adverse drug reactions. As a result, nursing students' understanding of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions must be expanded.

Job satisfaction of nurses with performance appraisal is very important for enhancing their motivation and work output. The health care setups have vast participation of the employees and appreciate them according to their work through performance appraisal. The purpose of this study was the effects of job satisfaction on nurses and their work output. The study was descriptive cross sectional. A total of 114 participants were taken for this study. The questionnaire was distributed to 114 participants and 100 participants returned back. The data was collected from “The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore”. The data is analyzed by using the SPSS version 16. Results of this study showed that nurses' ages were 21-25 years (31%), 26-30 years ( 52%), 31-35 years (11%) and above 36 years were 6%. Nursing is a female dominant profession, so all the participants were female nurses. The nurses experience 4-8 years (64%). Their chances of promotion were very less because of less structured policies. Only 44% satisfied from the present policies. Just 9% of participants got satisfied from the developed professional skills. 16% of participants agreed with the work distribution. There were increased workload and limited resources. The study showed that nursing is a female dominant profession. The employees were not appreciated unless the organization had limited resources. The participants were not satisfied with the policies. Increased workload decreases their quality of work. The following factors affect nurses' job satisfaction, if they work on them, job satisfaction will be improved with the limited resources. This study also covers the behavior effects regarding job satisfaction.

Blood transfusion centers are vital part of the health system and donors make a unique involvement in saving lives and enhancingaffected persons health. The study is to ensure a safe and adequate blood supply. Blood transfusion services must be established to maintain a safe pool of free and voluntary blood donors. A cross-sectional design was used in this study. The research was conducted at a private university in Lahore. The target population of this research was students. 385 students from different departments participated in this study. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. The results showed that only 24.4% of students have inadequate knowledge about blood donation. The attitude of the participant was not too good towards blood donation. 64.6% of participants show a positive attitude. The majority of university students have inadequate knowledge about blood donation. Their attitude was positive toward blood donation. Most students show their willingness for blood donation. Their Practices were average but if we compare it with past study, then it shows a valuable change.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that influences humanity for more than 4,000 years. It is a prolonged disease affected by the bacillusMycobacterium tuberculosisand extends from person to person through air. Pitiable knowledge between health care workers as well as insufficient HICPAC might be basic to improve the hazard of hospital acquired Tuberculosis spread. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to assess the Knowledge attitude and practice of Health care workers. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The overall 150 health care workers were evaluated for awareness, assertiveness as well as observation on Tuberculosis contamination. Knowledge on Tuberculosis contamination mechanism between practically 77.3 %( 1.23±.420) of Healthcare workers recorded “worthy” amounts of awareness while 22.7%of them had “deprived” awareness. The awareness was considerably related by instructive grade, also Tuberculosis teaching and coordination acknowledged. Most of the health care workers 61.3 %( 1.39±.489) may be confident in Tuberculosis contamination controllers. 38.7% of Healthcare workers were diseased with Tuberculosis. Usage of breathing apparatus between the Healthcare workers were restricted as well as triage of Tuberculosis respondents were absent. Total practice and awareness of health care workers towards tuberculosis contamination controllers wasn’t suitable by the awareness actually not as good as between non-therapeutic also junior workers. Consistent orientation and ability constructed teaching towards contamination controllers for entirely units of health care workers might increase contamination control performs in the well-being services In addition, TB contamination control guideline and policy is mentioned to confirm real infection control measures in wellbeing services.

Additional file 1: Appendix I. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) version 2.1a.

Additional file 1.

Oxygen therapy is one of the main interventions that is used to manage the respiratory abnormalities. Oxygen therapy is a basic requirement prescribed largely for hypoxic patients. It depending on the basic medical condition of a patient, and whether the condition is acute or chronic, the best amount and method of oxygen delivery system. The uses of oxygen to those patients who have adverse events related to respiration, such as unexpected death, cardiac arrest, or accidental intensive care unit admissions. In this study it is important to check the knowledge and practices of nurses about the administration of oxygen on critical patients in ICU and medical and surgical ward and enhance their practices. A descriptive study design will be used in this research study.The study will be conducted in the different ICUs, CCU, Emergencies and medical and surgical wards, in Sheikh Zayed hospital Lahore. The population for this study is the nurses including graduated nurses, diploma holder nurses, nurses who have more than 1 year of experience. 133 is a sample size for this study. Random sampling technique used for this study. The likert scale questionnaire is used for knowledge assessment and observation tool is used to assess the practices of the nurses on a safe oxygen administration therapy. The mean score of knowledge is ±1.01, the practices before administration of oxygen mean score is ± 1.08, during oxygen administration mean score is ± 0.93, and after oxygen administration means score is ± 1.045. This study concluded that, a majority of the studied sample had satisfactory level of knowledge and had adequate level of practices.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the students’ perceptions about educational environment. Education is a process of learning or of acquiring knowledge, skills, principles, beliefs and habits. The educational environment is necessary for students to achieve desired learning outcomes most likely. Evaluation of learning environment in a professional school promotes quality improvement and creativity. Educational environment is a platform in which the learner learns within the organization and gain knowledge. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional design used in this study. Total population size of BSN and Post-RN BS Nursing students was 200 and 110 population was under study. An adopted Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measurements (DREEM) questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analysis by SPSS version 21. Statistical computer software for data analysis. The descriptive study statistics was obtained through SPSS software. The results indicating overall mean score for DREEM is 126.97 out of 200 with standard deviation of 43.703 and overall 62.3 % which means students think more positive and feel good overall about their learning environment. The male students score 130.72 was higher than female 126.05 (p˂0.05). The educational environment is necessary for students to achieve desired learning outcomes most likely. The total mean score was 126.97/200 for the nursing students which indicating that students have more positive perceptions about their learning environment.

Stress is defined as the body’s biochemical reaction to a stressful stimulus, a threatening event, or a new situation. Selye defines stress as body’s non-cause- unique response to any types of stimuli. Consequently, the forms of biological response to adaptation demands are always the same, regardless of the cause. Stress from lack of professional knowledge and skills 1.8533 ±1.016 Stress from assignments and workload was 2.88±0.87, Stress from taking care of patients was 2.511±1.0058, Stress from clinical environment was 3.023±0.949, Stress from teachers and nursing staff was 2.8133±1.2105, and stress related to instructors and nursing staff was 3.1825±1.02025, Problem-solving approach (3.931±0.9185), staying optimistic (3.49±0.9522), transference (3.80333±o.929), and avoidance behavior (3.31666±1.0486). The findings demonstrated that nursing students at Lahore school of nursing the University of Lahore have mild stress levels. In order to overcome stressors, students frequently employed a problem-solving approach, followed by staying optimistic and using transference and avoidance

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study on the prevalence of hearing loss in 2019, as well as the condition's associated disability. Methods: We did systematic reviews of population-representative surveys on hearing loss prevalence from 1990 to 2019. We fitted nested meta-regression models for severity-specific prevalence, accounting for hearing aid coverage, cause, and the presence of tinnitus. We also forecasted the prevalence of hearing loss until 2050. Findings: An estimated 1·57 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·51–1·64) people globally had hearing loss in 2019, accounting for one in five people (20·3% [19·5–21·1]). Of these, 403·3 million (357·3–449·5) people had hearing loss that was moderate or higher in severity after adjusting for hearing aid use, and 430·4 million (381·7–479·6) without adjustment. The largest number of people with moderate-to-complete hearing loss resided in the Western Pacific region (127·1 million people [112·3–142·6]). Of all people with a hearing impairment, 62·1% (60·2–63·9) were older than 50 years. The Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index explained 65·8% of the variation in national age-standardised rates of years lived with disability, because countries with a low HAQ Index had higher rates of years lived with disability. By 2050, a projected 2·45 billion (2·35–2·56) people will have hearing loss, a 56·1% (47·3–65·2) increase from 2019, despite stable age-standardised prevalence. Interpretation: As populations age, the number of people with hearing loss will increase. Interventions such as childhood screening, hearing aids, effective management of otitis media and meningitis, and cochlear implants have the potential to ameliorate this burden. Because the burden of moderate-to-complete hearing loss is concentrated in countries with low health-care quality and access, stronger health-care provision mechanisms are needed to reduce the burden of unaddressed hearing loss in these settings. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.