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Additional file 1. Proposed photocatalytic degradation mechanism for the azo dye, reactive black 5 with TiO2 and ZnO-based catalysts.

Objective: To report the prevalence of pNK≥12% and its relationship with RPL in a population of Mexican women. Methods: Retrospective, cross sectional and observational study which included 98 women with history of RPL, who were subjected to a blood test sample to measure pNK cell and prevent complications in further pregnancies. Two groups were formed: 1) CONTROL and 2) RPL: Women with history of 2 or more miscarriages. Results: Women in the RPL group were older and had higher BMI compared to the Control group. Prevalence of patient whit pNK≥12% increase in the RPL vs Control. RPL group showed a significant increase of pNK≥1% compared to the Control (11.3±0.5 vs 9.5±0.6%, p=0.002). Finally, the median level of pNK≥12% in the PRL group was higher than Control (15.1±0.5 vs 13.5±0.8%). Conclusion: RPL may be the result of increased pNK concentrations and as observed in this study, slightly more than 50% of the Mexican population could be susceptible to abortions.

Background: Labor is a physiological process during which the fetus, the membranes, the umbilical cord and the placenta are expelled from the uterus and water delivery has become popular, although its prevalence is unknown, it is supported by healthy women with full-term pregnancies, without complications; although there is insufficient evidence to support or discourage it. Objective: To identify obstetric and neonatal outcomes and complications in women who delivered in water and to compare them with traditional deliveries. Material and methods: It is a retrospective, observational and cross-sectional study, where 2486 women were included from a database of 4223 women assisted from 2004 to 2020 in private hospitals; Of the 2486 patients included, 1025 had a water delivery and 1461 had a conventional delivery, discarding 1737 women who underwent caesarean section from the study. The information obtained from the patients, their data obtained for this study were kept in the anonymity of the patients, where they were analyzed: non-parametric data reported in percentages using Chi square; Parametric, perinatal and neonatal data are reported as mean plus standard deviation (±SD) and analyzed using Student's T, using the SPSS version 25 statistical package. Results: A total of 2486 women were included in this study, the birth in 1025 was water delivery (24%) and 1461 was conventional delivery (35%), 1737 caesarean section (41%) were excluded from the study, no difference was observed maternal age; unlike weight, height, body mass index; they were higher in women with water birth compared to conventional. No difference was demonstrated between nulliparous (45.99%) and multiparous (53.86%) when comparing both birth in water and conventional; only increase in previous caesarean sections (9.36 vs 6.5%, p=0.008) and decrease in previous abortions (16.19 vs 20.94%, p=0.002) in water delivery with the conventional one; complications were not different: administration of oxytocin (3.2 vs 3.1) or postpartum hemorrhage (0.29 vs 0.13) in both deliveries; no differences in first degree perineal tears (21.4 vs 18.5%). Conclusion: Water birth reduces stress, pain sensation, second and third degree perineal lacerations and contributes to better newborn outcomes; the selection and inclusion of patients with low-risk pregnancies allows better perinatal results than conventional delivery; but, further studies are required to use it routinely.

La microbiología del agua de los lagos cratéricos volcánicos es un aspecto que se está investigando ampliamente, motivado a que su conocimiento puede ayudar a comprender el origen de la vida en la tierra, así como descubrir nuevas sustancias químicas de origen microbiano con distintas aplicaciones farmacéuticas e industriales. En Ecuador existen cinco lagos cratéricos volcánicos, pero son muy pocos los estudios microbiológicos. Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo fue realizar un estudio preliminar sobre la microbiología del agua del lago cratérico Cuicocha, situado a 3072 m.s.n.m. en la Provincia de Imbabura-Ecuador. Se recolectaron muestras de agua provenientes de ocho sitios de muestreos según lo indicado por la norma ecuatoriana NTE-INEN-2169-2013. Se cuantificaron los grupos bacterianos mediante la técnica de filtración de membrana de acuerdo con lo indicado por Andueza (2007) utilizando el agar R2A para las bacterias heterótrofas, el agar azul eosina de metileno para coliformes totales, agar cetrimida para Pseudomonas, agar manitol salado para Staphylococcus y el agar sabouraud con cloranfenicol para los hongos. En el análisis microbiológico se logró contabilizar un valor promedio de bacterias heterótrofas de 1,65 x 102 UFC/mL, Pseudomonas de 1,25 x 10 UFC/mL, Staphylococcus de 0,6 x 10 UFC/mL y hongos de 0,4 x 10 UFC/mL. En ninguna de las muestras se detectaron coliformes. Los valores del recuento microbiológico indican que se trata de un agua no estéril con una población microbiana viable cultivable escasa, la cual debe ser identificada, caracterizada, estudiada y preservada. The microbiology of the water of volcanic crater lakes is an aspect that is being widely investigated, so that its knowledge and understanding can help to know the origin of life on earth, as well as find new chemical substances of microbial origin with different pharmaceutical and industrial applications. In Ecuador there are five volcanic crater lakes, but there are very few microbiological studies. Therefore, the objective of the work was to carry out a preliminary study on the microbiology of the water of the Cuicocha crater lake, located at 3,072 meters above sea level. in the Province of Imbabura-Ecuador. Water samples were collected from eight sampling sites as indicated by the Ecuadorian standard NTE-INEN-2169-2013. Bacterial groups were quantified by means of the membrane filtration technique as indicated by Andueza (2007) using R2A agar for heterotrophic bacteria, methylene blue eosin agar for total coliforms, cetrimide agar for Pseudomonas, salty mannitol agar for Staphylococcus and sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol for fungi. In the microbiological analysis, an average value of heterotrophic bacteria of 1.65 x 102 CFU/mL, Pseudomonas of 1.25 x 10 CFU/mL, Staphylococcus of 0.6 x 10 CFU/ mL and fungi of 0.4 x 10 CFU/mL was recorded. Coliforms were not detected in any of the samples. The microbiological count values indicate that we are in the presence of a non-sterile water with a few viable culturable microbial populations, which must be identified, characterized, studied, and preserved. 25-33 anduezalealfelix@gmail.com Semestral https://saber.ula.ve/farmacia/

Background: Colonoscopy attendance is a key quality parameter in colorectal cancer population screening programmes. Within these programmes, educative interventions with bidirectional contact carried out by trained personnel have been proved to be an important tool for colonoscopy attendance improvement, and because of its huge clinical and economic impact, they have been widely implemented. However, outside of this population programmes, educative measures to improve colonoscopy attendance have been poorly studied and no navigation interventions are usually performed. Aim: To investigate the clinical and economic impacts of an educational telephone intervention on colonoscopy attendance outside colorectal cancer screening programmes. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included consecutive patients referred to colonoscopy from primary care centres from November 2017 to May 2018. The intervention group (IG) received a telephone intervention, while the control group (CG) did not. Patients assigned to the IG received an educational telephone call 7 d before the colonoscopy appointment. The intervention was carried out by two nurses with deep endoscopic knowledge who were previously trained for a telephone educational intervention for colonoscopy. The impact on patient compliance with preparedness protocols related to bowel cleansing, anti-thrombotic management, and sedation scheduling was also evaluated. A second call was conducted to assess patient satisfaction. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were performed. Results: A total of 738 and 746 patients were finally included in the IG and CG respectively. Six hundred thirteen (83%) patients were contacted in the IG. The non-attendance rate was lower in the IG, both in the ITT analysis (IG 8.4% vs CG 14.3%, P < 0.001) and in the PP analysis (4.4% vs 14.3%, P < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, belonging to the control group increased the risk of non-attendance in both, the ITT analysis (OR 1.81, 95%CI: 1.27 to 2.58, P = 0.001) and the PP analysis (OR 3.56, 95%CI: 2.25 to 5.64, P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in compliance with preparedness protocols [bowel cleansing: IG 61.7% vs CG 52.6% (P = 0.001), antithrombotic management: IG 92.5% vs CG 62.8% (P = 0.001), and sedation scheduling: IG 78.8% vs CG 0% (P ≤ 0.001)]. We observed a net benefit of €55600/year after the intervention. The information given before the procedure was rated as excellent by 26% (CG) and 51% (IG) of patients, P ≤ 0.001. Conclusion: Educational telephone nurse intervention improves attendance, protocol compliance and patient satisfaction in the non-screening colonoscopy setting and has a large economic impact, which supports its imple-mentation and maintenance over time.

In this work, we revisit the 2D parametric-solver algorithm [1] to estimate the Obukhov length, and hence, determine atmospheric stability from floating Doppler wind lidar (FDWL) wind profiles. The algorithm fits the wind-profile model derived from Monin-Obukhov similarity theory to the FDWL-measured wind profile by means of a constrained non-linear least squares optimisation. Observational data were gathered at the IJmuiden test site in the North Sea (52.848 N, 3.436 E) between March and June of 2015. The reference Obukhov length was obtained via bulk Richardson number, which was estimated from IJmuiden-mast observations. Comparisons with the reference stability are performed by using a simplified atmospheric stability classification consisting of only three types, namely stable, neutral and unstable. Fairly similar results were obtained from the 2D-estimated and the mast-derived reference stability classifications for the stability behaviour during the time of day as well as for horizontal-wind-speed dependence on the stability type.This research is part of the projects PGC2018-094132-B-I00 and MDM-2016-0600 (“CommSensLab” Excellence Unit) funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigación (MCIN)/ Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)/ 10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”. The work of M.P Araujo da Silva was supported under Grant PRE2018-086054 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and FSE “El FSE invierte en tu futuro. The work of A. Salcedo-Bosch was supported under grant 2020 FISDU 00455 funded by Generalitat de Catalunya—AGAUR. The European Commission collaborated under projects H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115) and H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004).[1] M. P. Araujo da Silva, F. Rocadenbosch, J. Farré-Guarné, A. Salcedo-Bosch, D. González-Marco, and A. Peña, “Assessing obukhov length and friction velocity from floating lidar observations: A data screening and sensitivity computation approach,” Remote Sensing, 2022, submitted.

Background The right colon is difficult to cleanse compared with other colon segments. This post hoc analysis of two randomised clinical trials (MORA and NOCT) examined whether 1L polyethylene glycol (PEG) NER1006 and two mid-volume alternatives could improve adequate and high-quality cleansing in the right colon among patients with complete cleansing assessments. Methods Patients received NER1006 (N2D), 2L PEG plus ascorbate (2LPEG) or oral sulphate solution (OSS) as a 2-day evening/morning split-dosing regimen or NER1006 as a same-day morning-only dosing regimen (N1D). Patients had full segmental scoring assigned by treatment-blinded central readers using the Harefield Cleansing Scale. The right colon adequate (score ≥ 2) and high-quality (score ≥ 3) cleansing success of NER1006 (N2D and N1D) versus 2LPEG and OSS was analysed individually and as pooled groups (N2D vs. 2LPEG/OSS). We assessed the comparative right colon cleansing rates of the N2D versus 2LPEG/OSS in overweight males. We also performed a multivariable regression analysis to examine factors affecting cleansing in the right colon. Results A total of 1307 patients were included. Pooled N2D showed significantly improved rates of adequate-level cleansing in the right colon compared with 2LPEG (97.5% [504/517] vs. 94.6% [246/260]; p = 0.020) and OSS (97.5% [504/517] vs. 93.8% [244/260]; p = 0.006). In MORA, the rate of adequate right colon cleansing did not significantly differ between N1D and 2LPEG (95.2% [257/270] vs. 94.6% [246/260]; p = 0.383). The rate of right colon high-quality cleansing was significantly improved with N2D or N1D vs. 2LPEG (p p = 0.11). In overweight males, NER1006 delivered numerically higher adequate (p = 0.398) and superior high-quality (p = 0.024) cleansing rates versus 2LPEG/OSS. Multivariable regression analysis showed NER1006 was associated with adequate and high-quality cleansing (p = 0.031 and p p = 0.034 and p = 0.006). Conclusions NER1006 delivered improved rates of adequate and high-quality right colon cleansing compared with 2LPEG and OSS. The increased rate of high-quality cleansing with NER1006 versus its comparators was also seen in overweight males.

La radiación electromagnética consiste en la exposición de la población a campos electromagnéticos de origen artificial, y que puede ser considerado como un factor que puede afectar a la salud de las personas. Las fuentes de radiación electromagnética como dispositivos de comunicación, satélites, radares, terminales inalámbricos, etc. ocupan la región de microondas en el espectro electromagnético y son consideradas no-ionizantes, es decir, que estas ondas no poseen energía suficiente para romper enlaces moleculares. La ICNIRP es una organización que se dedica a evaluar los peligros que pueden estar asociados con la radiación electromagnética no ionizante, y desarrollar pautas internacionales sobre los límites de exposición a campos electromagnéticos, aunque hasta ahora el único efecto considerado es la respuesta térmica como único parámetro de evaluación. Sin embargo, existe evidencia científica que existen respuestas biológicas debido a la exposición de campos electromagnéticos con intensidades por debajo de los efectos térmicos, produciendo efectos adversos de salud catalogados como efectos no-térmicos. Esto ha generado preocupación en la población y la necesidad de estar informados sobre radiación a la cual las persona se encuentran expuestas. Por este motivo se ha desarrollado un dispositivo compacto con características de analizador de espectros, que permite medir la potencia máxima recibida en múltiples bandas de frecuencia estrechas de 300 kHz, registrando todo el espectro desde 78 MHz a 6 GHz; el dispositivo es capaz de medir todo el espectro de comunicaciones y detectar múltiples fuentes de campos electromagnéticos, inclusive si estas se encuentran ocupando la misma banda de comunicaciones y permite evaluar el efecto de cross-talk que en los exposímetros convencionales genera una estimación errónea de los campos electromagnéticos. El dispositivo se calibró en una cámara anecoica para campos lejanos y ha pasado la fase de validación frente a un equipo analizador de espectro portátil, obteniendo una fuerte correlación entre las medidas de los dos dispositivos con una confianza superior al 95%; lo que indica que el dispositivo podría considerarse una herramienta importante para los estudios de campos electromagnéticos. ----------ABSTRACT---------- Electromagnetic radiation consists in the exposure of the population to electromagnetic fields of artificial origin, which could be considered as a factor that can affect the health of the people. Sources of electromagnetic radiation such as communication devices, satellites, radars, wireless terminals, etc. occupy the microwave region in the electromagnetic spectrum and are considered non-ionizing, that is, these waves do not have enough energy to break molecular bonds. The ICNIRP is an organization that is dedicated to evaluating the dangers that may be associated with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, and developing international guidelines on the limits of exposure to electromagnetic fields, although so far the only effect considered is the thermal response as unique evaluation parameter. However, there are scientific evidence that there are biological responses due to the exposure of electromagnetic fields with intensities below to the thermal effects, producing adverse health effects, and classified as non-thermal effects. This has generated concern in the population and the need to be informed about radiation to which people are exposed. For this reason, a compact device with spectrum analyzer characteristics has been developed, which allows measuring the maximum power received in multiple narrow frequency bands of 300 kHz, recording the entire radioelectric spectrum from 78 MHz to 6 GHz; The device is capable to measure the entire communications spectrum and detecting multiple sources of electromagnetic fields, even if they are occupying the same communications band, and permits the evaluation of the crosstalk effect, that in conventional exposimeters generates a mistake estimation of the electromagnetic fields. The device was calibrated in an anechoic chamber for far fields and has passed the validation phase with respect a portable spectrum analyzer equipment, a strong correlation between the measurements of both devices with a confidence superior to 95% was obtained; indicating that the device could be considered as an important tool for electromagnetic field studies.

This paper analyses the summer water circulation in Barcelona, Tarragona and Castellón harbours (east and north-east of Spain), based on field data acquired between April and September 2019. These data include information of wind, waves, 1DV currents, temperature and salinity parameters. The research characterizes the hydrodynamics at the mouth of each harbour and allows to estimate circulation patterns according to its physical characteristics. The availability of simultaneous data on the three harbours allows to analyse and study possible differences. The results show a two-layer circulation in all the harbours. In the cases of Tarragona and Castellón, both with a single mouth, the surface layer flows out of the harbour and the bottom currents circulate inwards. This pattern is reversed in the Barcelona harbour, which has two mouths and is more influenced by the local winds, affecting the distribution of currents in the water column. The bottom water temperature reveals significative differences between the three harbours, especially during the first half of the summer. The results suggest that sea level effects and the water exchange between the harbour and open-sea strongly determine the bottom water temperature. Nevertheless, the sea level series are different in the three harbours. In Barcelona and Tarragona, the meteorological tides are more affected by the atmospheric pressure changes; however, in the case of Castellón, which is smaller, the main influence is associated with the wind, which displaces water and causes a convergence when finding land that results in an increase in sea level. Therefore, the results reveal the importance of knowing the dimensions and morphology of each harbour to describe correctly its hydrodynamics because, despite being under comparable climatic conditions due to their geographical proximity, different hydrodynamic responses are observed to similar atmospheric forcings. The low intensities of the currents and the geometric complexity of the harbour domains, compared to open waters, imply that operational forecasting in these domains can present considerable uncertainties if they are not combined with field data.

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures and is a major contributor to the global burden of neurological disease. Although epilepsy can result from a variety of brain insults, in many cases the cause is unknown and, in a significant proportion of cases, seizures cannot be controlled by available treatments. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie or are triggered by epileptogenesis would help to identify therapeutics to prevent or control progression to epilepsy. To this end, the moderate throughput technique of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) was used to profile changes in protein expression in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Levels of 54 proteins, comprising phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent components of major signaling pathways and cellular complexes, were measured in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of mice at six time points, spanning 15 min to 2 weeks after induction of status epilepticus. Results illustrate the time dependence of levels of the commonly studied MTOR pathway component, pS6, and show, for the first time, detailed responses during epileptogenesis of multiple components of the MTOR, MAPK, JAK/STAT and apoptosis pathways, NMDA receptors, and additional cellular complexes. Also noted are time- and brain region- specific changes in correlations among levels of functionally related proteins affecting both neurons and glia. While hippocampus and cortex are primary areas studied in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, cerebellum also shows significant time-dependent molecular responses.

Resumen: Este trabajo proporciona un análisis de la nueva ley de préstamos inmobiliarios en Espa- ña, así como los cambios más sustanciales que se han llevado a cabo. En él se presentan los aspectos más relevantes de la nueva ley de forma resumida, analizando brevemente sus características más importantes. Además, realizaremos una comparación con la ley anterior para entender los cambios que afectan a sus principales participantes: los clientes, las entidades bancarias y los notarios. Abstract: This work is an analysis of the new mortgage law in Spain, as well as some of the most important changes in relation with the older law. In it related the most relevant aspects of the new law, and analize the most important features of the law. We realice a comparation with the previus law, in order to undestand the most important changes, wich afect the customers, the credit banks and the notaries. Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica. Fecha de lectura: 22-11-2019, The progress of desertification, which is very pronounced in the Mediterranean area, and the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, especially CO2, are taking the attention of the researchers. The establishment of the factors involved in these processes as well as the development of emergent technologies to solve these issues is a main objective in different scientific fields. In this perspective, soil conservation plays an important role, due to the content of soil organic matter (SOM) and its stability are important factors. Biogeochemical processes involved in the stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) are being the subject of study in this field. Some studies focus on the organo-mineral interactions, while others are interested in the relationship between the molecular structure or the SOM and its resilience. This thesis deals with the molecular characterization of SOM accumulated in different types of soil to establish its relationship with the potential for carbon storage in the corresponding soils, as well as the factors with a bearing on SOM quality. For this purpose, 35 soils with high variability in their organic carbon content (17–157 g·kg-1) have been selected. A detailed characterization of the organic matter has been carried out using destructive and non-destructive techniques such as analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). In particular, the attention has been focused on certain types of biomarker compounds that could act as environmental indicators of soil biogeochemical processes. The families of alkanes and methoxyphenols were analyzed in detail; its molecular composition was used to distinguish between microbial synthesis and transformation of plant biomass. This study examines the utility of the Shannon diversity index (H’), calculated from the abundance of alkanes analyzed by analytical pyrolysis (C9–C31) from whole soil samples, for the evaluation of the C storage potential and quality of SOM. A series of multivariate data treatments showed a significant relationship between the H' diversity of alkanes and the concentration of SOC. In particular, a significant relationship was found between SOC levels and the percentage of long-chain alkanes, while the percentage of short-chain alkanes was correlated with specific descriptors of SOM quality. Finally, partial least squares regression (PLS) successfully predicted SOC content using exclusively the information provided by the alkane patterns. In a parallel study, the molecular assemblages of methoxyphenols released by analytical pyrolysis from whole soil samples were also examined using the Shannon diversity index to describe the complexity of their pyrolytic patterns. A series of exploratory statistical methods (linear regression, PLS, multidimensional scaling (MDS), etc.) were applied to analyse the relationships between pyrolysis products and the chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of SOM and with the total SOC content. These results showed significant correlations between the progressive molecular diversity of the pyrolytic methoxyphenols and the SOC levels in the corresponding soils. The fact that the diversity of the phenolic signature provides information about the potential for carbon storage in soils can be interpreted as the progressive structural complexity of plant macromolecules modified by soil microorganisms, which makes them more difficult to be recognized by enzymes., From a quantitative point of view, PLS regression models based exclusively on the total abundance of the 12 major methoxyphenols were especially effective in predicting carbon storage in the soil. After studying the information provided by analytical pyrolysis of SOM from different scenarios of carbon storage activity, the study was focused to the fraction traditionally considered most representative of the SOM, humic acids (HA). This fraction corresponds to a colloidal product of advanced transformation of plant and microbial biomass. The HA characterization was carried out using visible, IR and NMR spectroscopies. A PLS study using the intensities of digital IR spectra points (4000–400 cm-1) as descriptors showed that there is a relationship between IR spectral patterns and SOC content. This was also the case with E4 index (i.e., indicative of progressive humification, and based on the optical density of HAs at 465 nm). The use of principal component analysis (PCA) and MDS suggested that the bands assigned to carbonyl and amide groups were characteristic in HA of soils with low C content, while the spectra of HAs from soils with high levels of C showed a typical pattern of lignin bands, which indicates accumulation of less transformed plant residues. The IR spectral patterns were analyzed in detail by digital treatments including weighted subtraction of spectra obtained by averaging those of HAs from soils classified in the upper and lower quartiles according the SOC distribution, respectively, and calculating the statistical significance level of the differences. The results showed significant differences between the molecular composition of the HAs, according the SOC and E4 values. Peaks corresponding to aromatic, carboxyl and amide groups showed comparatively high intensity in HAs from soils with low SOC content, while peaks corresponding to lignin-derived structures were more marked in the spectra of the HAs from soils with high SOC content. In the second level of study of the HAs, its characterization was carried out using FTICR-MS. The application of PLS to FTICR-MS data showed a great potential for identifying the molecular components of HA that varies in terms of the SOC levels in different environments. A significant model to predict the SOC was obtained through PLS using as descriptors the 131 compounds detected by FTICR-MS in all HAs. In order to identify the compounds with the highest value as indicators of the SOC levels, the importance of the variables for prediction (VIP) was represented in the space defined by their atomic ratios using van Krevelen diagrams. The results showed a significant relationship between the molecular composition of HA and the C content stored in the soil: HA in soils with high levels of organic C displayed significantly higher proportions (P < 0.1) of molecular formulas corresponding to unsaturated lipids and lignin-derived compounds. On the other hand, low SOC levels were associated with comparatively higher proportions of saturated aliphatic structures., La realización del presente trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo económico recibido a través del proyecto CGL2013-43845-P y a la concesión de una beca de Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI, BES-2014-069238) concedidos por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica. Fecha de lectura: 22-11-2019 The progress of desertification, which is very pronounced in the Mediterranean area, and the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, especially CO2, are taking the attention of the researchers. The establishment of the factors involved in these processes as well as the development of emergent technologies to solve these issues is a main objective in different scientific fields. In this perspective, soil conservation plays an important role, due to the content of soil organic matter (SOM) and its stability are important factors. Biogeochemical processes involved in the stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) are being the subject of study in this field. Some studies focus on the organo-mineral interactions, while others are interested in the relationship between the molecular structure or the SOM and its resilience. This thesis deals with the molecular characterization of SOM accumulated in different types of soil to establish its relationship with the potential for carbon storage in the corresponding soils, as well as the factors with a bearing on SOM quality. For this purpose, 35 soils with high variability in their organic carbon content (17–157 g·kg-1) have been selected. A detailed characterization of the organic matter has been carried out using destructive and non-destructive techniques such as analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). In particular, the attention has been focused on certain types of biomarker compounds that could act as environmental indicators of soil biogeochemical processes. The families of alkanes and methoxyphenols were analyzed in detail; its molecular composition was used to distinguish between microbial synthesis and transformation of plant biomass. This study examines the utility of the Shannon diversity index (H’), calculated from the abundance of alkanes analyzed by analytical pyrolysis (C9–C31) from whole soil samples, for the evaluation of the C storage potential and quality of SOM. A series of multivariate data treatments showed a significant relationship between the H' diversity of alkanes and the concentration of SOC. In particular, a significant relationship was found between SOC levels and the percentage of long-chain alkanes, while the percentage of short-chain alkanes was correlated with specific descriptors of SOM quality. Finally, partial least squares regression (PLS) successfully predicted SOC content using exclusively the information provided by the alkane patterns. In a parallel study, the molecular assemblages of methoxyphenols released by analytical pyrolysis from whole soil samples were also examined using the Shannon diversity index to describe the complexity of their pyrolytic patterns. A series of exploratory statistical methods (linear regression, PLS, multidimensional scaling (MDS), etc.) were applied to analyse the relationships between pyrolysis products and the chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of SOM and with the total SOC content. These results showed significant correlations between the progressive molecular diversity of the pyrolytic methoxyphenols and the SOC levels in the corresponding soils. The fact that the diversity of the phenolic signature provides information about the potential for carbon storage in soils can be interpreted as the progressive structural complexity of plant macromolecules modified by soil microorganisms, which makes them more difficult to be recognized by enzymes. From a quantitative point of view, PLS regression models based exclusively on the total abundance of the 12 major methoxyphenols were especially effective in predicting carbon storage in the soil. After studying the information provided by analytical pyrolysis of SOM from different scenarios of carbon storage activity, the study was focused to the fraction traditionally considered most representative of the SOM, humic acids (HA). This fraction corresponds to a colloidal product of advanced transformation of plant and microbial biomass. The HA characterization was carried out using visible, IR and NMR spectroscopies. A PLS study using the intensities of digital IR spectra points (4000–400 cm-1) as descriptors showed that there is a relationship between IR spectral patterns and SOC content. This was also the case with E4 index (i.e., indicative of progressive humification, and based on the optical density of HAs at 465 nm). The use of principal component analysis (PCA) and MDS suggested that the bands assigned to carbonyl and amide groups were characteristic in HA of soils with low C content, while the spectra of HAs from soils with high levels of C showed a typical pattern of lignin bands, which indicates accumulation of less transformed plant residues. The IR spectral patterns were analyzed in detail by digital treatments including weighted subtraction of spectra obtained by averaging those of HAs from soils classified in the upper and lower quartiles according the SOC distribution, respectively, and calculating the statistical significance level of the differences. The results showed significant differences between the molecular composition of the HAs, according the SOC and E4 values. Peaks corresponding to aromatic, carboxyl and amide groups showed comparatively high intensity in HAs from soils with low SOC content, while peaks corresponding to lignin-derived structures were more marked in the spectra of the HAs from soils with high SOC content. In the second level of study of the HAs, its characterization was carried out using FTICR-MS. The application of PLS to FTICR-MS data showed a great potential for identifying the molecular components of HA that varies in terms of the SOC levels in different environments. A significant model to predict the SOC was obtained through PLS using as descriptors the 131 compounds detected by FTICR-MS in all HAs. In order to identify the compounds with the highest value as indicators of the SOC levels, the importance of the variables for prediction (VIP) was represented in the space defined by their atomic ratios using van Krevelen diagrams. The results showed a significant relationship between the molecular composition of HA and the C content stored in the soil: HA in soils with high levels of organic C displayed significantly higher proportions (P < 0.1) of molecular formulas corresponding to unsaturated lipids and lignin-derived compounds. On the other hand, low SOC levels were associated with comparatively higher proportions of saturated aliphatic structures. La realización del presente trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo económico recibido a través del proyecto CGL2013-43845-P y a la concesión de una beca de Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI, BES-2014-069238) concedidos por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica. Fecha de lectura: 22-11-2019, Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 22-05-2021

Menorca (Balearic Islands) only covers 2% of its electricity needs with renewable energy sources, which is far below the European Union's objective of obtaining 20% of its energy from these sources. This study analyses the island's wave energy resources using a 17-year series of data obtained from numerical modeling (forecast). The spatial distribution of wave power is analyzed using data from 12 points around the island. The obtained resources (average wave power, around 8.9 kW/m; average annual wave energy, about 78 MW h/m) are relatively modest but among the largest found in the Mediterranean Sea. The northeast and east of the island are the most productive areas. Considerable seasonal variability is found, with winters being rather energetic and summers quite mild. The power matrices of three wave energy converters (WECs) are considered to assess the average power output at all of the points. Four places are identified as the best candidates for WEC deployment, with non-negligible productivity that can be exploited to supply energy to small villages.

MARHIS agradece la financiación recibida por MINECO a través de las Acciones de dinamización “Redes de Excelencia” Convocatoria 2015.

Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (since 1993) located in the Atlantic Ocean. The island is aiming to change its energy production model in order to reduce its dependence on external, fossil-fuel-based energy sources. The local authorities hope to develop an energy production model based on clean, renewable sources, such as wave energy converters (WECs). This study analyses the island's wave energy resources using a 51-year series of data obtained from numerical modelling (hindcast and forecast). The spatial distribution of wave power is analysed using data from nine points around the island. Significant resources (average wave power exceeding 30 kW/m and average annual wave energy of more than 270 MW h/m) are found to the north of the island, as well as to the west and the east (average wave power 25–30 kW/m). Considerable seasonal variability is found, with winters being rather high-energetic and summers quite mild. Variability coefficients are computed in order to select the best locations for WECs; the composition of the resource at each location is examined in terms of sea states in order to evaluate the suitability of WEC installation. Finally, three sites with similar conditions, all located on the north side of the island, are selected as the best candidates for WEC deployment.

Sanchez-Arcilla, A., Gonzalez-Marco, D., Sospedra, J., Palomares, A., Sierra, J.P., Schuon, F., Espino. M., Grifoll, M., Pallares, E., Jimenez, P.A. and Navarro, J. 2013. Meteo-oceanographic simulations and observations to assess the potential of offshore wind farm in a NW Mediterranean shelf. Renewable marine energy is important in squeezed Mediterranean coastal zones. Wind turbines deployed over the narrow Catalan continental shelf require accurate wind/wave/current fields for a reliable design, operation and maintenance. This paper presents the large (comparative to other open sea areas) errors in meteo-oceanographic predictions for semi enclosed domains such as the coastal sea off the Ebro Delta coast. The emphasis is on the sequence of high resolution coupled and nested models and the role of in situ collocated measurements for calibration and validation.

During the last years, great advances has been produced in the automotive industry, a strategic sector both nationally and internationally with a high socioeconomic impact. Many efforts have focused on providing smart environments to the final user in vehicles such as cars, capable of detecting contextual vehicle’s conditions and adapting automatically to the user needs. This paper proposes an innovative solution in the automotive field consisting of a new product family which allows the transformation of a traditional bicycle to an electric bicycle by an architecture that provides the user intelligent adaptive environments and significantly improve the driving experience design enabling value-added services.

Content of amines in wine is very variable. Its concentration depends on numerous factors such as raw materials, winemaking conditions, amino acid concentration in must… all these factors are usually interrelated and consequently it is difficult to know the individual action of each one of them. The new vinification method called Ganimede uses a deposit, which utilizes carbonic gas to achieve a more effective maceration of the skins; the conditions inside of the Ganimede tanks are more reductive than inside the conventional tanks. In this study a comparison was made of the amine concentration of wines from Syrah, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon musts using the traditional winemaking method (control method) and the Ganimede vinification method. From the results obtained it may be concluded that the Ganimede method produced a greater total concentration of biogenic amines than the conventional method. In general, the concentration of biogenic amines, such as histamine and tyramine, in all three varieties was higher in the wine made by the Ganimede method than in the wine made by the traditional method. These same results were also observed for the volatile amines whose total concentration was also higher in the wine obtained by the Ganimede method than in the control wine.

BACKGROUND: During wine ageing on lees yeast lysis takes place and some enzymes from the yeast cells, such as esterases, may be released. These enzymes might determine ester synthesis and could be also involved in their breakdown. In this study, the evolution of esters in Chardonnay wine fermented in stainless steel tanks and aged in bottles (conventional vinification) was compared with the evolution of esters in the same wine fermented and aged in barrel on lees. In this way, it was hoped to determine the influence of distinct methods of vinification on the evolution of esters in Chardonnay wine. RESULTS: The concentration of acetate esters of higher alcohols decreased in all the wines independently of the vinification method. However, the ethyl esters of fatty acids decreased in wine aged in barrel and increased in wine aged in bottle, so it would seem that these compounds interact with the lees present in the barrels and/or with the wood of the barrel. The ethyl esters of organic acids increased during ageing both in barrel and bottle. CONCLUSION: The ageing of Chardonnay wine in barrel on lees did not favour the formation of esters compared to the same wine aged in bottle. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Task 2: Estimation of Extremes of the European Union research project FLOODsite was dedicated to analysing single and joint probability extremes in river, coastal and estuarine environments. It considers the sources of risk, such as river flow and level, wave height, period and direction, and sea level. Herein the work done within Task 2 is reviewed. Several statistical models and various fitting techniques are described. Planning an appropriate extremes analysis involves an understanding of the problem to be addressed, selection and preparation of source data, selection of methods for analysis and parameter fitting, and use of the derived extremes to address the problem. The applications described illustrate some of the pitfalls and difficulties associated with extreme predictions, particularly for the case of more than one variable. Understanding the assumptions and interpreting the obtained results are important for extreme analysis.

The increasing pressures associated to the development of coastal zones and near river courses have enhanced the sensitivity of these areas to natural processes such as flooding or erosion. The characterization of the associated drivers and responses, particularly under extreme conditions, has become an acute need for managing those areas and the risks for uses and resources there located. This paper summarizes the work done within Task 2 of the EU Integrated Research Project FLOODsite in the extreme distribution functions related to flood and erosion hazards. A wide range of models, parameters and fitting techniques were applied to a variety of geographic and climatic environments. The emphasis focused on selecting models and techniques based on a parsimony principle, to propose robust extrapolations of characteristic variables for a reliable flood hazard assessment.

This paper reviews the characterization of wave storms along the Spanish/Catalan Mediterranean coast. It considers the "physical" and "statistical" description of wave parameters and how they are affected by the prevailing meteo patterns and the sharp gradients in orography and bathymetry. The available field data and numerically simulated wave fields are discussed from this perspective. The resulting limits in accuracy and predictability are illustrated with specific examples. This allows deriving some conclusions for both short-term operational predictions and a long-term climatic assessment.

In this paper the relevance of different driving terms that contribute to the winter circulation in the Barcelona Harbor are analyzed. Data from a field campaign are analyzed in order to characterize the most relevant hydrodynamic events. This field campaign covers wind, waves, currents, and water quality parameters under winter conditions (Nov–Dec 2003). These events are related to the velocity response at a control point inside the harbor. Characteristic scenarios are simulated through numerical modeling in order to obtain the corresponding velocity field in the studied domain. The characteristic measured events and the numerical results are compared for velocity and show reasonable agreement under similar conditions. According to these results, the wind- and wave-driven circulations seem to control winter circulation in the Barcelona Harbor. The results obtained increase the knowledge of harbor hydrodynacmics and could be used as a tool to solve certain water quality problems in the Barcelona Harbor.

The influence of the type of container used in alcoholic fermentation on the formation of volatile compounds in wine from Chardonnay variety was studied. To do so, must from Chardonnay variety was fermented in both stainless steel tanks and in new Nevers oak barrels. The results obtained showed that wine fermented in barrels had a greater concentration of higher alcohols and esters than wine fermented in tanks. Concentration of isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate was four times higher in wine fermented in oak barrels than in wine fermented in stainless steel tanks. With regard to the concentration of acids, a greater concentration of medium-chain fatty acids (C6:0–C10:0) was noticeable in wine fermented in oak barrels. Given that these acids are toxic for the yeasts, they may be responsible for the slower fermentation rate of wine fermented in oak barrels.

The increase in maritime traffic means that ports have to continuously improve their efficiency. This involves reducing the inactivity caused by adverse climatic conditions. Adverse conditions that inconvenience port users include short and long waves. In this paper, the effect of long waves on port operations in Gijon harbor (Spain) is analyzed by means of a numerical model. Short wave propagation inside the harbor was compared with two different combinations of short and long waves. Taking into account the wave heights that limit operations, the periods of inactivity due to waves were computed for every dock. The results show that the harbor offers very good protection against wind (short) waves. Nevertheless, the port's inefficiency is significantly increased if long waves are present in the wave trains affecting the harbor. This illustrates the importance of taking into account long waves in port management. Finally, other limited effects of long waves in harbor environmental management issues are pointed out.

[EN] Water quality plays a very important role in the ecological balance and economic development of coastal and estuarine areas. However, these areas have been progressively degraded in recent decades due to different factors, including an increase in nutrient and pollutant loads introduced into the system, which may cause eutrophication problems. This paper analyzes the water quality of one such area, Cullera Bay, located on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. This study focuses on the main sources and sinks of pollutant substances and the relationship between the distribution of these substances within the bay and local meteorological and oceanographic conditions. Two main sources of nutrients and pollutants were identified: the discharges of the Júcar River and the marine outfall, although other secondary sources are also present. The river discharge varies greatly depending on the season. The freshwater it carries is very rich in nutrients due to the presence of fertilizers and pesticides from its agricultural use. The domestic wastewater discharged through the marine outfall is occasionally untreated, particularly in the summer, when the tourist population increases and the capacity of the water treatment plant is exceeded. This study is based on data recorded during nine field campaigns carried out in the area in 2002 and 2003 and numerical simulations of hydrodynamics and pollutant dispersion. By analyzing the field data and the numerical simulation results, wind is identified as the main driving factor in the bay because the other possible driving factors either have negligible effects (tide), affect only a very localized area (waves, usual river discharges) or are infrequent (storm surges, river floods)., The European Community funded this study as a part of the ECOSUD ‘‘Estuaries and Coastal Areas. Basis and Tools for a More Sustainable Development’’ (reference no. ICA4-CT-2001-10027) and AQUAS ‘‘Water quality and sustainable aquaculture. Links and implications’’ (reference no. INCOCT-2005-015105) projects. It was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, through the project ‘‘Desarrollo y optimizacio´n de te´cnicas para gestionar los vertidos de aguas residuales de emisarios submarinos (ARTEMISA)’’(Reference no. REN2003-07585-C02-01/MAR).

Some white wines of Chardonnay variety are aged on their lees in oak barrels over several months. Over this period, autolysis takes place and different compounds are freed in the wine, among them, nitrogen compounds. The aim of this work was to study the evolution of amines in Chardonnay wine during 180 d of maturation on lees, with and without weekly stirring. The process was carried out in new French oak barrels with 225 L capacity. From the results obtained it was found that weekly stirring mainly had an influence on histamine and tyramine concentration. The concentration of these amines at the end of the aging period was higher in the wine with weekly stirring. This treatment showed no effect on the amine concentration at the beginning of the wine aging on lees. The aging time also had an influence on the concentration of amines in the Chardonnay wine.

Excessive concentrations of amines are undesirable in wine because they could be toxic or have a negative effect on aroma. Wine storage temperature has a decisive influence on product quality because a rise in temperature augments reactions within the wine. The aim of this study was to examine the evolution of biogenic and volatile amines during storage of wines in bottle at different temperatures. To do so, Chardonnay wine was stored in bottles at 4, 20 and 35 °C, during 105 days. The results showed that wine storage temperature had only a slight effect on the concentration of amines. The concentration of histamine stands out, as it was higher in the wine kept for 105 days at 20 °C than at the two more extreme temperatures of 4 and 35 °C. The formation or degradation of amines was mainly produced during the first 45 days of wine storage for all the temperatures under study.

Amines, substances which can be toxic or have a negative effect on wine aroma, are formed during alcoholic and malolactic fermentations depending on various factors. In this work the influence of the addition of yeast autolysate to must on the concentration of amines in wine is studied. For this purpose Chardonnay must supplemented with the yeast autolysate was used; a second sample was also used without it (control sample). This autolysate provided amino acids and long-chain fatty acids (C16 and C18). The enrichment of must by these nutrients did not produce an increase of amines during alcoholic fermentation despite the fact that consumption of amino nitrogen in general, and of some precursor amino acids in particular, was somewhat higher in the supplemented sample. After malolactic fermentation it was observed that the concentration of biogenic amines was higher in the wine from the supplemented must.

Recent experimental data collected during the DELOS project are used to validate two approaches for simulating waves and currents in the vicinity of submerged breakwaters. The first approach is a phase-averaged method in which a wave model is used to simulate wave transformation and calculate radiation stresses, while a flow model (2-dimensional depth averaged or quasi-3D) is used to calculate the resulting wave driven currents. The second approach is a phase resolving method in which a high order 2DH-Boussinesq-type model is used to calculate the waves and flow. The models predict wave heights that are comparable to measurements if the wave breaking sub-model is properly tuned for dissipation over the submerged breakwater. It is shown that the simulated flow pattern using both approaches is qualitatively similar to that observed in the experiments. Furthermore, the phase-resolving model shows good agreement between measured and simulated instantaneous surface elevations in wave flume tests.

El objetivo de este Proyecto es facilitar, a modo de guía, el diseño de las actuaciones y procedimientos que permitan conformar el Sistema de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales en el campo de la electricidad. Para ello primero analizaremos en el capítulo 2 los principales peligros de riesgo eléctrico y se realizará una primera distinción entre riesgos por contacto directo (contactos de personas con partes activas de la instalación) y riesgos por contacto indirecto (contactos con masas puestas accidentalmente bajo tensión). Además, se realiza una introducción al arco eléctrico, debido a su importancia en la forma de ocurrencia en los accidentes laborales. A continuación, en el capítulo 3, se estudia el efecto (directo, indirecto o secundario) que provoca la corriente eléctrica en su paso por el organismo. Dicho efecto producirá un daño en mayor o menor medida en función de unos factores como la propia resistencia de la persona, el recorrido de la corriente, la frecuencia o la duración del paso. Una vez identificado el riesgo y el efecto producido, se trata de elaborar un plan de protección contra contactos eléctricos en baja tensión. En el capítulo 4, se aborda la protección contra contactos directos (manteniendo las distancias mínimas) e indirectos, haciendo una distinción en estos últimos en 2 clases: clase A (impedir contactos simultáneos para evitar diferencias de potencial peligrosas) y clase B (asociación a un dispositivo de corte automático que origine la desconexión). En el capítulo 5, se tratan trabajos y maniobras en instalaciones de baja y alta tensión. En baja tensión se puede distinguir entre trabajos con o sin tensión y en alta tensión se estudian las 5 reglas de oro que forman parte del modelo preventivo para instalaciones de este tipo. Además se recogen los principales equipos de protección individual (EPIs), tanto individuales como colectivos y se analizan medios preventivos en diversos trabajos. En el análisis de los locales de trabajo se distinguen los locales con riesgo de incendio o explosión, como se verá en el capitulo 7, y aquellos que tienen características especiales, en el capitulo 8. En los primeros, analizaremos la clasificación y terminología específica y los modos de protección en instalaciones presentes en las zonas peligrosas de los locales. En los segundos, las características propias de locales húmedos, mojados, con condiciones extremas de temperatura o con riesgo de corrosión, entre otros. Por último, en el capítulo 8, se elabora una guía para la acción preventiva orientada al empresario y trabajadores que formen parte de una microempresa. A lo largo de la guía se valorarán los principales peligros en distintos aspectos (locales, electricidad, agentes físicos, agentes organizativos, etc.) así como acciones preventivas para mejorar la seguridad. Se trata, no obstante de un método sencillo y eficaz en la productividad de la empresa y que no necesita una formación específica en la materia para llevarlo a cabo. Ingeniería Técnica en Electrónica

Summary Background and objectives The aim of our study was to assess the new diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) in a large cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This is a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 2783 adult intensive care unit patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) with data on serum creatinine concentration (SCr) in the first 48 hours. The absolute and the relative AKIN diagnostic criteria (changes in SCr 0.3 mg/dl or 50% over the first 48 hours of MV, respectively) were analyzed separately. In addition, patients were classified into three groups according to their change in SCr (SCr) over the first day on MV (SCr): group 1, SCr 0.3 mg/dl; group 2, SCr between 0.3 and 0.29 mg/dl; and group 3, SCr 0.3 mg/dl). The primary end point was in-hospital mortality, and secondary end points were intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and duration of MV. Results Of 2783 patients, 803 (28.8%) had AKI according to both criteria: 431 only absolute (AKI A), 362 both relative and absolute (AKIRA), and 10 only relative. The relative criterion identified more patients when baseline SCr (SCr0) was 0.9 mg/dl and the absolute when SCr0 was 1.5 mg/dl. The diagnosis of AKI was associated with mortality. Conclusions Our study confirms the validity of the AKIN criteria in a population of mechanically patients and the criteria’s relationship with the baseline SCr. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 1547–1555, 2011. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09531010

Rationale: A new classification of patients based on the duration of liberation of mechanical ventilation has been proposed. Objectives: To analyze outcomes based on the new weaning classification in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: Secondary analysis included 2,714 patients who were weaned and underwent scheduled extubation from a cohort of 4,968 adult patients mechanically ventilated for more than 12 hours. Measurements and Main Results: Patients were classified according to a new weaning classification: 1,502 patients (55%) as simple weaning, 1,058 patients (39%) as difficult weaning, and 154 (6%) as prolongedweaning. Variables associatedwith prolongedweaning(>7d) were: severity at admission (odds ratio [OR] per unit of Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.02), duration of mechanical ventilation before first attempt of weaning (OR per day, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.13), chronic pulmonary disease other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 13.23; 95% CI, 3.44-51.05), pneumonia as the reason to start mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.07-3.08), and level of positive end-expiratory pressure applied before weaning (OR per unit, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14). The prolonged weaning group had a nonsignificant trend toward a higher rate of reintubation (P = 0.08), tracheostomy (P = 0.15), and significantly longer length of stay and higher mortality in the intensive care unit (OR for death, 1.97; 95%CI, 1.17-3.31). The adjusted probability of death remained constant until Day 7, at which point it increased to 12.1%.

Several factors can affect production of volatile compounds in wines, including nutritional differences in the must. Among the nutritive compounds of must, the amino acids are of great importance due to the fact that they can serve as precursors of esters or may play an indirect role in supporting cellular metabolic activities. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the addition of a complex nutrient such as the yeast autolysate to a nitrogen nonlimited must of Chardonnay variety on the formation of esters, alcohols, and acids. Yeast autolysate supplied fatty acids, amino acids (above all, tyrosine, threonine, and glutamic acid), and an insoluble fraction formed by yeast cell walls. It was observed that the nutrient enrichment of the Chardonnay must did not favor the formation of either esters or alcohols. These results demonstrate that when juice is sufficient in nitrogen, the addition of amino acids does not improve the volatile composition of wine. Under these conditions, the amino acids would have probably been used for other cellular processes that do not produce volatile compounds.

This review discusses those factors that have an influence on amine concentration in wine, as well as the vinification stages when these amines are formed and their evolution during the storage of the product. It also outlines the importance of these biogenic and volatile amines both in the sensorial aspect as well as the toxic action. Amines are nitrogenous bases of low molecular weight, which are especially found in food and beverages from the fermentation process, as is the case of wine. Amine concentration in wine can be very variable, ranging from trace levels up to 130 mg/L, so it is difficult to predict the content of these compounds in the product. At present this variability is of some concern in many countries, especially for the toxic effect that some amines can have on people who are susceptible to these substances. Consequently, it is necessary to develop new studies to learn more about the factors, which have an influence on their concentration in wine, and to establish limits for these substances in the product so as to prevent any toxic effects on the consumer.

El contenido de la asignatura, en mi caso del Derecho Financiero y Tributario debe ser transmitido a los alumnos. Esto, que en sí es una perogrullada, lamentablemente no siempre se tiene presente cuando el profesor, encaramado a la tarima, se enfrenta al alumnado. Pero hay que tener bien presente, que la función de todo profesor es la de transmitir conocimientos. (...)

In this work the influence of the turbidity of a red wine aged in oak barrels on the accumulation of volatile compounds has been studied. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that the wine turbidity had an effect on the concentration of many of the oak volatile compounds, especially furanic and phenolic compounds. In all cases the concentrations of furanic aldehydes and vanillin were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the filtered wine than in the unfiltered wine. However, in the unfiltered wine the concentrations of γ-butyrolactone and eugenol were higher. This difference in the concentrations would be due to the different compositions of the wines and the binding of compounds to some components of the lees. Likewise, it has been observed that the composition of the lees is fundamental in the binding of volatile compounds to the lees as the fermentative lees behave differently from the lees from the wine aging in barrels. Keywords: Wine turbidity; wine aging; volatile compounds; lees

Submerged barriers are one of the most promising kind of shoreline protecting structures. The advantages offered vs. the conventional emerged structures are somehow off set because they are much more difficult to project. This decreases their use and limits their application potential. The paper presents some results, obtained by using numerical models on the hydro-morphodynamic behaviour of such structural concept. They illustrate the observed interactions between the freeboard of the structure, its distance to the coast and the resulting wave field, induced circulation and sediment transport patterns.

A clinical epidemiological study at a health centre of carriers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. The prevalence of HCV antibodies in immediate family members.Crossover and descriptive.Chopera I Primary Care team. PATIENTS AND FAMILY MEMBERS: 37 carriers of HCV antibodies in the Centre's records. 52 family members of 21 carriers.A form containing the clinical and epidemiological data of each carrier was filled out. The diagnosis of HCV infection was made at the Health Centre in 72.22% of cases. 80% evolved towards a chronic hepatitis. 56.75% had a history of parenteral transmission. 37.75% had no history of risk factors. The epidemiological data of the family members was recorded and transaminasaemia and the HCV antibodies were determined. Four cases (8.33%) with altered transaminase and three cases (6.82%) of positive antibodies were found.Existence of a high percentage of Hepatitis C of no known origin and a greater prevalence of carriers among family contacts than in the population as a whole. Essential role of Primary Care in the detection and follow-up of HCV carriers. A need for definitive studies on sexual transmission and the possible existence of other transmission routes. The setting-up of preventive measures against these routes.