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Arguing for the importance of robust public participation and meaningful Tribal consultation to address the cumulative impacts of federal projects, we bridge interdisciplinary perspectives across law, public health, and Indigenous studies. We focus on openings in existing federal law to involve Tribes and publics more meaningfully in resource management planning, while recognizing the limits of this involvement when only the federal government dictates the terms of participation and analysis. We first discuss challenges and opportunities for addressing cumulative impacts and environmental justice through 2 US federal statutes: the National Environmental Policy Act and the National Historic Preservation Act. Focusing on a major federal planning process involving fracking in the Greater Chaco region of northwestern New Mexico, we examine how the Department of the Interior attempted Tribal consultation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also highlight local efforts to monitor Diné health and well-being. For Diné people, human health is inseparable from the health of the land. But in applying the primary legal tools for analyzing the effects of extraction across the Greater Chaco region, federal agencies fragment categories of impact that Diné people view holistically. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):116–123. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306562 )

[...]a successful public health movement in the United States must make eliminating systemic racism a top priority. Had the federal government more closely monitored the deceptive advertising campaigns of Purdue Pharma, it could have countered the company's false messages to doctors, preventing tens of thousands of opioid deaths.11 In addition, continuingto allow industry sectors to use developments in science and technology-from digital data collection and precision agriculture to autonomous vehicles-without public accountability enables them to use this knowledge to benefit their bottom lines at the expense of public well-being, a likely cause for health crises of the next decade. [...]our nation needs to strengthen its democracy. According to the American Public Health Association, public health champions the health of all people and communities.

Green merger and acquisition (GMA) is becoming a growing tendency for heavily polluting enterprises in recent years; however, the realization path of green transformation through GMA is still unexplored. Taking 48 Chinese heavily polluting enterprises that had GMA in 2018 as the research object, this paper constructs the "MA attributes, Organizational characteristics, and External environment" (M-O-E) framework, by using the method of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to reveal the configurations of conditions that lead to high levels of green innovation performance. The results show that the high green technology innovation performance after GMA of heavily polluting enterprises is the outcome of multiple antecedents, and no singular antecedent is sufficient for achieving it. Besides, there are three equivalent configurations of conditions to achieve green transformation: professional buyer, internal leading, and internal-external linkage. Among them, the professional buyer configuration highlights that the combination of MA experience and MA scale is of great importance, the internal leading configuration emphasizes that the existence of environmental awareness and organizational resources is the core conditions, and the internal-external linkage configuration requires simultaneous efforts of MA experience and government environmental regulations. Our research contributes to the understanding of green transformation in heavily polluting enterprises from a configurational perspective, and provides a practice-oriented guide to achieve green transformation for the government and heavily polluting enterprises.

The new Texas abortion law requires the physician to determine whether a fetal heartbeat is present and prohibits abortion after a heartbeat has been documented. An exception is allowed when a "medical emergency necessitated the abortion." These and other provisions of the statute are to be enforced through "civil actions" brought by private citizens. This article identifies 3 populations of vulnerable women who will experience undue burdens created by the Texas abortion law. We begin with an account of the concept of undue burden in the jurisprudence of abortion, as expressed in the 1992 US Supreme Court case, Planned Parenthood v. Casey of Southeastern Pennsylvania. We then provide an evidence-based account of the predictable, undue burdens for 3 populations of vulnerable women: pregnant women with decreased freedom of movement; pregnant minors; and pregnant women with major mental disorders and cognitive disabilities. The Texas law creates an undue burden on these 3 populations of vulnerable women by reducing or even eliminating access to abortion services outside of Texas. The Texas law also creates an undue burden by preventably increasing the risks of morbidity, including loss of fertility, and mortality for these 3 populations of vulnerable women. For these women, it is indisputable that the Texas law will create undue burdens and is therefore not compatible with the jurisprudence of abortion as set forth in Planned Parenthood v. Casey because a "significant number of women will likely be prevented from obtaining an abortion." Federal courts should therefore strike down this law.

The history of the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) regulation of tobacco products is fraught with failures. A first effort to regulate tobacco products was completely dismantled. Despite robust authority to act, the current iteration of the FDA has also struggled to succeed. While the public health community may be frustrated by the lack of progress to date, recent developments have potentially shown advocates a pathway for success.

Developing a low-carbon economy is the only way for countries to achieve sustainable development. Carbon emission reduction policies and low-carbon technology (LCT) innovation play key roles in developing low-carbon economy. Under government reward and punishment regulations, based on the bilateral matching and evolutionary theories, this paper constructs an evolution model consisting of a manufacturer investing LCT and a supplier offering LCT to analyze multi-phase LCT investment strategies. Firstly, the profit optimization model of a green supply chain is constructed from the perspectives of centralized-matching (CM), decentralized-matching (DM), and mismatching (MM), and the spatial information internal evolution law of multi-phase LCT investment is described by the Markov chain. Then, a bilateral matching algorithm is proposed to solve the equilibrium solutions, and the evolution process of the three modes is analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally, based on the product green degree, we analyze the impact of subsidies and taxes on investment-production decisions. Analytical results show that the matching mechanism proposed in this paper can help supply chain firms to obtain stable matching and has a significant effect on the realization of "triple wins" of society, economy, and environment. The investment utility of CM is higher than that of DM and MM. Manufacturers are inclined to adopt LCT, and the investment level tends to be stable over time. Government reward and punishment regulations are helpful to motivate supply chain firms to invest in LCT, and the synergistic effect of subsidies and taxes is better than that of a single policy.

In the late 20th century, fetal protection policies barred women from hundreds of thousands of industrial jobs on the pretext that if women became pregnant, their fetuses might be harmed by workplace exposure to toxic chemicals. Beginning in the 1970s, these policies set off a decades-long contest between the chemical industry, government agencies, and the judicial system over how to balance the uncertain reproductive health risks against sex discrimination. This article revives the subject of reproductive health and workplace protections through a historical case study of fetal protection policies at Firestone Plastics, a leader in the postwar vinyl chloride industry. I use formerly secret industry documents to argue that Firestone used scientific uncertainty and gender essentialism to skirt new regulatory pressures and minimize corporate liability. Ultimately, fetal protection policies stymied innovative regulatory efforts to protect all workers—not just women—from reproductive hazards in the workplace. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(2):271–276. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306539 )

The purpose of this article is to describe the regulatory framework of the radiotherapy practice in France.

In most countries, the alcohol industry enjoys considerable freedom to market its products. Where government regulation is proposed or enacted, the alcohol industry has often deployed legal arguments and used legal forums to challenge regulation. Governments considering marketing regulation must be cognizant of relevant legal constraints and be prepared to defend their policies against industry legal challenges.

Children’s environmental health (CEH) has a 25-year history at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), during which the agency has advanced CEH through research, policy, and programs that address children’s special vulnerability to environmental harm. However, the Trump administration took many actions that weakened efforts to improve CEH. The actions included downgrading or ignoring CEH concerns in decision-making, defunding research, sidelining the Children’s Health Protection Advisory Committee, and rescinding regulations that were written in part to protect children. To improve CEH, federal environmental statutes should be reviewed to ensure they are sufficiently protective. The administrator should ensure the EPA’s children’s health agenda encompasses the most important current challenges and that there is accountability for improvement. Guidance documents should be reviewed and updated to be protective of CEH and the federal lead strategy refocused on primary prevention. The Office of Children’s Health Protection’s historically low funding and staffing should be remedied. Finally, the EPA should update CEH data systems, reinvigorate the role of the Children’s Health Protection Advisory Committee, and restore funding for CEH research that is aligned with environmental justice and regulatory decision-making needs. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):124–134. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306537 )

In August of 2021, China imposed severe restrictions on children’s online gaming time. We argue that such a policy may seem useful on the surface but does not reflect the current evidence concerning prevention of disordered gaming. Videogame play is normal for children worldwide, and like other leisure activities can lead to benefits for the majority and problems for a minority. Problematic or disordered play results from the interaction of multiple risk factors that are not addressed by draconian policy measures. Identifying these factors through stakeholder-engaged research and current evidence will be much more likely to succeed in preventing disordered gaming and promoting youth wellbeing.

This review summarizes theory and research on how worldviews shape people’s orientation toward climate change. Two broad worldviews are examined: (1) those relating to views about the role of the State in regulating individuals and businesses (i.e. free-market ideology; individualism) and (2) those relating to views about social structure (i.e. social dominance orientation; hierarchialism). For ideological reasons, people with worldviews that oppose government regulation and/or endorse hierarchies are motivated to reach the conclusion that mitigation of climate change is unnecessary. This leads them to appraise climate science in biased ways, with negative consequences for pro-environmental intentions and behaviors. This problem can be overcome by framing messages about climate mitigation in ways that align with — rather than compete with – people’s worldviews.

In recent years there has been a tendency to deregulate higher education systems, allowing them to follow the interplay of the supply and demand forces instead of shaping it through strong government regulation. One of the areas where these regulatory changes may have a more significant impact is that of access policies. In this article, we analyse a policy change in Portugal aimed at steering students’ behaviour and promoting greater institutional and geographical dispersion. This study discusses the effectiveness of this approach, namely by comparing its actual results with a simulation of what would have happened if there were no changes in the access system. We discuss to what extent the policy has had the impact it was expected or if students have reacted in a way that has undermined the intended policy objectives and draw some conclusions about the complexities of regulating students’ demand.

This study aims to determine whether Government Regulation Number 64 of 2016 deregulates regional legal products related to the construction of low-income communities (MBR). This study uses a normative juridical approach as well as a qualitative approach by processing and analysing legal materials. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that Government Regulation Number 64 of 2016 has influenced the existence of regional regulations relating to housing development permits by reducing the validity of licensing provisions for MBR housing development. In other words, the government has carried out an executive review/administrative review through repressive supervision with the presence of this government regulation which delays the validity of a number of housing development permits for certain conditions.Key Word: Government Regulation, Deregulation, Housing, Low-Income Communities AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 64 Tahun 2016 melakukan deregulasi terhadap produk hukum daerah yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan rumah Masyarakat Berpenghasilan Rendah (MBR). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif serta pendekatan kualitatif dengan pengolahan dan analisis bahan hukum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 64 Tahun 2016 telah mempengaruhi eksistensi peraturan daerah yang berkaitan dengan perizinan pembangunan perumahan dengan mereduksi keberlakuan ketentuan perizinan bagi pembangunan perumahan MBR. Dengan kata lain, pemerintah telah melakukan executive review/administrative review melalui pengawasan represif dengan hadirnya peraturan pemerintah ini yang menunda keberlakuan sejumlah perizinan pembangunan perumahan untuk kondisi tertentu.Kata-kata Kunci: Peraturan Pemerintah, Deregulasi, Perumahan, Masyarakat Berpenghasilan Rendah

Objective: To analyse the case reports of complaints regarding food marketing to children over six years and compare Australian marketing Codes to best practice recommendations. Methods: Case reports on complaints about food marketing to children under the five industry Codes – the Responsible Children's Marketing Initiative, the Quick Service Restaurant Initiative and the Australian Association of National Advertisers Code of Ethics, Code of Advertising and Marketing to Children and Food and Beverages Code – were qualitatively analysed. Reports on the Ad Standards website in the food/beverage groceries and food/beverage venues categories from 2015‐2020 were investigated. The most common clauses from the Codes were identified and quotes from reports used to illustrate the determinations. Codes were compared with World Cancer Research Fund recommendations on policy to protect children. Results: Only 14 of 119 complaints resulted in a reported breach of industry Codes. The most common reason for dismissing complaints involved clauses requiring advertisements to be ‘primarily’ directed to children. The Codes did not align with best practice recommendations. Conclusions: Complaints by the public show concern for food advertising to children but the Australian industry Codes fall short of addressing those concerns. Implications for public health: Government regulation is required to protect children from unhealthy food marketing.

Introduction: Articles 6 and 7 of Government Regulation No. 33 of 2012 on Exclusive Breastfeeding stated that every mother who gives birth must give exclusive breast milk to the newborn, unless there is a medical indication, the mother is not present or the mother is separated from the baby. The purpose of this study was to determine the legal protection for health workers towards the implementation of government regulation concerning exclusive breastfeeding on infants with Post Sectio Caesarea mothers. Methods: This research method is empirical juridical research (field research). The author uses a statutory approach in accordance with the studied legal materials, analyzed qualitatively. The sample in this study is all 2 ObsGyn, 2 pediatrician, 9 midwives, 1 breast milk counselor, 60 post SC mothers and 60 newborns at RSUD Tarutung, RSUD Porsea, and RSUD Doloksanggul when researchers conducted research. Results: Exclusive Breastfeeding is a government program and has been outlined in Government Regulation No. 33 of 2014 on Exclusive Breastfeeding. The government is actually aggressively promoting exclusive breastfeeding through seminars, workshops and advertisements in print, electronic and social media. But this does not make exclusive breastfeeding successful as expected. The number of obstacles both external factors and internal factors of the mother. Especially on the mother of the Post Sectio Caesarea. Conclusion: Implementation of Government Regulation No.33 of 2012 on Exclusive Breastfeeding of Post Sectio Caesarea Mothers in hospitals has still not been realized.

Neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Parkinson’s disease, among others, are characterized by the pathological processing and accumulation of tau protein. AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by two lesions: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaques. The presence of NFTs in the hippocampus and neocortex in early and advanced stages, respectively, correlates with the patient’s cognitive deterioration. So far, no drugs can prevent, decrease, or limit neuronal death due to abnormal pathological tau accumulation. Among potential non-pharmacological treatments, physical exercise has been shown to stimulate the development of stem cells (SCs) and may be useful in early stages. However, this does not prevent neuronal death from the massive accumulation of NFTs. In recent years, SCs therapies have emerged as a promising tool to repopulate areas involved in cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, protocols for SCs therapy are still being developed and the mechanism of action of such therapy remains unclear. In this review, we show the advances and limitations of SCs therapy. Finally, we provide a critical analysis of its clinical use for AD.

The subject of research, which is covered in the article, is the insurance mechanism, namely: the essence of the insurance mechanism, research methodology, methods for determining the effectiveness. The purpose of the study is to deepen the theoretical foundations for the application of the insurance mechanism by insurers and to formulate approaches to assess its effectiveness. The research methodology is general and special methods. As a result of research on the basis of processing of scientific sources the essence of the insurance mechanism is defined. The analysis of methodological approaches to the study and study of the insurance mechanism allowed to justify the need to supplement them with a systematic approach, which provides consideration of the mechanism from the standpoint of complexity and allows to identify systemic gaps in the operation of insurance companies, government regulation. The insurance mechanism is considered from the point of view of efficiency of its functioning, requirements concerning tasks of the insurance mechanism which degree of performance will testify to efficiency of its action are formulated. The concept of socially significant types of insurance is offered, which allows to expand the meaningful definition of the category of insurance. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the insurance mechanism in accordance with the formulated tasks are defined, calculation formulas are given, according to which it is possible to evaluate the efficiency of the insurance mechanism for the components of the tasks. The use of the introduced concepts in the theory of insurance allowed to formulate proposals for improving the insurance legislation in terms of compulsory insurance and government regulation. The scope of the obtained results is the state regulation of non-banking financial institutions activity, and insurance companies activity.

Technological developments continue to develop very rapidly, one of which is in the electronic trading system, hereinafter referred to as e-commerce. Along with this, there are concerns from E-Commerce application media users regarding personal data stored by E-Commerce application media companies, so that more specific rules are needed regarding legal protection for E-Commerce application users. The purpose of this research is to further review the rules related to legal protection for users who are affected by the leakage of personal data on E-Commerce media such as based on the agreement in the Terms and Conditions as well as the rules of related laws such as, the ITE Law and its amendments, PP 71/2019 concerning the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions, Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 concerning Trading Through Electronic Systems, Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Technology Number 20 of 2016 concerning Protection of Personal Data in Electronic Systems. The method used in this research is normative juridical research, with a statutory approach. The collection of sources of legal materials, both primary and secondary, is carried out through laws and regulations and all official documents that contain legal provisions and searches related to research results such as journals and the internet.

Land availability is the great significant part in infrastructure development. To support the land availability, the government pursues a program called land acquisition. Land acquisition is regulated in Law Number 2 of 2012 and Government Regulation Number 71 of 2012. Based on Government Regulation Number 40 of 2014, land acquisition is divided into two, including large scale with an area of more than 5 hectares and small scale based with an area of less than 5 hectares. Small-scale land acquisition is further regulated in Presidential Regulation Number 148 of 2015 Article 121 paragraph (3) which does not require a determination of location. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation process as well as the advantages and disadvantages of small-scale land acquisition with and without location determination in Sleman Regency. This research used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this research showed that the implementation of land acquisition with determination of location has advantages (4) and weaknesses (6) while land acquisition without determination of location has advantages (6) and disadvantages (4).

State-owned investors (SOIs), including sovereign wealth funds and public pension funds, have $27 trillion in assets under management in 2020, making these funds the third largest group of asset owners globally. SOIs have become the largest and are among the most important private equity investors, and they are key investors in other alternative asset investments such as real estate, infrastructure, and hedge funds. SOIs are also leaders in promoting environmental, social, and governance policies and corporate social responsibility policies in investee companies. We document the rise of SOIs, assess their current investment policies, and describe how their state ownership both constrains and enhances their investment opportunity sets. We survey the most impactful recent academic research on sovereign wealth funds, public pension funds, and their closest financial analogs, private pension funds. We also introduce a new Governance-Sustainability-Resilience Scoreboard for SOIs and survey research examining their role in promoting good corporate governance.

The article deals with the issues of the evolution in approaches to the public procurement institutionalization in the context of the evolution in the theory and practice of public governance. There are highlighted the key problems of the public procurement development in Russia, their nature and origins. There are also discussed the issues of the procurement digitization as well as the possibilities of applying procurement tools in order to spur digitization of public governance and national economy. The author highlights the key strategic options for the Russian public procurement development, offers its target (desirable) future image, and discusses the ways to reach it.

This study aims to determine and understand the implementation of Makassar City Government Regulation Number 3 of 2016 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding; and the factors that influence the effectiveness of implementing exclusive breastfeeding to newborn babies in Makassar. this research is empirical research or socio-legal research. The results of this study indicate that: The effectiveness of Makassar City Regulation Number 3 Year 2016 Regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding is still very low due to the fundamental problem that most new mothers have a lack of understanding related to Exclusive Breastfeeding and the influence of traditions that are not appropriate or culture of the community. In addition, exclusive breastfeeding is only compliance that is compliance or identification, in other words, even though most new mothers give birth directly, exclusive breastfeeding seems to obey the law or local regulations, but the size or quality of the effectiveness of those regional regulations can still be questioned because mothers who give birth only give exclusive breastfeeding because of medical indications or early in the birth. The factors that influence the implementation of Bylaw No. 3 of 2016 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding are legal factors, namely, it is not yet clear the comprehensive rules in the Perda regarding the substance of the rules such as sanctions against counselors who do not carry out their duties. Furthermore, law enforcement factors namely, the lack of oversight functions carried out by related parties, especially the Makassar City Health Office. Facilities and infrastructure factors, namely, lack of availability of adequate and non-standard lactation rooms. Then, the community factor which has been ignoring regulations and tends to be passive in supporting the government's efforts in disseminating information on exclusive breastfeeding.

This study aims to determine the levels of contributions and effectiveness of Government Regulation No. 23 Year 2018 (PP No. 23/2018) on tax revenue at KPP Pratama Pekalongan. It used effectiveness and contributions formulas for data analysis. The research results showed that the effectiveness level of this regulation on tax revenue at KPP Pratama Pekalongan indicating ineffective criterion. On the one hand, the contribution level of this regulation implementation on tax revenue at KPP Pratama Pekalongan indicating very poor criterion. Based on the data collected, this regulation were unable to increase the tax revenue at KPP Pratama Pekalongan.

The authors study two basic approaches to modeling human behavior that have a long history. The first one is connected with shaping desired behavior models. Such models can be found in sacred books of many religions. The second approach is connected with characterizing behavior by means of a certain associative image. The authors present a comparative characteristic of both approaches and reveal their methodological difference. The article describes the problems that arise while using associative models of employees’ behavior in a modern organization. At the same time the authors point out the increasing for many countries significance of the approach connected with shaping desired employees’ behavior models. So they use system basis to structure the basic tasks of shaping desired employees’ behavior models. It helps an organization to find a necessary number of employees’ behavior models. They will facilitate achieving the organization’s objectives, solving its tasks, effective exploitation of the resources and achieving the results. The attention is mainly paid to minimization of the increasing threats of the external environment, particularly to neutralization of the influence of those organizations and individuals whose values do not meet the interests of a certain society and business entities. The authors reveal strategic and current relevance of shaping desired employees’ behavior models for organizations and state, and suggest the way to solve this task. The central place is given to government agencies and the leader’s personal example. The article contains a list of major works to be done within a national project on neutralization of the increasing negative influence of the external environment. There is also a list of conditions for harmonic combination of both approaches to modeling employees’ behavior in practice to obtain additional managerial effect. The authors insist that government regulation of shaping desired employees’ behavior models in organizations is inevitable historically. Delays will only increase the lost profit and the costs for compensating the growing damage.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has steadily grown in importance. We show government regulation on corporate reporting of CSR, aimed to spur its growth and increase transparency of its extent at the firm level, has grown in tandem. Such reporting regulation more readily observable than CSR activity itself and can be used as a proxy for the latter at the country level, and also as an indication of a country’s interest in promoting CSR. We show that larger economies find it easier to institute such regulations, and that international influences and local concerns from increases in pollution levels are important contributing factors. We provide evidence that such regulation also tends to increase CSR reports, even after accounting for the possibility that common unobserved factors affect both reporting requirements and CSR activity.

Objective To examine infertility-related fund-raising campaigns on a popular crowdfunding website and to compare campaign characteristics across states with and without legislative mandates for insurance coverage for infertility-related care. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Online crowdfunding platform (GoFundMe) between 2010 and 2020. Patient(s) GoFundMe campaigns in the United States containing the keywords “fertility” and “infertility.” Intervention(s) State insurance mandates for infertility treatment coverage. Main Outcome Measure(s) Primary outcomes included fund-raising goals, funds raised, campaign location, and campaigns per capita. Result(s) Of the 3,332 infertility-related campaigns analyzed, a total goal of $52.6 million was requested, with $22.5 million (42.8%) successfully raised. The average goal was $18,639 (standard deviation [SD] $32,904), and the average amount raised was $6,759 (SD $14,270). States with insurance mandates for infertility coverage had fewer crowdfunding campaigns per capita (0.75 vs. 1.15 campaigns per 100,000 population than states without insurance mandates. Conclusion(s) We found a large number of campaigns requesting financial assistance for costs associated with infertility care, indicating a substantial unmet financial burden. States with insurance mandates had fewer campaigns per capita, suggesting that mandates are effective in mitigating this financial burden. These data can inform future health policy legislation on the state and federal levels to assist with the financial burden of infertility.

Aims Knee arthroplasty surgery is a highly effective treatment for arthritis and disorders of the knee. There are a wide variety of implant brands and types of knee arthroplasty available to surgeons. As a result of a number of highly publicized failures, arthroplasty surgery is highly regulated in the UK and many other countries through national registries, introduced to monitor implant performance, surgeons, and hospitals. With time, the options available within many brand portfolios have grown, with alternative tibial or femoral components, tibial insert materials, or shapes and patella resurfacings. In this study we have investigated the effect of the expansion of implant brand portfolios and where there may be a lack of transparency around a brand name. We also aimed to establish the potential numbers of compatible implant construct combinations. Methods Hypothetical implant brand portfolios were proposed, and the number of compatible implant construct combinations was calculated. Results A simple knee portfolio with cemented cruciate-retaining (CR) and posterior-stabilized (PS) components, with and without a patella, has four combinations. If there are two options available for each component, the numbers double for each option, resulting in 32 combinations. The effect of adding a third option multiplies the number by 1.3. Introducing compatible uncemented options, with the effect of hybrids, multiplies the number by 4. An implant portfolio with two femoral components (both in CR and PS), with two insert options and a patella, all in cemented and uncemented versions leads to 192 possible compatible implant construct combinations. There are implant brands available to surgeons with many more than two options. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the addition of multiple variants within a knee brand portfolio leads to a large number (many hundreds) of compatible implant construct combinations. Revision rates of implant combinations are not currently reviewed at this level of granularity, leading to the risk of camouflage of true outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(10):1555–1560.

Background Despite the trend of rising Emergency Department (ED) visits over the past decade, researchers have observed drastic declines in number of ED visits due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and governor mandated Stay at Home Order on ED super utilizers. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of patients presenting to the 12 emergency departments of the Franciscan Mission of Our Lady Hospital System in Louisiana between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020. Patients who were 18 years of age or older and had four ED visits within a one-year period (2018, 2019, or 2020) were classified as super-utilizers. We examined number and category of visits for the baseline period (January 2018 – March 2020), the governor's Stay at Home Order, and the subsequent Reopening Phases through December 31, 2020. Results The number of visits by super utilizers decreased by over 16% when the Stay at Home Order was issued. The average number of visits per week rose from 1010.63 during the Stay at Home Order to 1198.09 after the Stay at Home Order was lifted, but they did not return to Pre-COVID levels of approximately 1400 visits per week in 2018 and 2019. When categories of visits were examined, this trend was found for emergent visits (p < 0.001) and visits related to injuries (p < 0.001). Non-emergent visits declined during the Stay at Home Order compared to the baseline period (p < 0.001), and did not increase significantly during reopening compared to the Stay at Home Order (p = 0.87). There were no changes in number of visits for psychiatric purposes, alcohol use, or drug use during the pandemic. Conclusions Significant declines in emergent visits raise concerns that individuals who needed ED treatment did not seek it due to COVID-19. However, the finding that super utilizers with non-emergent visits continued to visit the ED less after the Stay at Home Order was lifted raises questions for future research that may inform policy and interventions for inappropriate ED use.

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the Indonesian economy, especially the welfare of Indonesian workers. During this pandemic, there are still violations of the law on immigrant or foreign workers. This study aims to discuss how the conditions that occur during the arrival of Chinese work migrants and how the rules or policies regulate this. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with data collection using literature studies. Based on research results from literature studies, the government claimed to have brought workers from China into Indonesia. This action is of course very contrary to what is happening and the government's efforts so far to suppress the number of COVID-19. Even though the unemployment rate is increasing due to layoffs such as the number of 1,722,958 people, the government still allows foreign workers from China to enter and seems to prevent local Indonesian workers from working. In fact, in Government Regulation Number 34 of 2021 as the central legal basis, permits for extension of workers and strict selection of workers must still be carried out consistently. In conclusion, the immigration and labor sector in Indonesia still shows clear shortcomings.

Social media emerged into our lives as a means for communication and socializing globally making inter personal connections easier than ever to maintain overlooking geography, distance, languages, cultures and borders. Years after this seemingly innocent and friendly addition to our social lives, social media is a lot less ‘social’ and a lot more ‘media’. We communicate, exchange information, thoughts, stories, and ideas on Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms more than in any offline platforms or mediums; making social media platforms the most powerful publisher of our time. Information, opinions, stories, and ideas- real or not, true or false, right or wrong – spread around the globe in a click of a button and reach billions of people. While media outlets and publishers are held to extremely meticulous codes of conduct and ethical standards—Social Media platforms giants have been flying under the radar of government regulation for far too long.

Controlled Human Infection Model — Fast Track to HCV Vaccine? The moratorium on experimentation with chimpanzees has impeded the progress of research on a vaccine against hepatitis C virus. Given t...

Introduction: Based on Government Regulation No. 50 of 2012, companies with more than 100 workers and have a high potential for hazards are required to implement an Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3). The purpose of this study is to review the implementation of the occupational safety and health management system based on Government Regulation Number 50 of 2012 at PT Totalindo Eka Persada, the Kingland Avenue Serpong Project in 2020. Methods: This research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. The informants of this study used 2 key informants, namely the HSE Manager and construction K3 experts.Research data information is obtained from interviews, documents, and observations. Results: Based on Government Regulation Number 50 of 2012 obtained a suitability of 86.5%. The level of achievement in detail is, monitoring and evaluation of K3 performance at 75%, implementation of the K3 plan 78%, determining K3 policy 100%, and planning K3 100%. Discussion: Total value of the five elements of Government Regulation Number 50 of 2012 in the kingland avenue project of PT. Totalindo Eka Persada in 2020 is 86.5% so that the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK3) is classified as satisfactory based on the provisions required by Government Regulation Number 50 of 2012.

Aim. The presented study aims to analyze approaches to achieving sustainable development proposed by schools focused on strengthening government intervention in economic processes to achieve sustainability.Tasks. The authors examine publications that address the problems of sustainable development by the representatives of post-Keynesianism, green Keynesianism, and environmental economists; determine the main goals of sustainable development outlined by the representatives of the aforementioned schools and identify the tools they offer to achieve sustainability; assess the possibility of using these tools in the real sector of the economy, identifying their strengths and weaknesses.Methods. This study uses the methods of analysis and synthesis as well as comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods.Results. It is found that the examined schools focus on the problems of preserving ecosystems and ensuring sustainable economic growth. Other goals, such as provision of employment opportunities, elimination of poverty and inequality are considered to a lesser extent as resulting from the measures taken by the government for the purpose of the environmental transformation of the economy. It is proposed to introduce various forms of assessment and payment for the use of natural resources and to transfer the flow of investment from resource-oriented towards environmentally oriented industries. The decline in employment associated with such a reorientation can be compensated for by expanding employment in the service sector, reducing working hours, and lowering the retirement age.Conclusions. Measures of transition towards sustainable development proposed by post-Keynesians, green Keynesians, and environmental economists are mainly based on non-market measures and imply the strengthening of the government’s influence. Some measures, such as increasing taxes on the products of “dirty” industries, are reflected in the economic policies of other countries. Other measures, primarily aimed at eliminating poverty, inequality, and unemployment, are not being actively implemented. It should be noted that not all recipes of theorists can be applied in the real sector since they include radical measures, the practical implementation of which can lead to economic collapse and a decrease in the population’s living standards.

This Viewpoint explains how a recent Supreme Court decision clarifies rules for prescribing controlled substances so that patients are not denied appropriate care and physicians are not unjustly prosecuted.

This medical news feature discusses the challenges of treating pregnant patients diagnosed with cancer following the reversal of Roe v Wade.

Background It is unclear how to geographically distribute percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) programs to optimize patient outcomes. The Washington State Certificate of Need program seeks to balance hospital volume and patient access through regulation of elective PCI. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective cohort study of all non‐Veterans Affairs hospitals with PCI programs in Washington State from 2009 to 2018. Hospitals were classified as having (1) full PCI services and surgical backup ( legacy hospitals, n=17); (2) full services without surgical backup ( new certificate of need [CON] hospitals, n=9); or (3) only nonelective PCI without surgical backup ( myocardial infarction [MI] access hospitals, n=9). Annual median hospital‐level volumes were highest at legacy hospitals (605, interquartile range, 466–780), followed by new CON , (243, interquartile range, 146–287) and MI access , (61, interquartile range, 23–145). Compared with MI access hospitals, risk‐adjusted mortality for nonelective patients was lower for legacy (odds ratio [OR], 0.59 [95% CI, 0.48–0.72]) and new‐CON hospitals (OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.45–0.65]). Legacy hospitals provided access within 60 minutes for 90% of the population; addition of new CON and MI access hospitals resulted in only an additional 1.5% of the population having access within 60 minutes. Conclusions Many PCI programs in Washington State do not meet minimum volume standards despite regulation designed to consolidate elective PCI procedures. This CON strategy has resulted in a tiered system that includes low‐volume centers treating high‐risk patients with poor outcomes, without significant increase in geographic access. CON policies should re‐evaluate the number and distribution of PCI programs.

The study integrated the stimuli–organism-response (SOR) framework and the social exchange theory to explain the mechanism of consumer entitlement (CE) behavior in the retail context of Confucian culture. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were combined in this study in the form of two focus groups and a survey questionnaire (n = 465) administered in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, under the supervision of the Ho Chi Minh City Statistical Office. The results revealed that government regulation, store fairness and preferential treatment belong to stimuli dimensions that trigger CE behavior through organisms, such as trust, commitment and perceived quality. The study’s findings give empirical support to retailers to understand and look for the right strategy for controlling CE behavior in a Confucian-culture context.

This study seeks to solve the problems in the development of electric vehicles in Indonesia and focuses on incentive policies with related theories compared with other countries. As an effort to realize an environmentally friendly industry, electric vehicles have become a global trend for states to develop, including in Indonesia. Electric vehicles as new discourse in Indonesia needs great support from the Government. In 2022, Indonesia itself targets the first production of domestic electric cars. In 2025, electric cars in Indonesia are targeted to reach 20% of the market. In this case, the Indonesian Government has sought to provide incentives for accelerating the development of electric vehicles through President Regulation Number 55 of 2019 regarding the Acceleration of the Battery Electric Vehicle Program for Road Transportation. However, this policy has not yet become a trigger mechanism for the public to switch to electric vehicles. The determinant factor for this adversity would be; there is a lack of incentives offered by the Government that can be obtained by the consumers. The author finds that the incentive policy provided through Government Regulation is still questionable because it has not been able to trigger the public to switch to electric vehicles.Keywords: Energy; Electric Vehicle; Incentives; Transportation; Indonesia.JEL Classifications: K4, R5DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11453

The article considers some historical aspects of ensuring systemic nature for planning in the field of defence. The problems of defence planning in Ukraine are analysed, in particular, the lack of legal framework for government regulation of strategic planning at both legislative and executive levels, the absence of some important definitions in legislative documents and the presence of incorrect (erroneous) provisions. Ways to improve the system of national strategic planning are proposed. The article also contains suggestions concerning the alignment of planning timeframes with the presidential term of the President of Ukraine, extension of the authority of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, and the procedure for approving the documents of the Defence Plan of Ukraine.

Purpose The Goods and Services Tax (GST) implementation in Malaysia had raised various responses from many parties involved when the new tax was introduced in 2015 until its abolishment in 2018. GST complexity has been stated as part of the reasons for its resistance and abolishment. The purpose of this paper is to identify causes of GST complexities during its implementation in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on causes of tax complexity from previous studies and conducted semi-structured interviews with tax experts. The respondents comprised of subject matter experts in GST and the findings are based on their numerous years of experiences handling clients with diverse backgrounds. Findings Findings from this study are categorised into legal complexity and declarative complexities. Almost all the causes of complexities from prior studies were encountered by Malaysian businesses. This study concluded that the most likely reasons for the abolishment of GST in Malaysia are: numerous rules and exception to the rules (e.g. 35 tax codes, gifts rules, 21-day rules), frequent changes of GST rulings and guidelines, GST computations that were too difficult for mixed supply and process of GST refund that were onerous and lengthy. Research limitations/implications Limitations of this paper include reliance on the respondents’ ability to accurately and honestly recall details of their experiences, circumstances, thoughts or behaviours that are being asked. Practical implications Despite the abolishment of the GST in Malaysia, it is pertinent to identify the causes of GST complexities that can be learnt by the relevant authorities. Measures can be formulated to mitigate the identified GST complexities to ensure high compliance among businesses with other existing taxes or new taxes (if any) to be introduced in the future. This includes addressing the competency of RMCD officers and businesses on the rules and regulations, minimal rules and exception to the rules, a simplified GST computations for mixed supply and a systematic refund process. Originality/value The research method used is a flexible and powerful tool to capture the voices and the ways respondents make meaning of their experience dealing with the GST matters. The findings reveal a deep understanding of the issues from the views of the experts in the field.

This article introduces the concept of "flexible reactivity" to describe and analyze a form of economic actors' response to multiple judgment devices. Using the example of government regulation in the Tuscan wine industry, we show that wineries can in part comply with the government's quality classifications system while, at the same time, also offering products outside the official classification system. Through this research, we provide novel insights into the role of judgment devices and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of organizational responses to institutional pressures. Extending prior institutional-complexity research, our study illustrates that organizations' reactions to judgment devices are not limited to only the two options of either acquiescence or defiance. The third option-flexibile reactivity-encompasses an explicit combination of acquiescence and defiance at the actor level. Our findings shed new light on how organizations can cope with contradictory external demands such that contrasting logics compete for organizational resources and breed heterogeneous and continuously shifting product offerings.