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This study aimed to explore the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in the elderly population 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, China.A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted with 2579 elderly participants (≥ 60 years old) who were interviewed from January to May 2019. Preliminary screening was conducted using the scale by trained psychiatric nurses, followed by a diagnostic interview during the second stage using Chinese Version of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder by trained psychiatrists.A total of 2561 participants were included in this study with complete data. The weighted lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders in the elderly was 16.2% (95% CI 15.3-17.1), and the weighted 12-month prevalence was 15.2% (95% CI 13.4-17.0). Depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders were the most common mental disorders. The 12-month prevalence of all mental disorders were significantly higher in the elderly living alone, with chronic somatic disease, and being poor (P 0.05). The 12-month prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly higher in the elderly in extremely severely earthquake-affected areas (P 0.001).The results of this study show that mental health status of the elderly in Ya'an area differ by socio-economic development, geographical location, and natural disasters. The social and economic development characteristics, the impact of major natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), and population characteristics should be combined to formulate strategies and interventions to promote the mental health of the elderly.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a growth factor that plays many critical functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and may be involved in the development of a range of psychopathologies, including depression, dementia, and neurodegenerative disorders.In the present study, we performed the first systematic review with a meta-analysis to quantitatively compare the peripheral blood BDNF levels between patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify the relevant articles.Nine studies encompassing 474 adults with OCD and 436 HCs were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that patients with OCD had significantly decreased peripheral blood levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) when compared with the HCs (Hedges' g = -0.722, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.152 to -0.292, P = 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed decreased BDNF levels in plasma of patients (Hedges' g = -1.137, 95% CI = -1.463 to -0.810, P = 0.000) and drug-free patients (Hedges' g = -1.269, 95% CI = -1.974 to -0.564, P = 0.000) as compared to patients on active drug therapy and HCs. Meta-regression analyses showed that age, sex, sample size, Y-BOS total score, and publication year had no moderating effects on the outcome.Although the relationship between our findings and the pathophysiology of OCD and the role BDNF plays in the development of the disease remains to be determined, the outcomes suggest that BDNF may serve as a potential biomarker of OCD.

This study aims to characterise the interface creep behaviour between geomembrane and geotextile (i.e. GM-GT) in the liner system. Two types of GM (i.e. smooth SGM and textured TGM) and two types of GT (i.e. nonwoven NWGT and woven WGT) were investigated using the conventional direct shear apparatus for four combinations of GM-GT. The interface friction angles ( φ i n ) between GM-GT were firstly determined at the normal stresses ( σ n ) of 25, 50, 100 and 200 kPa. The results show that TGM-NWGT has a much larger φ i n (23.9°) than the other three combinations which ranged from 9.5° to 11.1°. Subsequently, creep tests were conducted at three shear stress ( τ ) levels (i.e., 30, 50 and 70% of the peak stress ( τ p ) under each normal stress). The creep test results of the four combinations were analysed and a power equation of time was used to estimate creep displacement ( δ c p ) . The coefficients A and B in the power equation were found to be functions of Young's modulus of the composite material ( E c ), time, σ n , τ , τ p , and φ i n . The tertiary creep stage was not observed in the test and it is recommended that longer duration GM-GT interface creep tests should be conducted for in-depth understanding of the interface creep mechanism.

Temporal stability of net primary productivity (NPP) is important for predicting the reliable provisioning of ecosystem services under global changes. Although nitrogen (N) addition is known to affect the temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), it is unclear how it impacts that of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and NPP, and whether such effects are scale dependent. Here, using experimental N addition in a grassland, we found different responses of ANPP and BNPP stability to N addition at the local scale and that these responses propagated to the larger spatial scale. That is, N addition significantly decreased the stability of ANPP but did not affect the stability of BNPP and NPP at the two scales investigated. Additionally, spatial asynchrony of both ANPP and BNPP among communities provided greater stability at the larger scale and was not affected by N addition. Our findings challenge the traditional view that N addition would reduce ecosystem stability based on results from aboveground dynamics, thus highlighting the importance of viewing ecosystem stability from a whole system perspective.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure 5. Effect of THF on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related protein levels in epididymal white adipose tissue of HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice.

Additional file 1: Table 1. Primers for Real-Time PCR detection.

Additional file 2: Table 2. Primary antibodies for Western blotting assay.

Additional file 4: Supplementary Figure 6. Effect of THF on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes cells induced dexamethasone.

Intestinal aging seriously affects the absorption of nutrients of the aged people. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) which has multiple functions on treating gastrointestinal disorders is one of the important ingredients from Ginseng, the famous herb in tradition Chinese medicine. However, it is still unclear if GRb1 could improve intestinal aging. To investigate the function and mechanism of GRb1 on improving intestinal aging, GRb1 was administrated to 104-week-old C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. The jejunum, colon and feces were collected for morphology, histology, gene expression and gut microbiota tests using H&E staining, X-gal staining, qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and 16S rDNA sequencing technologies. The numbers of cells reduced and the accumulation of senescent cells increased in the intestinal crypts of old mice, and administration of GRb1 could reverse them. The protein levels of CLDN 2, 3, 7, and 15 were all decreased in the jejunum of old mice, and administration of GRb1 could significantly increase them. The expression levels of Tert, Lgr5, mKi67, and c-Myc were all significantly reduced in the small intestines of old mice, and GRb1 significantly increased them at transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. The protein levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 were all reduced in the jejunum of old mice, and GRb1 could increase the protein levels of them. The 16S rDNA sequencing results demonstrated the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota of old mice, and GRb1 changed the composition and functions of the gut microbiota in the old mice. In conclusion, GRb1 could improve the intestinal aging via regulating the expression of Sirtuins family and modulating the gut microbiota in the aged mice.

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence on the relationship between benign ovarian tumors and ovarian cancer risk has been controversial; therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated this association.MethodsThe PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for eligible studies published up to April 30, 2020. The study-specific risk estimates were pooled using a random-effects model.ResultsTen articles (two cohorts, seven case-control studies, and one pooled analysis of eight case-control studies) with 10331 ovarian cancer patients were included. Benign ovarian tumors were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (pooled relative risk [RR]=1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.90), with high heterogeneity among studies. The pooled RR was 2.02 (95%CI: 1.32–3.11) for two cohort studies, which was higher than the pooled result of eight case-control studies (pooled RR: 1.15; 95%CI: 0.92–1.44). When stratifying by histological type, the pooled RRs were 1.53 (95% CI: 0.37–6.29) and 3.62 (95%CI: 0.81–16.20) for serous and mucinous tumors, respectively. The pooled RRs were 1.61 (95%CI: 0.65–3.95) and 1.54 (95%CI: 1.29–1.84) for the associations of ovarian cyst with invasive and borderline cancers, respectively.ConclusionsBenign ovarian tumors were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Due to the high heterogeneity among the studies and the risks of bias, more studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

This study aimed to (1) explore the prevalence and relevant influencing factors of different mental disorders 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya’an, China. An epidemiological mental health survey was conducted to identify the prevalence of mental disorders in general population in Ya’an. A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted. Face-to-face interviews were done with a two-stage design by trained interviewers and psychiatrists. The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) was used for the diagnosis. There were 8876 participants who were interviewed in this study. The total 12-month and lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders were 12.5% and 14.7%, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females in the prevalence patterns of several mental disorders. Han ethnic group had higher prevalence of anxiety disorders (2.7%), and the Tibetan group had higher prevalence of alcohol-related disorders (5.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the areas severely affected by the earthquake had significantly higher prevalence of depressive disorders, and the extremely severe affected areas had significantly higher prevalence of trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Our findings show that the prevalence of a range of mental disorders 5 years after the earthquake in Ya’an are high, and the prevalence of depressive and trauma- and stressor-related disorders may be influenced differently by the various severity of earthquake impact. This study may be crucial for the health policy-making, cultural-specific mental health services and long-term mental recovery after the earthquake.

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has affected plant community composition and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. This includes changes to the way plants use and recycle nutrients, including effects on nutrient resorption, which is a key process through which plants recover nutrients from tissue during senescence. Nutrient resorption has considerable adaptive and functional significance for plants and helps regulate core ecosystem processes such as decomposition. However, our understanding of how N deposition affects nutrient resorption and, in particular, of how N inputs alter ecosystem resorption via changes to existing species’ resorption compared with changes to community composition remains poor. To disentangle the role of species versus community composition controls driving variation in nutrient resorption responses to N inputs, we carried out an experiment with six different N addition rates in a temperate steppe. We found that species-scale nutrient resorption responses to N enrichment were variable; for example, only half of the measured species reduced both N and P resorption efficiency in response to increased N inputs. In contrast, community-scale responses consistently resulted in reduced N and P resorption. Still, N-induced changes in community composition were a weaker control on overall resorption responses than were the effects on individual species; however, it was the synergistic interaction between the two that resulted in the large total reductions of nutrient resorption in the face of increased N. Taken together, our results highlight that understanding and predicting nutrient resorption responses will be most accurately scaled by accounting not only for species’ reductions in resorption but also for changes in community composition.

The stoichiometric traits of litter play an important role in driving litter decomposition and ecosystem nutrient cycling. While the impacts of nitrogen (N) deposition on the species-level litter stoichiometric traits have been well addressed, we know little about that at community-level, which is supposed to be driven by both intra-specific variation and changes in community composition. We examined the effects of N deposition on litter phosphorus (P) concentration and N:P ratio at both species- and community-level in a semi-arid grassland of northern China. We further decomposed the community-level variations of litter nutritional traits into intra- and inter-specific variation. Nitrogen addition, especially at high rates, substantially changed community composition. Litter P concentrations and N:P ratios significantly varied among different species. Litter P concentrations and N:P ratios at both species- and community-level were positively correlated with N addition rates. Biomass-weighted community-level N:P ratios were more sensitive to N addition than the non-weighted ones, indicating that community composition strengthened the positive impacts of N addition on litter N:P ratios. There was positive co-variation between intra- and inter-specific variation for litter N:P ratio, indicating the consistency of community composition and intra-specific variation in their effects on litter N:P ratio. Our results indicated that the imbalance of N and P following N enrichment would be much larger than the expectation based on the findings from species-level, and thus highlight the importance of changes in community composition in driving the responses of community-level litter N:P stoichiometry to N deposition in the semi-arid grassland.

A focused jet is generated from a concave free surface through an impact of a tube. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted to explore the viscous influences. The results show that a strong vorticity sheet is generated along the free surface just after impact, and the liquid bulk is initialized ($t\le$$10^{-4}$s). After the impact, the liquid surface evolves freely and a jet is ejected ($t\gg$$10^{-4}$s). Pronounced tangential flow is found, and the material in the jet mainly originates from the viscous penetrating layer below the free surface. According to the above observations, a vorticity mechanism of the free surface evolution is proposed. Further, by combining the viscous and interfacial tension effects, a scaling relation estimating the jetting velocity is derived, which agrees with the numerical and experimental results well. The work will be valuable for viscous droplets preparation., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

To clarify the effects of organic fertilizer application on crop yield and soil properties in rice-wheat rotation system in China, we carried out a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer types (ordinary organic fertilizer, biochar, and straw), fertilization regimes (organic fertilizer alone, organic fertilizer + partial chemical fertilizer, and organic fertilizer + full amount of chemical fertilizer), and experiment duration (short term, medium term, and long term) on soil properties and the yield of rice and wheat, as well as their responses to soil conditions (acid, neutral, basic). Results showed that the application of organic fertilizer had similar yield-increase effect on rice yield (3.1%) and wheat yield (3.0%) compared to chemical fertilizer application alone. The effect of organic fertilizer application on soil quality was more obvious, significantly reducing soil bulk density by 5.7%, and increasing the concentrations of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen by 11.7%-38.4%. Among different types of organic fertilizer, the effects of ordinary organic fertilizer and biochar on soil properties improvement were better than straw. Compared to the organic fertilizer application alone, the effects of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer on crop yield was better, but poorer on soil property improvement. With the increasing duration of organic fertilizer application, crop yield and soil fertility gradually increased. Under the condition of acid soil, the effect of organic fertilizer application on crop yield was the best. The annual yield of rice and wheat showed significant negative correlation with soil bulk density, but a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and microbial biomass nitrogen.为明确稻麦轮作系统有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质的影响,本研究搜集已公开发表的文献数据,利用meta分析法定量分析了有机肥类型(普通有机肥、生物质炭、秸秆)、施用策略(单施有机肥、有机肥配施部分化肥、有机肥配施全量化肥)、施用年限(短期、中期、长期)对稻麦产量和土壤性质的影响及其对不同土壤条件(酸性、中性、碱性)的响应。结果表明: 与单施化肥相比,有机肥施用对水稻和小麦的增产效应相近,分别为3.1%和3.0%。有机肥施用对土壤性质的提升效果更明显,显著降低了土壤容重(5.7%),显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,以及微生物生物量碳、氮,增幅在11.7%～38.4%。不同类型有机肥中,生物质炭和普通有机肥对土壤性质的改良效果优于秸秆;与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施化肥的作物增产效果更好,而土壤性质改良效果较差;随着有机肥施用年限增加,作物增产和土壤肥力提升效应逐渐增强;在酸性土壤条件下有机肥施用对作物的增产效果最显著。土壤容重与稻麦周年产量呈显著负相关,而土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和微生物生物量氮与稻麦周年产量呈显著正相关关系。.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect and mechanism of hesperidin (HES) on insulin resistance (IR) in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2 cells). HepG2 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a model of IR and treated with HES at three dosages. Next, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the glucose content, and glucose uptake were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, glucose oxidase-peroxidase method (GOD-POD), or (2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose) (2-NBDG). Moreover, the protein expression of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in HepG2 cells treated with HES were assessed via western blotting analysis. In addition, GLUT2 protein expression exposed to HES was detected following treatment with TLR4 inhibitor (HTA125). Our results demonstrated that HES decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, attenuated the glucose content in culture medium and increased glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells in vitro. Moreover, HES upregulated the expression of IRS1 and GLUT2 protein and downregulated the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. The expression of GLUT2 protein had no significant changes when treated with HES after blockade of TLR4. HES attenuated IR in LPS-inducedinsulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Therefore, regulating the IRS1-GLUT2 pathway via TLR4 represents a potential mechanism of HES on IR in HepG2 cells.

A 2D/3D compatible display is proposed. The proposed 2D/3D compatible display can make viewers freely choose to view 2D or 3D images, and do not interact with each other. The proposed 2D/3D compatible display consists of a 2D display panel, a polarization modulator, and a pair of polarizing glasses. The 2D display panel is used to display a 2D synthetic image. The 2D synthetic image can be used to show the first parallax image. The polarization modulator can change the polarization directions of 2D synthetic image. Therefore, the component of the 2D synthetic image on specific polarization direction can be used to show the second parallax image. The polarizing glasses have only one lens covered with polarizer. This lens is used to view the second parallax image. And another lens without polarizer is used to view the first parallax image included in the original 2D synthetic image. Therefore, 3D image is displayed. A prototype of the proposed display is developed. Experimental results agree well with the theory. We believe it will be a potential application in 2D/3D compatible display.

We propose a crosstalk-free integral imaging three-dimensional (3D) display using a pinhole array. It consists of a back light unit, a pinhole array and a liquid crystal panel. The pinhole array, which is attached to the back light unit, is located between the back light unit and the liquid crystal panel. Three imaging models of the integral imaging 3D display with different pinhole arrays are analyzed to reveal the relationship between the aperture width of the pinhole array and the crosstalk. The optimal value of the aperture width of the pinhole array is also obtained to eliminate the crosstalk. A prototype using the optimal pinhole array is developed, and the experiment results agree well with the theory.

Aims The stoichiometric characteristics of plant communities are important controller for several fundamental ecological processes. The effects of environmental changes on community stoichiometric characteristics are driven by intra- and inter-specific variation. However, the relative importance of both pathways has seldom been empirically examined. Methods We quantified the relative contribution of intra- and inter-specific variation to the changes of community nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations after seven-year factorial N addition and mowing treatments in a semi-arid grassland of northern China. Results Nitrogen addition significantly increased community N and P concentrations and N:P ratio. Mowing significantly increased community N concentration and N:P. Intra-specific variation contributed more than inter-specific variation to the total variability of all the nutritional and stoichiometric characteristics, with intra-specific variation accounting for 68%, 70%, and 75% of the total variation in community-level N, P, and N:P, respectively. Negative covariations between the contribution of intra- and inter-specific variation occurred for community N and P concentrations. Further, N addition and mowing interacted to affect the impacts of intra- and inter-specific variation on community N concentration and N:P stoichiometry. Conclusions Our results highlight different ways of trait selection for N addition and mowing treatments. Interactions between those two factors make it more difficult to accurately predict the responses of plant-mediated biogeochemical cycles under co-occurrence of environmental changes.

Increasing availability of reactive nitrogen (N) threatens plant diversity in diverse ecosystems. While there is mounting evidence for the negative impacts of N deposition on one component of diversity, species richness, we know little about its effects on another one, species evenness. It is suspected that ecosystem management practice that removes nitrogen from the ecosystem, such as hay-harvesting by mowing in grasslands, would mitigate the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity. However, empirical evidence is scarce. Here, we reported the main and interactive effects of N deposition and mowing on plant diversity in a temperate meadow steppe with 4-year data from a field experiment within which multi-level N addition rates and multiple N compounds are considered. Across all the types of N compounds, species richness and evenness significantly decreased with the increases of N addition rate, which was mainly caused by the growth of a tall rhizomatous grass, Leymus chinensis. Such negative impacts of N addition were accumulating with time. Mowing significantly reduced the dominance of L. chinensis, and mitigated the negative impacts of N deposition on species evenness. We present robust evidence that N deposition threatened biodiversity by reducing both species richness and evenness, a process which could be alleviated by mowing. Our results highlight the changes of species evenness in driving the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity and the role of mowing in mediating such negative impacts of N deposition.

Nitrogen (N) enrichment has great consequences on several fundamental ecological processes through its impacts on plant nutrition traits (i.e. nutrient concentration and stoichiometric ratios); however, the extent to which the effects of N enrichment depend on phosphorus (P) availability are less well understood. While there is mounting evidence for the species-specific responses of plant nutrition traits to nutrient enrichment, we know little about the changes at the community-level. Here, we measured community-level biomass weighted (CWM) and non-weighted (CM) plant N and P concentrations and N:P ratio in a temperate meadow steppe after four years factorial N and P addition, with biomass and nutrition traits of each species in each plot being recorded. Nitrogen addition significantly increased community-level N concentration, decreased P concentration, and enhanced community N:P ratio. Phosphorus addition had no impacts on community-level N concentration, significantly increased P concentration, and reduced community N:P ratio. The impacts of N addition on community nutrition traits were not dependent on P addition and the community-level nutrition trait responses to N and P additions were primarily driven by intraspecific trait variation (ITV) rather than by species turnover. Community-level nutrition traits in the temperate meadow steppe were sensitive to the projected N and P enrichment. While nutrient enrichment had substantially changed community composition, its impacts on community nutrition traits were driven by ITV. Nitrogen deposition would result in imbalance of N and P in plant community, as indicated by the substantial increase in community-level N:P, which was not affected by increased P availability.

Hawk tea, prepared from the young leaves of Litsea coreana Levl. var. lanuginosa, is consumed as a tonic in China. Essential oils (EOs) from Hawk tea collected from six habitats in China were obtained by hydro distillation. Extraction yields ranged from 0.42% (g/g) in samples from Ningguo to 0.11% (g/g) in samples from Qingchuan. A total of 50 compounds in the six EO samples were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. The dominant compounds were citral (4.67–21.12%), caryophyllene (2.31–15.74%), dodecanal (2.10–15.38%), α-humulene (1.45–13.56%) and decanal (1.91–13.17%). Altitude may contribute the greatest effect on the chemical variation of the six EO samples. All the EO samples showed bioactivities. Among them, the EOs from the Pingshan sample showed the best ABTS radical scavenging activity (78.67 mg TEs /g) and better antimicrobial activities (MIC = 156.25–625 μg/mL) and had stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.71 mg/mL) than BHT (IC50 = 0.76 mg/mL). The EOs from the Ningguo sample showed the highest reducing power (26.06 mg Fe2+/g) in a FRAP assay, the best inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase (1.71 mg/mL) and was the most cytotoxic (66.03–77.03 μg/mL) in an MTS assay. Therefore, the EOs from Hawk tea could be suitable for commercialization in the food, cosmetic or medical industries. Due to the activities of their EOs, plants growing in Pingshan and Ningguo are the optimal candidates.

Forage yield is the fundamental ecosystem service of grasslands. While the quantitative responses of forage yield to nitrogen (N) enrichment are well known, its qualitative responses remain unclear. Even less known is the relative contribution of changes in community composition to the quality of the yield at the community level. We examined the quantitative and qualitative responses of forage yield at both plant functional group and community levels with factorial treatments of N addition and mowing in a temperate steppe. Nitrogen addition significantly enhanced the community-level yield by favoring the growth of rhizomatous grass. Mowing tended to mediate the impacts of N addition on the yield. Nitrogen addition increased the concentrations of crude protein and crude fat in forage at the community level. Neither the main effects of mowing nor its interactive effects with N addition affected forage quality. The N-induced shifts in plant species composition significantly contributed to the effects of N addition on forage quality at the community level. Our results suggest that mowing wound weaken the positive effects of N deposition on the quantity but not the quality of forage yield. Changes in plant community composition are important in driving the qualitative responses of yield to N deposition.

Additional file 1 Table S1. The number and identities of species being lost and gained in response to nitrogen addition under both unmown (control vs N) and mown (M vs NM) conditions in a temperate grassland. Figure S1. The N-induced changes of species loss and gain under unmown (a) and mown (b) conditions. Significance levels of the changes different from 0 were assessed using t-tests . *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

Additional file 1. Additional Figures S1���S11.

Additional file 1: Figure S1 Monthly mean temperature (°C) and total precipitation (mm) in Erguna in the growing season of 2016. Figure S2 The experimental platform of nitrogen addition and mowing. Figure S3 Differences of forage quality among bunchgrass, rhizomatous grass, forb, and sedge across all treatments in a temperate meadow steppe. Values within columns with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among the functional groups. Table S1 Physical properties in 0–40 cm, 40–70 cm, 70–100 cm of soils before conducting the experiment. Table S2 Chemical properties in 0–40 cm, 40–70 cm, 70–100 cm of soils before conducting the experiment. Table S3 Common plant species for sampled fields classed by life form, family, genus, species.

A real-time viewpoint generation-based 3D display with low crosstalk and high resolution is proposed. The proposed 3D display consists of a pattern image display (PID), a lenticular lens, and a transparent liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. For each eye of the observer, the PID can provide a pattern image with stripes that have a calculated pitch and displacement according to the eye position. The light from the stripes can be concentrated 3D display eye tracking by the lenticular lens and generate a viewpoint at the eye position. The transparent LCD panel is used to provide parallax images. This transparent LCD panel will not change the direction of light propagation and the location of the generated viewpoints. Then the whole parallax image on the transparent LCD panel can be projected by the PID and the lenticular lens to the viewpoint, so the resolution will not suffer like that in the convention 3D displays. Because the viewpoints are real-time generated according to the position of the observer’s eyes, the observer’s eyes will completely coincide with the position of the generated viewpoint. So crosstalk can be limited at a low level, and the viewing range is almost unlimited.

This study aimed to (1) explore the prevalence and relevant influencing factors of different mental disorders 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, China.An epidemiological mental health survey was conducted to identify the prevalence of mental disorders in general population in Ya'an. A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted. Face-to-face interviews were done with a two-stage design by trained interviewers and psychiatrists. The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) was used for the diagnosis.There were 8876 participants who were interviewed in this study. The total 12-month and lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders were 12.5% and 14.7%, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females in the prevalence patterns of several mental disorders. Han ethnic group had higher prevalence of anxiety disorders (2.7%), and the Tibetan group had higher prevalence of alcohol-related disorders (5.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the areas severely affected by the earthquake had significantly higher prevalence of depressive disorders, and the extremely severe affected areas had significantly higher prevalence of trauma- and stressor-related disorders.Our findings show that the prevalence of a range of mental disorders 5 years after the earthquake in Ya'an are high, and the prevalence of depressive and trauma- and stressor-related disorders may be influenced differently by the various severity of earthquake impact. This study may be crucial for the health policy-making, cultural-specific mental health services and long-term mental recovery after the earthquake.

In recent years, the prognostic and health management (PHM) technology has been effectively developed as a key technology for the intelligent development of power grids. The online monitoring system for circuit breaker (CB) lifetime has significant research value. Based on the requirement for intelligent monitoring of CBs’ electrical life, this paper provides an online monitoring scheme for CB contact system. This scheme adopts the improved arc current weighted algorithm, which calculates the contact electrical wear per interrupted online and estimate residual life of CB with the theoretical allowable wear deduced by the least squares method. The wavelet algorithm is used to find the accurate time point where the arc starts. The TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP) + AD7656 + ESP8266 chip architecture is used for AD sampling, online computing, and wireless communication.

Crop-type classification is one of the most significant applications in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery. As a remote sensing technique, PolSAR has been proved to have the ability to provide high-resolution information of illustrated objects. However, single-temporal PolSAR data are restricted to provide sufficient information for crop identification due to the complicated condition of varying morphology within various growing stages. With an increasing number of spaceborne PolSAR systems launched, a large amount of real PolSAR data are being generated and used to provide great opportunities for multitemporal analysis. The main contribution of this paper is to improve crop classification accuracy with various features of classical $H$ / $\alpha$ parameters. First, in order to deal with dual-PolSAR data, $H$ / $\alpha$ decomposition algorithm for quad-PolSAR is modified to suit to the case of dual polarization. Second, according to the differential scattering characteristics of main crops, a new parameter is innovatively defined to measure the differential characteristics in the $H$ / $\alpha$ classification plane. Third, crop types are discriminated by applying a supervised classification method with the newly defined parameter. Furthermore, the correctness of the parameter is verified with simulated and real Sentinel-1 data as well as AirSAR data. Finally, the performances of the classification method are investigated by the comparison with complex Wishart, Freeman–Wishart, and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Hence, the experimental results show that the proposed method and SVM classifier with the newly defined parameter have the ability to improve crop classification accuracy.

Loess is widely distributed in Northwest China where the rainy season coincides with the warm and vegetation growth period. The use of loess as a capillary barrier cover (CBC) material is promising. However, how the loess/gravel CBC perform as a capillary barrier and landfill gas emissions controller remains elusive. In this study, the performance of a designed CBC comprised 1.3 m-thick compacted loess underlain by 0.3 m-thick gravel in extremely wet and dry years of Xi'an city from 1950 to 2000 was analyzed using numerical modeling. An instrumented CBC test section comprised 0.9 m-thick compacted loess underlain by 0.3 m-thick gravel was constructed to show the hydraulic responses in real conditions from January 2015 to January 2017. The numerical results indicated that the designed CBC performed well as a capillary barrier as no percolation occurred during the extremely wet periods. Despite adopting a CBC of 0.4 m thinner than the designed one, the test section produced only 16.16 mm percolation during the two-year monitoring period, and that can meet the recommended limit of 30 mm/yr. The effect of the capillary break on increasing the water storage within the CBC was observed at the test section in fall. The increased water storage can significantly decrease the gas permeability, and thus improve the performance of the CBC as a LFG emissions controller. Furthermore, the LFG emissions can be controlled to meet the limit set by the Australian guideline by decreasing the bottom gas pressure and artificial watering. Finally, a procedure was proposed to enhance the performance of CBCs.

Multi-baseline phase unwrapping operation is a very important step for multi-baseline Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR). However, the conventional methods applied for single pixel suffer seriously from the phase noise that exists numerously in the interferometric phase images (i.e. interferograms). In order to improve the robustness to noise, this study proposes an innovative multi-baseline InSAR phase unwrapping method based on a mixed-integer optimisation model. The proposed method combines the central and its neighbouring pixels to jointly construct the mixed-integer optimisation model under the assumption that the pixels within a local window can be approximated by a small slant plane terrain. Furthermore, considering the practical case, the optimal window size is estimated according to the deviation from the interferometric wrapped phase to the assumed linear terrain, and the fast Fourier transform technique is adopted to reduce computational cost. The theoretical analysis and computer simulation demonstrate that the proposed method is able to improve the multi-baseline phase unwrapping performance and can be applied to reconstruct the digital elevation models for complicated topographies.

Biogas projects are rapidly expanding in China, but there is insufficient cropland to degrade these biogas residues. Mushroom cultivation has been used to degrade various agricultural wastes. In this study, to screen the feasibility of utilizing biogas residues as potential substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, seven different concentrations (0 to 60%) of biogas residue mixed with cottonseed hull, wheat bran, and lime were used to cultivate P. ostreatus. The mycelial growth rate, mycelial colonization time, yield, biological efficiency, chemical compositions, and content of four heavy metals, Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead), Hg (mercury), and As (arsenic), were analyzed. The results showed that 10 to 30% of biogas residue mixed in the substrates induced the growth of P. ostreatus mycelia faster than the others. A lower percentage (10 to 20%) of biogas residue added to the substrates is beneficial to the production and nutrient components of P. ostreatus, and the fruiting bodies produced on biogas residue-containing substrates conform to the safety standards for edible mushrooms. Although the total harvest is not significantly increased when biogas residue is added, the utilization of cheap biogas residues can conceivably reduce the practical cost and benefit the environment.

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites are quite promising in applications of large scale photovoltaic technology. However, toxicity is one of the crucial issues in these materials, and searching for environmentally friendly perovskite materials for green energy applications is in high demand. Here we present a systematic ab initio study on the replacement of toxic Pb in the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) with possible mono- and a few binary replacements. In the mono-replacements study, Ge and Sn are the best alternatives to Pb. In the binary replacements, we replace Pb by mixing Ca/Si and Zn/Si. In case of Ca/Si, a monotonic decrease in band gaps with a monotonic increase in the optical absorption was observed with increasing the Ca concentration. It is observed for the first time that the substitution of Ca/Si (or Zn/Si) at the B-site with various ratios would lead to remarkably high device absorption efficiencies. The band gaps of the studied mixed replacements are in the ideal ranges for single-junction...

In just a few years the efficiency of organic–inorganic perovskites has reached 22.1%. Long term stability and lead toxicity are their two main hurdles to overcome for commercialization as solar cells. Keeping these significant challenges in mind, we use ab initio density functional theory (DFT) and incorporate mixed Ca/(Ge, Sn) and Sr/(Ge, Sn) at the B-site of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) to get Pb-free perovskites with excellent properties. Tunability of the band gaps is observed while decreasing the ratios of Sn and Ge. The predicted band gaps (

Nitrogen (N) deposition is projected to increase over the coming decades, with consequences on soil N transformation. Soil N mineralization is an important process regulating soil N availability. However, it is unclear how the responses of soil N mineralization to increasing N deposition are controlled by biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we examined the effects of increasing N addition rates on soil net N mineralization, net nitrification, and N-cycling functional gene abundance in a temperate meadow steppe after six years treatments. We found that N addition significantly increased the rates of soil net N mineralization and nitrification. Nitrogen addition rates were positively correlated with the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria amoA gene, but negatively correlated with that of other N-related functional genes. The N-induced enhancement of net N transformations were predominantly driven by the enhanced quantity and quality of soil substrates, but not by N-related functional genes. Decreased soil pH also contributed to the enhancement of net N transformations. Our findings highlight the importance of soil substrate availability and soil pH in driving grassland soil N transformation processes under the scenario of increasing N deposition.

Nitrogen (N) addition and mowing can significantly influence micronutrient cycling in grassland ecosystems. It remains largely unknown about how different forms of added N affect micronutrient status in plant-soil systems. We examined the effects of different N compounds of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and urea with and without mowing on micronutrient Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in soil-plant systems in a meadow steppe. The results showed that (NH4)2SO4 addition had a stronger negative effect on soil pH compared with NH4NO3 and urea, resulting in higher increases in soil available Fe and Mn herein. Nitrogen addition decreased plant community-level biomass weighted (hereafter referred to as community-level) Fe concentration but increased Mn concentration, with a greater effect under (NH4)2SO4 addition. Community-level Cu concentration increased with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 addition only under mowing treatment. Mowing synergistically interacted with urea addition to increase community-level Mn and Zn concentrations even with decreased soil organic matter, possibly because of compensatory plant growth and thus higher plant nutrient uptake intensity under mowing treatment. Overall, responses of plant-soil micronutrients to N addition varied with mowing and different N compounds, which were mainly regulated by soil physicochemical properties and plant growth. Different magnitude of micronutrient responses in plants and soils shed light on the necessity to consider the role of various N compounds in biogeochemical models when projecting the effects of N enrichment on grassland ecosystems.

The responses of functional structures in plant communities to global change drivers is predicted to be driven by both species turnover and intraspecific trait variability (ITV). However, the relative importance of those two drivers is not well-known, which retards our ability to predict the functional changes of plant community under global change scenarios. We hypothesized that ITV rather than species turnover would drive the nutritional responses of plant community at the initial stage after nitrogen and water enrichment. We measured community weighted means (CWM) and non-weighted means (CM) of foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratio in a temperate steppe after two years factorial N and water addition. Species composition and nutrition traits of each species were recorded in each plot. The impacts of N addition on community level nutrition traits were highly dependent on water conditions, as indicated by significant interactive effects between N and water addition. Nitrogen addition significantly increased CWM of foliar N, but only under ambient water condition. Water addition decreased CWM of foliar P and increased that of N:P. Consistent with our hypothesis, communities responded to both N and water addition after two years treatments mainly through ITV. Our results highlight the importance of ITV in driving short-term responses of community functional composition to the increases of nitrogen and water availability in the temperate steppe. The existence of interactive effects of N and water addition would make it more difficult to predict the impacts of N deposition on plant-mediated biogeochemical cycling under the scenarios of precipitation regime changes than previously assumed.

Autotoxicity is among the major reasons that are causing continuous cropping obstacle. It is a toxic influence of chemicals released from one plant species on the germination and growth of individuals of the same species. Here, in order to analyze the autotoxicity of tobacco root exudates, root exudates were collected from tobacco plants cultivated in both cultural solution and natural soil. Through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry main autotoxic chemical substances in the root exudates were identified. Further, the autotoxic effects of the suspected autotoxins on seed germination (including germination rate, germination potential, germination index and vigor index) and seedling growth were also analyzed. As a result, dibutyl phthalate (or diisobutyl phthalate), dioctyl phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate were identified in tobacco root exudates. It was observed high concentration (greater than 0.5 mmol L −1 ) of each produced phthalate esters caused the significant ( P