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Living costs in Germany have surged since Russia’s attack on Ukraine. In this article, we discuss pros and cons of different government policies to protect affected citizens. There is a vast domain of possible relief options, each coming with its own trade-offs and design pitfalls. Information gaps in German public administration render desirable options like income and energy-use-contingent transfers administratively infeasible. These frictions should be addressed — if not for the present, then for the next crisis. With regard to other options, governments must be mindful to design policies that are well-targeted to people in need and that do not distort incentives to reduce energy consumption. Possibilities for that do exist.

Halal tourism is a new segment in tourism studies that have received attention and has now proliferated. Past studies have not been so deep in treading global scientific literature on halal tourism studies on tracking its evolution and trends among scientific journal which focuses on social science discipline. Therefore, this article is based on a systematic literature review analysis of halal tourism in social science discipline as an effort to improve our understanding of previous halal tourism studies. Data were obtained from the academic database Scopus, 31 articles were obtained about halal tourism in social science discipline, and the data period was collected from the beginning to the end of 2020. The data is illustrated using two applications, namely NVIVO and VOSViewer, as the primary tools for analyze qualitative data, which selected; (VOSViewer; Keyword Co-occurrence Network Maps and Trend (KCNM/T)), (NVIVO; Hierarchy Chart (HC), word frequencies (WF), and Explore Diagram Analysis (EDA)). The results showed that, from 31 journals, Stephenson (2014) has the most influence with high cited, besides, Tourism Management as a journal name that identified many articles published there, and Routledge as a publisher with a high total journal on Halal Tourism, and Indonesia as a country that high mention time. Specifically, various approaches and distributions based on methodology, objectives, and geography were the research's focus. Recent trends and the dominant frequency of words from the study of halal tourism have shown several scholars' high interest. In the halal tourism studies on social sciences discipline, previous scholars have carried out many different research segments, namely, tourism issues, product issues, destination issues, travel issues, service issues, and market issues. Future research is also considered in this article

COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and first spread throughout the country and then worldwide. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, concerned about the rapid spread of COVID-19, officially declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) barred foreign tourists from China on January 21, 2020, and then completely closed its border with China. In this article, I will explore the impact of COVID-19 on North Korean society and research the cooperation plan between South and North Korea. I will also briefly introduce in the post-COVID-19 period. To better understand the health care system and health conditions in North Korea, I will first analyse the infectious disease management system and, in the context of this, then try to investigate in detail how COVID-19 has affected North Korea. From an economic point of view, I will examine the changes in economic cooperation between North Korea and China, and then try to explain the social changes caused by restrictions on movement and lack of goods, and the political situation in North Korea during the COVID-19 crisis. Finally, I will try to research the situation facing North Korea and suggest a way for cooperation between South and North Korea in the future. The basic aim of this research is to find a useful alternative for joint cooperation in the field of health care and safety and to improve cooperation between South and North Korea in the post-COVID-19 era.

Reflecting on the development of the global economic system, the present article describes the phenomenon of hyper-individualism in the age of “second modernity” and, making a distinction between the “family collective” and the “patriotic collective”, discusses the individual’s oscillating loyalty between the family and the nation state in this process. An answer is sought to the question why, in the contemporary period, individuals who are confronted with a (health) crisis appear to have lost confidence in the authority of the nation state, regardless of whether they live in a country with a democratic government or one with an authoritarian regime. Building on this finding, the article also addresses the importance of a revival of the political agora.

One the largest cases of kleptocracy is attributed to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal involving the former Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Razak. As a result of the pressure to pay the debt, Najib signed multiple inflated infrastructure loans from China in 2016. This study analyses the manipulation of Public Service Bargains as a critical variable influencing the foreign loan decision-making of the kleptocrat leader. It concludes that Najib's manipulation strategies transformed the established Trustee-type to kleptocratic-type bargains in Malaysia's foreign loan decision-making process. The post-Najib's restoration of Trustee-type bargains under the new Malaysian government, followed by a series of successful renegotiations with China, attest to the significance of the Public Service Bargains system on the foreign loan decision-making process. This analysis also contributes to the wider discussion on the critical side of China's Belt and Road Initiative amidst a global call for good governance.

The role of the state within the neoliberal system is discussed in the approaches developed for social expenditures. Accordingly, the question of whether the state should stand back or provide the support needed by individuals has shaped the literaturę on social expenditures. It is thought that the increase in social expenditures affects public expenditures, and public expenditures may indirectly cause budget deficits. In addition, it is said that there is a decrease in social spending during periods of economic growth. All these dilemmas show that the idea that the country needs both producers and consumers while realizing economic growth has been pushed into the background. Here, the analyses of the relationship between social spending and economic growth are the arguments for the accuracy of this assumption.The aim of this study is to empirically analyze the long-term relationship between the economic growth and social expenditures of eight Central European countries and the causality relationship for 1999 and 2019. In the empirical findings, the cointegration relationship was determined between economic growth and social spending. Based on the findings of the causality analysis, it has been concluded that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and social expenditures. Policy proposals are given in the conclusion section of the article. Rola państwa w systemie neoliberalnym jest omawiana w ramach koncepcji opracowanych dla wydatków społecznych. W związku z tym pytanie, czy państwo powinno pozostawać bierne, czy też udzielać obywatelom potrzebnego wsparcia, ukształtowało piśmiennictwo dotyczące zagadnienia wydatków socjalnych. Uważa się, że wzrost wydatków socjalnych wpływa na wydatki publiczne, a wydatki publiczne mogą pośrednio powodować deficyty budżetowe. Ponadto mówi się, że w okresach wzrostu gospodarczego następuje spadek wydatków socjalnych. Wszystko to wskazuje, że teoria mówiąca, że dla realizacji wzrostu gospodarczego państwo potrzebuje zarówno producentów, jak i konsumentów, została zepchnięty na dalszy plan. Analizy relacji między wydatkami socjalnymi a wzrostem gospodarczym są argumentami potwierdzającymi słuszność tego stwierdzenia.Celem niniejszego opracowania jest empiryczna analiza długookresowego związku między wzrostem gospodarczym a wydatkami socjalnymi ośmiu państw Europy Środkowej oraz związku przyczynowego dla lat 1999 i 2019. Za pomocą badań empirycznych ustalono związek kointegracji między wzrostem gospodarczym a wydatkami socjalnymi. Na podstawie wyników analizy przyczynowości stwierdzono, że istnieje dwukierunkowa zależność między wzrostem gospodarczym a wydatkami socjalnymi. Sugestie dla polityki są podane w końcowej części artykułu.

This study adopts an institutional approach in the case analysis of China's economic statecraft towards Brazil. In light of institutionalisation theory, it examines the institutional arrangements between Beijing and Brasilia for the purpose of facilitating bilateral economic cooperation and advancing strategic partnership. As a descriptive effort, it yields some preliminary findings: first, the institutionalisation of China's economic statecraft towards Brazil is incremental, driven largely by the desire for and belief in long-term planning; second, a set of norms, values, and principles is instituted alongside designated agencies, point persons, operational protocols, and exchange mechanisms, creating a form of institutional governance based on a multi-actor, multilevel, and network-based steering mode; third, governance remains so centralised that it falls short in empowering strategic participation; and, fourth and finally, Beijing's institution-building proves useful in the management of relations with Brazil, suggesting that economic statecraft may benefit from institutionalisation.

This article examines the outreach activities of the ongoing trials in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The ECCC was designed to hold the leaders of Cambodia's notoriously violent Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979) accountable. Outreach programmes have now become part of transitional justice initiatives as means to anchor their work in local and national consciousness in target countries. Using ethnographic data gathered in 2019–2020, this article explores how outreach activities have changed over time as they have become subject to new influences. I focus in particular on how some local actors have begun appropriating them in ways that represent a ‘counter-translation’ of the intentions originally propagated by the architects of the ECCC.

Communication is an important matter in social life in building understanding and togetherness. This study aims to analyze the pattern of positive communication in the Alquran. This research paper uses a qualitative with analisys texts method, with a descriptive and interpretative approach to obtain clear information from the Alquran in communicating. Human relations are not built properly if they ignore the values and main aspects of communicating, namely honesty, truth, and clarity. All aspects that in recent years have diminished and may have disappeared. Alquran as a holy book contains kalamullah as a form of communication to humans which is loaded with various communication messages so that it can be used as a guide for humans to interact because the Alquran presents an ideal picture in communicating. This study uses a qualitative approach with a analisys teks method from the book of commentaries and sources with other similar topics.

This study examines scientific publications during a pandemic through bibliometric network analysis. We explored three different journal databases to map COVID-19 research in humanities and social sciences, then zoom in to communication studies. Government policy, e-learning, anxiety, economic impact are popular keywords in international and Indonesian articles on Social and Humanities, while disinformation, health communication, behavior change, and literacy are more prominent in communication articles. The researcher chose the keyword occurrence analysis as the basis for mapping the research theme. The bibliographic network was deployed in three strategies to obtain keyword data co-occurrence from research abstracts, keywords from researchers, and coder's approval keywords. Lastly, Vos viewer is used to creating macro and detailed perspective networks for interpretation. The results show that journal policies and models affect the number of COVID-19 publications in the journal. Finally, this study provides an overview that normative theory and behaviorism play a role in social and communication research.

This research is a thought process on social structure that is not understood as the consequence of human repetitive action. This has become folkways, causing gender stereotyping of women even more perpetuated by media's various narrations. This research aims to describe gender stereotyping of women in Indonesian television media. This was done by analyzing the broadcasting shows by using Gidden's theory of structuration. This descriptive research is a literary study that includes books, journals, researches and websites as the data. The collected data then analyzed by using Giddens' structuration theory. This article began with the review on structuration theory. Next is a review on structuration theory from the point of view of commmunication study. The gender stereotyping of women case in the media was then broken down and analyzed by using structuration theory. The result showed that the agent's action and the structure are inseparable, in harmony with Gidden's concept of duality. In fact, many women have put up a fight against this gender stereotyping through social-feminist movements. On the other hand, they actually do follow the existing structure both unconsciously and consciously. This structure, however, is still growing among the people of modern society.

Honey is a hype product as immunity booster in the health shock covid-19. Unbalance of supply and demand has raised the price and made the consumer could not afford it. Besides that, global issue about unoriginal honey which spreads in society has made the consumer has negative stigma on SMEs honey product because it does not have complete food safety certification as commercial company. Objective of the research was to increase the consumer trust through originality assurance for honey product from traceability system. The research is a case study with FGD method and then followed by Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis and Business Process Notation as solution. Result of the research showed that the distribution aspect has great power to affect the stakeholder and logistic aspects, due to success of both aspects are determined by distribution aspect. While the stakeholder aspect does not have any power to affect other aspect because if the business system has correct SOP, then both aspects will have appropriate supply chain management. Therefore, the solution is business process improvisation, so that to increase the trust local brand for honey product, it must be optimized through recording system of customer journey, so that the producer could trace the barrier and enabler factors about perspective of the honey originality

The study focused on the Nigerian correctional institution and its mandate at rehabilitating convicts in preparedness for life outside bar and by implication reintegrating reformed individuals who are believed to pose no further threat to serenity of the society. Nigerian Correctional Service, previously known as Nigerian Prison Service, like its peer institution in the world, is primarily saddled with the responsibility to correct and reform convicts with the intent of reintegration back to conventional society. However, in Nigeria, this idea is render null and void with the broad-spectrum conception that when a person is sentenced to serve a jail term, that ultimately signifies the end of his or her worth in the society. Hence, the paper interrogates the Nigerian Correctional Service as an institution vested with the priority of making convicts better individuals. Emphasis was placed on the purported reformation of the institution in 2019. A secondary source was used for data collection and the content analytical approach was adopted which led to inferences drawn and logical conclusion established. The work reveals problems of welfare, infrastructural decay, and congestion coupled with pseudo rehabilitation obtainable in the institution. The study recommends that the Nigerian criminal justice system deserve an overhaul.

Many areas at lowest level like kampong and village have initiatives in community governance terminology to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in their neighborhood formerly constituting green zone. Community governance will be followed by bonding containing habitus inherent to society structure. This research was conducted in some villages throughout Surakarta Ex-Residency, involving observation and documentattion in Gatak, Banaran, Mojolaban Sub District of Sukoharjo Regency, Karangpandan Sub District of Karanganyar Regency and Kranggan Village of Polanharjo Sub District of Klaten Regency. Data was collected through interview, observation, and documentation. The result of study showed that innovation and productivity arose in community governance in Kranggan Village of Klaten Regency, as indicated with the presence of Karantani program. It is the planting or farming program for Persons under Surveillance or nomads (wanderers) going back to their village. Community leadership, community empowerment and community ownership arise in community governance in Kranggan Village. Furthermore, people should rekindle habitus related to embung (water reservoir), lumbung (communal rice barn), and saung (hut) post-pandemic considered as important in this Covid-19 pandemic period.

This analysis offers a historical assessment of “economic statecraft” in Beijing's approach to Hong Kong from 1997 to 2020. It discusses how the concept of “economic statecraft” can be applied to Beijing–Hong Kong relations given the nature of the “one country, two systems” framework, and looks at some differing perceptions about economic statecraft in Hong Kong. It argues that, during this period, economic tools were in general used by Beijing relatively sparingly, and in the form of inducements rather than coercion. In conclusion, the analysis suggests that the contested interpretations of Beijing–Hong Kong economic relations demonstrate that “economic statecraft” is to a certain extent in the eye of the beholder.

Alma M. Karlin, a young woman adventurer who made her journey around the world between 1919 and 1927, stayed in Japan for a little more than a year. As a young woman without significant funds, she relied on her own ability to earn a living during her stay in the country. Among the items she brought back from Japan to Slovenia there are many small objects which are not typical “exotic objects from the Far East”. They are rather small and trivial items such as a wall calendar, a streetcar ticket, children’s miniature toys, a part of ceremonial wrappings, and paper bookmarks. This paper focuses on the small and untypical items Karlin brought back from Japan. Karlin’s travelogue and other writings, including her notes on the unused postcards, give us some information about her life in Japan. Together with her travelogue, notes and messages on the objects in her legacy, we can reconstruct some aspects of her everyday life in Japan. Though small and trivial, such items collected by Karlin reveal some important details of her experience in the central part of Tokyo in the Taishō period. Alma M. Karlin je potovala okoli sveta med letoma 1919 in 1927. Na Japonskem je živela nekaj več kot eno leto. Med predmeti, ki jih je prinesla domov z Japonske, je kar nekaj drobnarij, ki niso tipični »eksotični predmeti z Daljnega vzhoda«. So majhni in trivialni predmeti, npr. stenski koledarček, vozovnica za tramvaj, otroška miniaturna kuhinjica, vrvice za zavijanje daril in papirnata bralna znamenja. Članek opiše in analizira te drobne in netipične spominke v zbirki Alme Karlin. Skupaj z njenim potopisom in zapiski ter kratkimi beležkami na hrbtnih straneh razglednic nam ti predmeti razkrivajo podrobnosti njenega življenja na Japonskem, ki ga je večinoma preživela v središču Tokia v obdobju Taishō.

Indonesia is among the many states that have become interested in conducting deep-sea mining (DSM) since it first became viable in the 1970s. However, it was during the administration of President Joko Widodo (2014–2019) that DSM became an important viable endeavour, with the increasing depletion of Indonesia’s mineral and metal reserves. Nevertheless, Indonesia is yet to undertake DSM activity. This article aims to explain the absence of DSM in Indonesia by analysing the political dimensions of the decision-making process during President Widodo’s administration. This research utilises the poliheuristic theory (PHT) of decision-making. It shows that Indonesia’s DSM absence is the result of conscious decisions made by President Widodo to avoid loss in public support and drop in popularity. This article contributes to expanding the study of non-event or non-decision, which has been largely ignored in decision-making literature in Indonesia.

While there has been a flurry of research on party system institutionalisation (PSI) and regionalist parties, very little research has been conducted on their imbrication. This study aims to fill this gap by analysing the impact of local parties on the party system in post-conflict Aceh, Indonesia. It contends that the presence of local parties in Aceh has had a hybrid effect on the institutionalisation of the party system. Similar to national parties, local parties in Indonesia have weak societal roots and party organisations that obstruct PSI in Aceh. That notwithstanding, local parties in post-conflict Aceh have assisted in solidifying the party system by improving the legitimacy of parties and elections and by creating a less fragmented party system. This hybrid effect is also strongly influenced by Aceh’s long wartime history and its post-conflict status.

Examining China’s policy towards Latin America from 1949 to the present day, this article uncovers a puzzle about China in Latin America: while the guiding doctrine of China’s policy towards the region has never changed (i.e. “South–South Cooperation” on the basis of the “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence”), there is a difference in terms of its policy goal between then and now (i.e. a very revisionist and politically focused goal until the late 1970s as compared to a less revisionist and economically focused one today). Based on the theory of systemic constructivism, this article demonstrates that the change of the interactions between China and other countries in our world (from isolation and confrontation to engagement and interdependence) has changed China’s perception about the nature of the international system, as well as its identity and interests in the system, which in turn has changed its policy goal towards Latin America and the “Global South” in general.

Notwithstanding their asymmetry in size and power, Singapore and the People’s Republic of China enjoy a “special relationship” based on cultural affinity and close economic interdependency. The city-state was also a model of development for its giant neighbor after the latter abandoned Maoist autarchy and embarked on the road of reform. But their ties are also awkward because Singapore is strategically close to the US superpower which views a rising and rivaling China with suspicion. Singapore’s relations with Beijing may become even more awkward during an uncertain power transition in East Asia amid the bitter Sino-US decoupling over trade, technology, finance and human talent.

China and Indonesia have undergone extreme changes throughout their relationship in the modern era. While China’s rise created both opportunities and challenges, Indonesian decision makers have experienced constant pressures from domestic and international influences when dealing with China. This article examines Indonesian-Chinese relations in the last two decades through four factors: perception, domestic politics, economic engagements, and the international environment, based on data from official documents, news, journal articles, and direct observation. This framework portrays significant development of the two countries’ partnership but not without problems. Internal factors (e.g., perceptions of elites, domestic politics) have become increasingly relevant in determining bilateral relations while international pressures filtered. China has provided many opportunities over the years, but economic and strategic relations seem to have relied more on Indonesia’s favorable domestic factors than regional and global developments. In particular, the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia variously promoted and hindered the relations. Chinese cultural diplomacy also expanded and involved a wide range of actors beyond government officials to influence Indonesian domestic factors by moderating negative sentiments about China and the Chinese. This study contributes to understanding on Indonesia’s foreign policy in the last two decades and China’s relations with its neighbors.

Since the establishment of “friendly and cooperative relations’ in 1992, relations between South Korea and China have been continuously elevated almost every 5 years. The two countries have achieved great advancements in expanding civil exchanges, bringing economic relations closer, finding common ground in foreign policy and security and elevation of political relations. Despite the honeymoon period that the two countries experienced after they established diplomatic relations, however, conflict is now arising due to differences in opinion and interests in various fields such politics, economy, society, culture, diplomacy, and security. This paper will examine Sino-South Korean relations using the four factor model, which is based on four approaches, starting with economic relations, followed by perception and emotions, diplomacy and security and lastly, these factors” influence on domestic politics. Following this analysis, this paper will argue that despite their continuous but rocky developments, Sino-South Korean relations will sustainably maintain their development. Considering the synergy effect of bilateral relations, two countries are standing on the opportunity to build a New Type of Sino-South Korean relations which would allow for resolution of conflicts and misunderstandings through dialogue and communication.

Tradicionalmente se ha descrito el humor japonés como algo peculiar y difícil de comprender fuera de Japón, especialmente para el público occidental. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, la acogida en España de producciones cómicas japonesas en el campo del manganime, del cine, e incluso, de las actuaciones de humoristas profesionales, refuta esta idea y nos permite formular la hipótesis de que las temáticas y fórmulas humorísticas populares en ambas sociedades comparten ciertas características en común, a pesar de la distancia cultural que las separa. Con el propósito de validar esta hipótesis, a través del análisis discursivo de los programas cómicos de televisión más exitosos en ambos países, el artículo analiza las semejanzas y diferencias de sus temáticas humorísticas, con el objetivo último de establecer los elementos concretos del humor japonés que se perciben cómicamente por el público español. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo sobre un campo, como el del humor, habitualmente negligido en el análisis cultural pero cuyo estudio detallado resulta altamente productivo para profundizar en el conocimiento de una sociedad a través de sus dimensiones más intersticiales, iluminando ámbitos como el análisis del discurso en las producciones audiovisuales, la traducción de obras humorísticas, y el análisis cultural del sentido del humor en la sociedad japonesa y la española

A lo largo de su historia Japón ha sufrido numerosos desastres, lo cual le ha llevado a desarrollar una cultura de prevención del riesgo de desastres y reducción de sus consecuencias. La definición de estrategias, la gestión del conocimiento adquirido a través de la experiencia, y el desarrollo de tecnologías para afrontar los desastres han convertido a esta nación en el referente internacional en materia de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD), mientras que su aportación conceptual ha permitido desarrollar una auténtica cultura de prevención del riesgo, frente al anterior enfoque en la recuperación post-desastre. Desde la década de 1980 Japón viene promoviendo la cooperación internacional en la reducción de riesgos de desastres utilizando dos estrategias. La primera a través del papel de liderazgo que el país ha asumido en materia de RRD en los foros internacionales, especialmente en el seno de la ONU, lo que le ha llevado a organizar en su territorio las tres Conferencias Mundiales sobre la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, de las que han salido tres documentos de referencia en la materia, el último de ellos el Marco de Sendai de 2015. El segundo pilar es su política internacional de cooperación al desarrollo, basada en el concepto de seguridad humana y canalizada a través de sus programas de ayuda oficial al desarrollo gestionados por la Agencia Japonesa de Cooperación Internacional (JICA). Todas estas acciones de RRD están alineadas con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la lucha contra el cambio climático.

espanolAbe Kōbō fue uno de los escritores mas destacados de la literatura japonesa de posguerra y al igual que muchos jovenes de la epoca se intereso por las vanguardias artisticas y por el comunismo. Frecuento y lidero grupos de artistas en los que se debatia sobre los ideales vanguardistas y, como miembro del Partido Comunista, organizo actividades culturales en zonas obreras. Estos anos fueron tambien los de su lanzamiento como escritor, tras obtener el prestigioso Premio Akutagawa. Un tema recurrente en sus relatos de entonces era el de la metamorfosis y por ello fue apodado por muchos el Kafka japones, si bien el reconocia otras influencias. En este articulo analizamos uno de estos relatos de metamorfosis para indagar en la significacion de este motivo tematico, que consideramos la sintesis de las dos vanguardias, la artistica y la politica, que Abe entendia como inseparables. EnglishAbe Kōbō was one the most renowned writers of Japanese postwar literature and, like many of his contemporaries, was interested in avant-garde arts and communism. Abe used to frequent and, even led, groups of artists that discussed avant-garde ideals and, as a member of the Communist Party, he organized cultural activities in working class areas. It was also in those years when his career as a writer began after winning the prestigious Akutagawa prize. Metamorphosis was a recurring topic in his short stories of that time and that is the reason why he was called the Japanese Kafka, although he recognized different influences. In this article we analyze one of his metamorphosis short stories to think about the meaning of this topic, that we consider to be the synthesis of both avant-gardes, the artistic and the political, that Abe understood as a whole.

espanolEl proceso de asociacion del concepto de ‘otaku’ con la imagen estereotipada que la sociedad japonesa ya tenia de ese grupo, o lo que es lo mismo, la genesis de la definicion actual del termino, se desarrollo a lo largo de los anos ochenta del siglo XX hasta que termino popularizandose a finales de la decada, gracias al infame “incidente Miyazaki”. Dos articulos publicados en revistas dedicadas a fans del anime a principios de esa decada resultan clave para la comprension de este proceso: por un lado, la definicion que Shirakawa Shōmei hizo en 1981, como parte de una guia para nuevos estudiantes, de aquellos jovenes que pertenecian a los clubs de cultura escolares; y por otro, el reconocido como primer texto que acuna el termino ‘otaku’ en asociacion a una imagen similar a la ofrecida por Shirakawa, el articulo publicado en tres partes en el verano de 1983 por Nakamori Akio. En este trabajo se presenta una traduccion inedita al espanol realizada directamente desde los textos originales, asi como un analisis sobre la relevancia de estos.Palabras clave: otaku; Nakamori Akio; Shirakawa Shōmei; manga; historia conceptual; textos. EnglishThe process of associating the concept of ‘otaku’ with the stereotyped image that Japanese society already had of that group or, in other words, the genesis of the current definition of the term, developed throughout the 1980s until it became popular at the end of the decade, thanks to the infamous “Miyazaki incident”. Two articles published in magazines dedicated to anime fans at the beginning of that decade are key to the understanding of this process. On the one hand, the definition of those young people who belonged to school culture clubs that Shirakawa Shōmei made in 1981 as part of a guide for new students; and on the other, the text that is recognized as the first to coin the term ‘otaku’ in association with an image similar to that offered by Shirakawa: the article published in two parts in the summer of 1983 by Nakamori Akio. This paper presents a so far unpublished translation into Spanish made directly from the original texts, as well as a brief review of their authors and an analysis of their relevance.Keywords: otaku; Nakamori Akio; Shirakawa Shōmei; conceptual history; manga; texts.

La adaptación animada del manga InuYasha, escrito e ilustrado por Takahashi Rumiko, se sitúa de manera habitual entre las más queridas por los aficionados al anime en los rankings de series estrenadas desde el año 2000. Su mezcla de elementos shōjo y shōnen, su dinámica animación y la innegable química entre sus protagonistas son algunos de los elementos que más siguen atrayendo a fans de todo el mundo. Sin embargo, hay un factor clave que actúa como base para el buen desarrollo de toda la serie y que, en la mayor parte de ocasiones, pasa desapercibido: su detallista ambientación en la que se combinan los elementos fantásticos con una representación realista del periodo de las guerras civiles japonesas del siglo XVI conocido como Sengoku. En este artículo se va a realizar un análisis comparativo entre lo que se conoce sobre el estilo de vida durante “la era de los estados combatientes” y el mundo en el que se desarrollan las aventuras de Inuyasha y su grupo con el objetivo de determinar si el pozo mágico del santuario Higurashi es capaz de transportar no sólo a la protagonista Kagome a este tiempo pasado, sino también al propio espectador. The animated adaptation of the InuYasha manga, written and illustrated by Takahashi Rumiko, is regularly at the top of the rankings for series released at the beginning of this century as the most loved by anime fans. Its mix of shōjo and shōnen elements, its dynamic animation and the undeniable chemistry between its protagonists are some of the elements that continue to attract fans from all over the world. However, there is a key factor that acts as a basis for the good development of the whole series and that, most of the time, goes unnoticed: its detailed setting which combines fantastic elements with a realistic representation of the 16th century Japanese civil war period known as Sengoku. In this article, we will carry out a comparative analysis between what is known about the way of life during “the era of the warring states” and the world in which the adventures of Inuyasha and his group take place, with the aim of determining whether the magic well of the Higurashi shrine is capable of transporting to those remote days not only the protagonist Kagome, but also the spectator.

espanolLas Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) nacio con un proposito claro, contribuir a la paz y seguridad mundiales, desde la cooperacion y colaboracion de todos los paises que la integran; asi, las Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz (OMP) se crearon para asegurar la paz en las zonas en conflicto. Japon entro en el ano 1956 en la ONU, su participacion en las OMP ha ido evolucionando a la par que la evolucion de la interpretacion del articulo 9 de su Constitucion. En los ultimos 30 anos se ha pasado de unicamente aportar financiacion, a participar en las misiones casi al mismo nivel de compromiso que el resto de Estados participantes en las OMP. EnglishThe United Nations (UN) was born with a clear purpose, to contribute to world peace and security, through the cooperation and collaboration of all the countries that comprise it; thus, Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) were created to ensure peace in conflict zones. Japan joined the UN in 1956, its participation in PKO’s has evolved along with the evolution of the interpretation of Article 9 of its Constitution. In the last 30 years, it has gone from only providing funding to participating in missions at almost the same level of commitment as the rest of the States participating in PKO’s.

espanolRecorrido historico a traves de las filosofias orientales tales como el Budismo Zen para demostrar la influencia de estas en el contexto artistico occidental del siglo XX. El objetivo es hacer patente la importancia de este tipo de corrientes en la obra de artistas como Kandinsky y Malevich. Para esta labor se expone el desarrollo y llegada de la doctrina junto a un analisis del contexto artistico. En el caso de Kandinsky, se realiza una comparativa con la obra del monje budista Sengai Gibon. Para el analisis de Malevich, utilizaremos y compararemos su obra con el templo budista Genko-an, para asi poder vislumbrar los principales conceptos, no solo de su obra, sino tambien de su filosofia en relacion con el Suprematismo. EnglishHistorical journey through Eastern philosophies such as Zen Buddhism to prove the influence of these in the Western artistic context of the 20th century. The aim is to clarify the importance of these types of movements in the work of artists such as Kandinsky and Malevich. For this purpose, the development and arrival of the doctrine is presented together with an analysis of the artistic context. In the case of Kandinsky, a comparison is made with the work of the Buddhist monk Sengai Gibon. For Malevich’s analysis, we will compare his work with the Genko-an Buddhist temple, in order to get a glimpse of the main concepts, not only of his work, but also of his philosophy in relation to Suprematism.

In the U.S., means-tested cash, in-kind assistance, and social insurance are part of a patchwork safety net, often run with substantial involvement of state and local governments. Take-up-participation among eligible persons in this system is incomplete. A large literature points to both neo-classical and behavioral science explanations for low take-up. In this paper, we explore the response of the safety net to COVID-19 using newly-collected survey data from one U.S. state-Utah. The rich Utah data ask about income and demographics as well as use of three social safety net programs which collectively provided a large share of relief spending: the Unemployment Insurance program, a social insurance program providing workers who lose their jobs with payments; the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which provides benefit cards for purchasing unprepared food at retailers; and Economic Impact Payments, which provided relatively universal relief payments to individuals. The data do not suffice to determine eligibility for all of the programs, so we focus on participation per capita. These data also collect information on several measures of hardship and why individuals did not receive any of the 3 programs. We test for explanations that differentiate need, lack of information, transaction costs/administrative burden, stigma, and lack of eligibility. We use measures of hardship to assess targeting. We find that lack of knowledge as well as difficulty applying, and stigma in the UI program each play a role as reasons for not participating in the programs.

With China’s global rise, both its state leadership and key academics have engaged in developing a civilisational discourse for the twenty-first century partly based on ancient cosmological concepts. This article explores the meanings of and intentions behind this discourse, including its promise of a Chinese-led world order, and discusses its intended audience and international appeal. In the backdrop of theoretical debates on empires and their missions, the article claims that without a corresponding cultural appeal, China’s rising economic power and geostrategic clout are insufficient conditions to realise an empire in the classical sense. Growing inconsistencies mar the country’s imperial ambitions, such as those between a global civilising outreach and a toughening domestic embrace. Instead, imperial rhetoric is cautiously integrated in the party-state’s restoration of a Chinese “empire within,” indicating self-centredness and a lurking re-traditionalising of Chinese state power.

The article examines the evolution of Vietnam–China relations in the post-Cold War to identify the factors that shapes its dynamics. It finds that the bilateral relations have been significantly changed overtime, from strategic antagonism to ideology-shared partnership and subsequently from economic sistership to security rivalry. The two countries’ worldviews have gradually diverged. Given geographical nearness is a constant, such a course is driven by the interactions of four factours, including shifts in security environment, internal factional politics, economic calculations, and rising nationalism. At different points of time, some factor rises dominantly and these others matter less. However, it is observed that since the normalization in 1991 shared ideology figured less and less significantly.

Under the authoritarian regime, earlier iterations of Vietnam’s public diplomacy (PD), especially during wartime, reassembled propaganda and psychological warfare. But thanks to Doi Moi (i.e. “renovation”) in 1986, new understandings of PD were made possible with a revamped foreign policy of multi-lateralisation and diversification. This article argues that information and communications technologies (ICTs), especially the internet and social media, have further transformed the practice of Vietnamese PD. Focusing on the period from 1997 when the internet was introduced in Vietnam, this article first provides a general analysis of the influence of ICTs on Vietnam’s politics. It then delves into how ICTs have transformed Vietnam’s PD. The key takeaway is that the internet and social media have significantly empowered public opinion in foreign policy, giving rise to cross-border cyber communities that can play the roles of both recipient and practitioner of PD.

With the rise of the discourse on dialectical materialism in the late 1920s, ideas related to the Marxist notion of dialectical logic started to circulate in the Chinese intellectual world. Not long after the first public discussions on dialectical materialism started to emerge in the early 1930s, the discussants on both sides started to address the question of the Marxist notion of logic and its relationship with Western formal logic. Consequently, over the 1930s, a series of separate public debates ensued, in which dialectical logic contended against the “conventional” forms of logic, such as traditional Aristotelian and modern formal logic. This paper outlines the major landmarks within the public as well as internal Marxist debates on logic in the 1930s. The discussion starts with a general overview of the intellectual background of the debates, and proceeds by analysing the principal developments in them, starting with Ye Qing’s and Zhang Dongsun’s polemic about “dynamic logic” from 1933, and concluding with the internal Marxist discussions on the sublation of formal logic in the last years of the decade. Z vzponom diskurza o dialektičnem materializmu v poznih dvajsetih letih 20. stoletja so ideje, povezane z marksističnim pojmom dialektične logike, pričele krožiti med kitajskimi izobraženci. Kmalu po vzniku prvih javnih razprav o dialektičnem materializmu v zgodnjih tridesetih letih 20. stoletja so udeleženci razprav na obeh straneh pričeli naslavljati vprašanja, povezana z marksističnim pojmom logike in njegovim odnosom z zahodno formalno logiko. Posledično je v tridesetih letih prišlo do razvoja več ločenih javnih razprav, v katerih je pojem dialektične logike nastopil v nasprotju s tradicionalno aristoteljansko in moderno formalno logiko. V tem članku bom orisal osrednje mejnike tako javnih kot internih marksističnih razprav o logiki iz tridesetih let 20. stoletja. Pričujoča razprava se začenja s splošnim pregledom intelektualnega ozadja razprav ter se nadaljuje s podajanjem analize njihovih glavnih razvojnih smernic. Analitični del članka tako podaja pregled osnovnih vsebinskih segmentov razprav, od polemike med Ye Qingom in Zhang Dongsunom iz leta 1933 do razprav o sublaciji formalne logike v zadnjih letih istega desetletja.

This article analyses an experiment in liberal-progressive politics that occurred in Indonesia in 2019. A new party, the Partai Solidaritas Indonesia (PSI, Indonesian Solidarity Party), supported gender equality as part of a broad liberal programme. PSI foregrounded female candidates and focused on gender issues, including controversial topics such as opposition to polygamy. Reflecting party campaign strategies that focused on media exposure, rather than grassroot mobilisation, the party garnered support mostly from educated urban voters. Support for women’s equality – especially on issues such as sexual harassment and gender-based violence – is concentrated in this group and partly reflects recent cultural shifts linked to globalisation and changes in the media landscape. PSI failed to gain representation in the national legislature, limiting its potential to play a major political role in the near future. Even so, this experiment provided opportunities for young women to step forward politically and has popularised discourse on women’s equality.

In this article, we provide evidence suggesting that almost half (44 per cent) of female candidates elected to Indonesia’s national parliament in 2019 were members of political dynasties. Providing detailed data on the backgrounds of these candidates, including by party and region, we argue that several factors have contributed to their rise. Parties are increasingly motivated – especially in the context of a 4 per cent parliamentary threshold – to nominate candidates who can boost their party’s fortune by attracting a big personal vote. Members of political dynasties (especially those related to regional government heads and other politicians entrenched in local power structures) have access to financial resources and local political networks – increasingly important to political success in Indonesia’s clientelistic electoral system. We show that the rise of these dynastic women candidates is not eliminating gender bias within parties, but is instead marginalising many qualified female party candidates, including incumbents.

While China’s experience of using special economic zones (SEZs) for advancing economic development is a model increasingly adopted in other developing countries, the processes involved in replicating this model elsewhere and the outcomes of such replication remain little understood. This review article’s nested examination of three relevant strands of literature and two case studies of India and Ethiopia indicates that successful replication of China’s SEZ-led development would involve deliberate processes of adaptation from the original model. Replication must be “smart,” by taking into account the temporal, systemic, and other discrepancies between the Chinese model and the replicating country; replicating the benefits of China’s approach whilst avoiding the drawbacks; and maximising the positive effects of direct Chinese involvement and investments while reducing negative repercussions.

After the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, Taiwan restricted food imports from the five prefectures around Fukushima, Japan. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of Taiwanese politics on the 2018 import restriction referendum. In this study, we conducted a telephone survey two months after the referendum to examine the difference between the votes cast and the real opinions using cross analysis. After controlling for individual attribute variables such as age, education level, gender, region, and family composition, we found that party support has a significant effect on attitudes toward food imports from Fukushima. In addition, familiarity with Japanese food also influences attitudes. Thus, in this referendum vote, Kuomintang (KMT) supporters mirrored the party’s support for the import ban while Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) supporters had lower voter intention, although their real opinions may have been in favor of open imports. We conclude that efforts to remove food import restrictions should not only emphasize food-safety policy responses but also domestic politics.

This article focuses on the miniature paintings of Nasuh Matrakçi who came to the west of Iran during the Safavid period. Matrakçi’s miniatures are among the oldest surviving images of Dargazin city, the like of which cannot be found in other travelogues and historians’ works. The surviving three images at two different settings can help us understand the urban and social status of Dargazin in the Safavid period. The findings indicate that, thanks to its Sunni residents and because of its geopolitical significance, Dargazin was of great interest to Ottoman and Safavid rulers who turned it to the governing base of the region. This played an important role in the city’s development in the way that in some areas, like the design of gardens, the traditional architecture of the Safavid period was mixed with original Persian style.

ASEAN realized the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) at the end of 2015. The AEC is an economic integration whose goals are free movement of goods, services, investment, and skilled workers, and freer movement of capital. Following the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), ASEAN deepened its economic integration through the AEC. Evaluations of ASEAN’s economic integration are mixed. While highly praised for its steady integration progress, there are also assessments suggesting there is little progress in integration. This study examines the AEC’s economic integration and evaluates ASEAN economic integration, including the AFTA. The AEC is an “FTA-plus” economic integration, and its target and level of market integration are similar to those of the Economic Partnership Agreement. The AEC’s greatest achievement is using tariff elimination to realize a free trade area with a high level of trade liberalization. Liberalizing trade in services, eliminating non-tariff barriers, and facilitating trade have been delayed and have become issues for AEC2025. AEC2025 aims to participate in the global value chain, and its measure is the attraction of foreign direct investment. Although ASEAN’s economic integration has various issues, as a whole, it can be evaluated as successful because of its implementation of flexible liberalization over time. ASEAN’s economic integration is a successful example of economic integration by developing countries; other developing countries can learn lessons from ASEAN’s experiences.

Since the establishment of China-ASEAN strategic partnership, and the acceleration of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) building, China-ASEAN economic cooperation relationship has entered a new era. In the building of the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI), ASEAN has a pivotal position and role, and ASEAN countries are key cooperation partners. In order to achieve the building goals of the BRI and AEC, China not only attaches great importance to the cooperative relationship with ASEAN, establishing and upgrading the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, advocating the establishment of a China-ASEAN community with a shared future, and agrees that ASEAN maintaining its leadership role in East Asia regional cooperation. At the same time, China and ASEAN are gradually implementing the BRI to dock with the ASEAN Community Blueprint and the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity, and speeding up cooperation in trade, investment, and production capacity for win-win cooperation. However, China-ASEAN economic cooperation also faces challenges such as trade and investment competition, trade surplus, competition for dominance in economic cooperation, and the “China Threat” theory. In this regard, China and ASEAN need to coordinate the relationship among various cooperation mechanisms, optimize the structure of bilateral economic cooperation, implement a competitive negative list system, adjust the division of labor to achieve complementary advantages, so as to lay a solid foundation for building a China-ASEAN community with a shared future.

This research examines the determinants of car sales in ASEAN countries. The research concentrates on five macroeconomic variables (consumer price index, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, changes in gross domestic product per capita, foreign exchange rate, and interest rate). The total sample is 12 years of automobile sales in five ASEAN countries from 2005 – 2016. The five ASEAN countries are Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam. This paper used the multilinear regression method with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to test the research model. For interest-rate variables, we used a lag of one year. The empirical results show that the previous period for inflation, gross domestic product per capita, interest rate, and the foreign exchange rate significantly influenced on car sales in five ASEAN countries. The growth of GDP per capita does not influence car sales.

This article analyses the citizenship regime of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Current literature on ASEAN regionalism has refrained from examining the link between community-building and citizenship building, and the prevailing assumption remains that ASEAN lacks a citizenship regime. This assumption derives from the premises that a regional citizenship regime is the result of the reconfiguration of national citizenship rights and that it is a legally defined status. By deploying the concept of citizenship regime based on the dimensions of rights, access, belonging, and responsibility mix, the article argues that there is an emerging citizenship regime in ASEAN built on citizenship-related policies. This citizenship regime is informal, developing, and atypical – and the unintentional outcome of ASEAN trying to fulfil its agenda on community-building. The analysis contributes to citizenship studies and ASEAN regionalism by offering a nuanced understanding of how citizenship regimes are built through citizenship-related policies and practices.

As urbanisation strategies have been adopted throughout China in recent years, it has become increasingly relevant to study their implementation processes in so-called lower-tier cities away from the well-known regions. Urbanisation has given rise to different types of settlements for landless peasants: planned resettlement neighbourhoods, as well as more or less accidentally grown urban villages. While resettlement is widely adopted and positively propagated, urban villages are usually only seen as soon-to-be demolished “non-places” and their residents are often stigmatised. This article focuses on a case in Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia Hui autonomous region. It analyses the demolition process of Yingnan village and its lead-up and finds that despite this general discursive framework, exposure on a local TV show and low scores on a national “civilised cities” ranking pressured the local government to not ignore Yingnan village as merely a “non-place” but to invest in better sanitary conditions and speed up redevelopment.

espanolDe entre los numerosos paises que contribuyeron a la creacion tan unica del universo de Mishima, Espana es uno de los que, a pesar de la impronta que dejo en el escritor, menos investigacion existe. La relacion de Mishima con nuestro pais esta llena de altibajos, sinsabores y frustraciones. Sin embargo, y a pesar de ello, el tema de lo espanol mantiene una presencia inamovible a lo largo de su vida, desde su primera visita a Madrid en 1958 hasta el ano de su fatal suicidio en 1970. En el presente trabajo analizaremos de forma pormenorizada el papel de lo espanol en Mishima, representado basicamente bajo la apariencia del flamenco y la tauromaquia, para, con posterioridad, ver la dimension cultural que el escritor le confiere en relacion con lo japones y lo occidental. Para ello recurriremos a la presentacion de diversos textos en traduccion, tanto escritos del propio Mishima como entrevistas realizadas al escritor y allegados, todo ello hilvanado a traves de tres importantes figuras que, en sus respectivos campos, condicionaron y forjaron el conocimiento que Mishima obtuvo de Espana, a saber, Antonio el Bailarin, Katori Kiyoko y Luis Diez del Corral. EnglishAmong the several countries which contributed to the creation of Mishima s universe, Spain has long been forgotten despite the big impression Spanish culture left on the Japanese writer. The relation between Mishima and Spain is full of emotional ups and slumps, deception and frustration. However, Spanish culture is always visible in his writings in one way or another, from his first visit to Madrid in 1958 until his suicide in 1970. This paper aims to clarify the role Spain and its culture, usually under the shape of flamenco and bullfighting, have in Mishima s thought, as well as the cultural dimension the writer gives to Spain in contrast to Japan and some other Western countries. In order to carry out a successful analysis, several texts collected from novels, interviews and newspapers translated into Spanish will be introduced. Moreover, those texts will be connected through three important figures of the time who left an undeniable influence on Mishima: the flamenco dancers Antonio el Bailarin and Katori Kiyoko and the historian Luis Diez del Corral. By doing this, we will also add nuance to our understanding of why Mishima understood Spain in the way he did.

Proyecto de Investigación “Antropología transversal del conocimiento: Castilla-León y Asia oriental”, con financiación autonómica, como actividad del GIR Humanismo Eurasia de la Universidad de Salamanca. Periodo 2018-2020, [EN]This proposal presents for the first time a study and translation into Spanish of the first of the ritual liturgies or Norito of ancient Japan, as regulated in the administrative texts of the Ritsuryō state: the Jingiryō (757) and the Engishiki (927). Known as toshigoi no matsuri, its fixation as a state ritual is actually modeled on a ritual from Tang China transmitted to Japan, which is part of the rituals regulated by the Chinese Ministry of Rites, and which contributes the sinic reading to its Japanese name (kinensai). With this strategy, the sovereign of the Yamato / Nara court invests himself with an authority sanctioned in the Chinese political-civilizational model, while incorporating Japanese ritual elements typical of an agricultural society focused on rice cultivation as a symbol of prosperity of the State and therefore of the nation. The translation of the litany associated with this ritual, properly called norito, has been carried out taking into account the latest advances in Proto-Japanese studies, and therefore with a strictly philological approach. It has been made directly from Japanese, taking as reference the most authoritative editions of the original to date. The original spelling and the romanized transcription are provided following the criteria of the Oxford documentary corpus. And every effort has been made to be faithful to the meaning of the terms in Old Japanese. Being a text of great relevance for the knowledge of the culture of ancient Japan, this translation aims to open the door to successive translations of the Norito literature, as well as to the texts transmitted of a homogeneous and complementary type such as the Senmyō, or the archaic poetry of Japan. A whole branch of Japanese literature and culture to discover in the Hispanic field., Junta de Castilla y León