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The existence of factor and fractional factor in network graph in various settings has raised much attention from both mathematicians and computer scientists. It implies the availability of data transmission and network segmentation in certain special settings. In our paper, we consider P ≥ 2 -factor and P ≥ 3 -factor which are two special cases of general H -factor. Specifically, we study the existence of these two kinds of path factor when some subgraphs are forbidden, and several conclusions on the factor-deleted graph, factor critical-covered graph, and factor uniform graph are given with regards to network parameters. Furthermore, we show that these bounds are best in some sense.

This paper applies a powerful scheme, namely Bernoulli sub-equation function method, to some partial differential equations with high non-linearity. Many new travelling wave solutions, such as mixed dark-bright soliton, exponential and complex domain, are reported. Under a suitable choice of the values of parameters, wave behaviours of the results obtained in the paper – in terms of 2D, 3D and contour surfaces – are observed.

This paper focuses on the application of an efficient technique, namely, the fractional natural decomposition method (FNDM). The numerical solutions of the model containing the water transport in unsaturated porous media, called Richards equation, are extracted. This model is used to describe the non-locality behaviors which cannot be modeled under the framework of classical calculus. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheme used, two cases with time-fractional problems are considered in detail. The numerical stimulation is presented with results accessible in the literature, and corresponding consequences are captured with different values of parameters of fractional order. The attained consequences confirm that the projected algorithm is easy to implement and very effective to examine the behavior of nonlinear models. The reliable algorithm applied in this paper can be used to generate easily computable solutions for the considered problems in the form of rapidly convergent series.

In this paper, we use new extended generalized Kudryashov and improved [Formula: see text] expansion approaches to investigate Kerr law nonlinearity in the extended Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation in a dense wavelength division multiplexed system. These methods rely on a traveling wave transformation and an auxiliary equation. These approaches successfully extract trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic solutions, along with some appropriate conditions imposed on parameters. To explain the dynamics of soliton profiles, a graphical description of newly discovered solutions is also presented, which exhibits distinct physical significance. The considered methods are recognized as useful and influential tools for creating solitary wave solutions to nonlinear problems in the mathematical sciences.

In this paper, we solved a model of a well-known infectious disease called dengue fever via fractional natural decomposition and modified Predictor–Corrector (PC) methods. A study of the dengue epidemic in the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of West Africa in 2009 has been resumed here for a better understanding of the results. The results are obtained using Liouville–Caputo and new generalized Caputo-type fractional derivatives. The numerical simulations are presented for various orders of given derivatives. Existence and uniqueness analysis of the given problem are also performed in the new generalized Caputo sense. The explored results are verified using figures. The main target of this paper is to explore the different dynamics of the given dengue fever model via two types of fractional numerical algorithms.

The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemic model of childhood disease is analyzed in the present framework with the help of q -homotopy analysis transform method ( q -HATM). The considered model consists the system of three differential equations having fractional derivative, and the non-linear system exemplifies the evolution of childhood disease in a population and its influence on the community with susceptible, infected and recovered compartment. The projected method is a mixture of q -homotopy analysis method and Laplace transform. Two distinct explanatory cases are considered, and corresponding simulations have been demonstrated in terms of plots for different value of the order. The present investigation elucidates that the projected both derivative and technique play a vital role in the analysis and illustrate the behaviour of diverse mathematical models described with differential equations in human disease.

This work explores the magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Jeffery–Hamel nanofluid flow between two rigid non-parallel plane walls with heat transfer by employing hybrid nanoparticles, especially Cu and Cu-Al$$_{2}$$ 2 O$$_{3}$$ 3 . Here the MHD nanofluid flow problem is extended with fuzzy volume fraction and heat transfer with diverse nanoparticles to cover the influence of thermal profiles with hybrid nanoparticles on the fuzzy velocity profiles. The nanoparticle volume fraction is described with a triangular fuzzy number ranging from 0 to $$5\%$$ 5 % . A novel double parametric form-based homotopy analysis approach is considered to study the fuzzy velocity and temperature profiles with hybrid nanoparticles in both convergent and divergent channel positions. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed method has been demonstrated by comparing it with the available results in a crisp environment for validation.

This paper concerns with the integrability of variable coefficient fifth order nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation describing the dynamics of attosecond pulses in inhomogeneous fibers. Variable coefficients incorporate varying dispersion and nonlinearity which are of physical significance in considering the nonuniform boundaries of fibers as well as the inhomogeneities of the media. The well-known exp(−φ(s))-expansion method is used to retrieve singular and periodic solitons with the aid of symbolic computation. The structures of the obtained solutions are discussed along with their existence criteria. Moreover, the modulation instability analysis is carried out to identify the instability regions. A dispersion relation is extracted between wave number and frequency. The optimal value of the frequency is found for the occurrence of the instability. A detailed discussion of the results is also given along with graphics.

The security of a network is closely related to the structure of the network graph. The denser the network graph structure is, the better it can resist attacks. Toughness and isolated toughness are used to characterize the vulnerable programs of the network which have been paid attention from mathematics and computer scholars. On this basis, considering the particularity of the sun component structures, sun toughness was introduced in mathematics and applied to computer networks. From the perspective of modern graph theory, this paper presents the sun toughness conditions of the path factor uniform graph and the path factor critical avoidable graph in P ≥ 2 -factor and P ≥ 3 -factor settings. Furthermore, examples show that the given boundaries are sharp.

In this paper, exact traveling wave solutions of the conformable differential equations have been examined. By means of the wave transformation and properties of the conformable derivative (CD), conformable nonlinear Schro center dot dinger equation (CNLSE) has been converted into an integer order differential equation. To extract optical solutions, the wave profile has been divided into amplitude and phase components. A new extension of the Ba center dot cklund method has been offered and applied to the CNLSE which has important applications in quantum mechanics. Some novel exact traveling wave solutions to the CNLSE with group velocity dispersion and second order spatiotemporal dispersion coefficients are successfully obtained by means of this method.

This paper studies [Formula: see text]-dimensional stochastic chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equation dynamically. A number of novel solutions such as periodic, singular, dark and bright solitons solutions are retrieved. The extraction of these solutions is helped by three efficient and robust integration tools such as the Kudryashov’s R function method, Jacobi elliptic function method (JEFM) and the modified auxiliary equations (MAE) method. The parametric constraints for the existence of such solutions are also listed. Moreover, 3D plots of few obtained solutions are presented in this paper.

In our research work, we suggest the modified minimal model of fractional order and analyze it using the homotopy decomposition method (HDM). The minimal model is quite a useful mathematical model which describes the behavior of glucose-insulin metabolism. The original model was given in the 80s and has been updated over a different period. In this modified model, we add a one-factor diet which plays an important role in the blood-glucose analysis. We obtained the numerical results by using the homotopy decomposition method. HDM is extremely useful, significant, and very simple. We also discuss the existence and uniqueness of the fractional model.

This research manuscript focuses on the extraction of dark-bright solitons and periodic wave distributions of two models, namely, the Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation and complex Kundu-Eckhaus equation with conformable derivative. To reach these important properties, the generalized exponential rational function method is considered. To observe wave distributions in periodic and singular sense, dynamical behaviour modulus of solutions are also archived. Strain conditions for validity of results obtained in this paper are also reported.

The axisymmetric longitudinal waves propagating in the long infinite cylindrical rod composed of material and structural constants, combinedly called as general incompressible materials, are derived using the perturbation reduction method as the far-field equation in the form of KdV equation in Dai and Huo (2002). In this work, the F expansion method is applied to the far-field equation and the properties of longitudinal strain waves travelling in the cylindrical rod are studied. The behaviour of the strain waves is analysed with the material and structural constants. To support the study, the graphs are drawn in the two and three dimensional surfaces. The obtained longitudinal strain waves are in the form of Jacobi elliptic function and necessary condition for the existence of each wave is provided.

This paper focuses on the generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equation to extract new complex solutions by using two analytical methods, namely, Bernoulli sub-equation function method, Modified exponential function method. For better understanding of physical meanings of solutions, simulations are reported by using a computational package program. Moreover, strain conditions for validity of complex solutions are also archived. Finally, a conclusion part completes the paper by mentioning the novelties of paper.

The time-fractional generalized biological population model and the (2, 2, 2) Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation are significant modeling equations to analyse biological population, ion-acoustic waves in plasma, electromagnetic waves, viscoelasticity waves, material science, probability and statistics, signal processing, etc. The new generalized G ′ / G $\left({G}^{\prime }/G\right)$ -expansion method is consistent, computer algebra friendly, worthwhile through yielding closed-form general soliton solutions in terms of trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic functions associated to subjective parameters. For the definite values of the parameters, some well-established and advanced solutions are accessible from the general solution. The solutions have been analysed by means of diagrams to understand the intricate internal structures. It can be asserted that the method can be used to compute solitary wave solutions to other fractional nonlinear differential equations by means of fractional complex transformation.

The present article deals with the solution of nonlinear fractional Klein–Fock–Gordon equation which involved the newly developed Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative with non-singular kernel. We adopt fractional homotopy perturbation transform method in order to find the approximate solution of fractional Klein–Fock–Gordon equation in the form of rapidly convergent series. Existence and uniqueness analysis of the considered model is provided. We consider few numerical examples to validate the projected technique. The obtained results shows that this method is very efficient, simple in implementation and that it can be applied to solve other nonlinear problems.

In this paper, the modified auxiliary expansion method is used to construct some new soliton solutions of coupled Schrödinger-Boussinesq system that includes beta derivative. The new exact solution is obtained have a hyperbolic function, trigonometric function, exponential function, and rational function. These solutions might appreciate in laser and plasma sciences. It is shown that this method, provides a straightforward and powerful mathematical tool for solving the nonlinear problems. Moreover, the linear stability of this nonlinear system is analyzed.

In this work, we attempt to construct some novel solutions of nematicons within liquid crystals including three types of nonlinearity namely Kerr, parabolic, and power law, using the generalized exponential rational function method. The investigation of nematic liquid crystals, using the proposed method, shows that there is diversity between the solutions gained via this method with those obtained via different methods. Further, we use the constraint conditions to guarantee the existence of the solutions. The W-shaped surfaces, dark soliton, bright soliton, singular soliton, period singular soliton, periodic waves, and complex solutions of the studied equations are successfully constructed. Moreover, some obtained solutions are drawn to a better understanding of the characteristics of nematicons in liquid crystals.

In this paper, we used the Hirota bilinear method for investigating the third-order evolution equation to determine the soliton-type solutions. We probe five cases including lump, lump–kink called the interaction between a lump and one line soliton, lump-soliton called the interaction between a lump and two-line solitons, kinky breather–soliton and finally the stripe soliton function only with exponential solution function. The theorem along with the proof for the considered problem is given. Moreover, to more investigating the moving velocity, the maximum amplitude and also moving pass function are obtained. The existence criteria of these solitons in the unidirectional propagation of long waves over shallow water are also demonstrated. Different arbitrary parameters received in the solutions help us to discuss the physical interpretation of solutions that can be linked with a large variety of physical phenomena.

This paper constructs approximate solutions of the epidemic system of HIV/AIDS transmission model with the help of the conformable fractional differential transform method. The fractional derivatives considered in this paper are described in the sense of the conformable operator. This method provides the approximate solutions speedily in the form of a convergent series. The results show the efficiency of the proposed method.

In this paper, we present the sine-Gordon expansion method to prepare the mixed dark bright wave patterns to the nonlinear partial differential equations arising in mathematical physics. Then, we apply the proposed method for a credible recourse of two nonlinear physical models: the modified Vakhnenko-Parkes and modified α -equation. These exact solutions comprise the hyperbolic, trigonometric, rational and exponential function with few licentious parameter. The analytical solutions have different physical structures and they are graphically analyzed in order to show their dynamical behavior by means of 2D, 3D and contour plots.

This study investigates the Gilson–Pickering equation by using the sine-Gordon expansion method. Sine-Gordon expansion method is one of the most powerful methods for solving the nonlinear partial differential equations. We successfully construct various exact solitary wave solutions to the governing equation, such as shock wave, topological, non-topological, compound topological, and non-topological soliton wave solutions. In addition, the stability of the studied nonlinear equation is analyzed via the linear stability analysis. The 2D, 3D, and contour surfaces are also plotted for all obtained solutions.

In this manuscript, the application of the extended sinh-Gordon equation expansion method to the Davey-Stewartson equation and the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear complex coupled Maccari system is presented. The Davey-Stewartson equation arises as a result of multiple-scale analysis of modulated nonlinear surface gravity waves propagating over a horizontal seabed and the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear complex coupled Maccari equation describes the motion of the isolated waves, localized in a small part of space, in many fields such as hydrodynamic, plasma physics, nonlinear optics. We successfully construct some soliton, singular soliton and singular periodic wave solutions to these two nonlinear complex models. The 2D, 3D and contour graphs to some of the obtained solutions are presented.

In this article, the solution of vibration equation of fractional order is found numerically for the large membranes using a powerful technique namely q-homotopy analysis Sumudu transform technique. The parameter ħ suggests a convenient way to control convergence region. The given numerical examples depict competency and accuracy of this scheme. The results are discussed using figures taking diverse wave velocities and initial conditions. Results are also compared with other methods. The outcome divulges that q-HASTM is highly reliable, more efficient, attractive, easier to use as well as highly effective.

WOS: 000520850800015 This study reveals new voltage behaviors to the electrical transmission line equation in a network system by using the newly presented sine-Gordon equation function method. It is commented about these behaviors which come from different simulations of results obtained in this paper. Many illustrations are offered to validate our analytical results. Linear stability analysis is also investigated in a detailed manner.

In this paper, we study the space-time fractional perturbed nonlinear Schr \begin{document}$ \bf{\ddot o} $\end{document} dinger equation under the Kerr law nonlinearity by using the extended sinh-Gordon equation expansion method. The perturbed nonlinear Schr \begin{document}$ \bf{\ddot o} $\end{document} dinger equation is a nonlinear model which arises in nano-fibers. Some family of optical solitons and singular periodic wave solutions are successfully revealed. The parametric conditions for the existence of valid solitons are stated. Under the choice of suitable values of the parameters, the 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional graphs to some of the reported solutions are plotted.

The paper is relevance with Hilfer derivative with fractional order which is generalized case of R-L and Caputo's sense. We ensured the solution using noncompact measure and M$ \ddot{\text{o}} $nch's fixed point technique. Illustrative examples are included for the applicability of presented technique.